牵引供电系统优化设计与决策评估研究
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摘要
牵引供电系统是电气化铁路的重要基础,特别是高速铁路(含客运专线)在我国还处于起步阶段,缺乏实践经验,尚存在一系列难题。以前粗线条的牵引供电系统设计方法,已不能满足工程建设的需要。为了保证牵引供电的安全、可靠、高质和经济,必须要更新设计理念,改进设计手段,提高设计水平。本文通过深入研究高速铁路牵引供电系统设计中的不足,探讨适用于工程设计的新理论和新方法,研究满足未来发展要求的新型供电方式和供电设备,有利于提高我国电气化铁路牵引供电系统的整体水平,也为结合国情进行自主技术创新奠定了一定的基础。
牵引供电系统设计中存在众多方案优选环节,但缺乏有效的综合分析和评估,因此提出了一种改进层次分析(AHP)组合决策模型,首先基于层次分析原理建立方案优选评价指标体系,然后利用粗糙集加权平均属性重要度的计算,改进评价指标权重的求解,通过群决策将专家主客观权重合理组合,集结了决策者的权威性和意见一致性,采用TOPSIS法中垂面距离的定义度量各方案与模糊理想解之间的贴近度,实现了方案的比较和排序,适用于带有一定不确定性的模糊多属性决策。
通过将新型多属性决策模型应用于牵引供电方案优选和高速铁路牵引变压器综合选型中,以新建客运专线为例进行验证,结果表明新型决策方法理论清晰,可操作性和通用性强,增强了最终方案的科学性和合理性,满足“柔性”设计的需要。
提出将一种可靠性评估方法—GO法应用到高速铁路牵引变电所可靠性分析中,完善了牵引供电设计的内容。考虑变电所内众多电气设备的可修复特性和停工相关性,以牵引供电不中断为目标,建立了简化GO图,编写了实用的GO法计算程序,实现了牵引变电所可靠性的定量和定性评估,确定了系统薄弱环节,并将最小割集发生概率的总和作为牵引变电所故障概率上限,方便了工程设计中的近似计算。
分析了高速铁路对牵引变压器的技术要求和现有接线形式存在的不足,提出将YNvd牵引变压器应用到电气化铁道牵引供电系统中,既满足了当前常规供电方式的要求,又便于将来实现同相供电改造。通过建立严格的YNvd变压器数学模型,得到了包含系统阻抗在内的两相等值电路,推导了系统短路电流和电压损失计算公式；分析了变压器绕组阻抗匹配关系和中性点运行方式对其性能的影响；为了便于交互式仿真,构建了YNvd接线带无功、负序综合补偿和滤波装置的牵引供电系统三相等效模型；最后通过数字仿真验证了上述研究成果的正确性。
常规牵引供电系统存在诸多问题,推荐新型同相牵引供电系统作为未来高速铁路的发展方向。分析了基于无源对称补偿技术和有源潮流控制器的系统结构；给出了有源潮流控制器容量与无功、负序和谐波等电能质量指标补偿度的函数关系,计算了设备选型容量；建立了直接供电和AT供电方式下同相牵引供电系统,提出了一种新型同相AT供电模式；讨论了同相牵引供电系统中潮流控制器的控制模式和牵引变电所的运行方式；定量计算了同相供电系统的直接和间接经济收益,并得到了回收年的计算公式；最后,通过数字仿真和模拟实验验证了新型同相牵引供电系统的基本功能。
Traction power supply system is an important foundation for electrified railway, especially high-speed railway (including passenger dedicated line) in China is still in its infancy with poor experience and series of problems. Previous broad-brush design methodology has been unable to meet the demands of project construction. In order to ensure the safety, reliability, high quality and economy, it is necessary to update the design idea and improve the design method and the design level. This dissertation analyses the defects in the design of the traction power supply system of high-speed railway, discusses new theories and methods and study on new power supply mode and equipment to meet the demands of future development. All the work is significant for improving the overall level of electrified railway in China, and will establish some foundation of independent technical innovation combined with national conditions.
In the design of traction power supply system, there are many scheme optimization links, but comprehensive analysis and effective evaluation are lack. Therefore, an improved analytic hierarchy process combination decision making model is presented. Based on the analytic hierarchy process (AHP), the layer index system for scheme optimization is established. The index weight is calculated by the definition of the attribute significance based on the weighted sum of rough set theory. The authority and decision consistency of decision-makers are unified by group decision-making. The improved TOPSIS method by the definition of vertical distance is proposed for ranking of alternatives. So the new method satisfies the requirements of fuzzy multiple attribute decision making with uncertainty.
The new method can be applied in scheme choice of traction power supply in electrified railway and traction transformer comprehensive choice. Taking under construction passenger dedicated lines for example, the analysis shows that the method features clear theory and better generality, and the scientificalness and feasibility of final scheme are enhanced. Therefore, the new method can be used to realize the flexibility design of traction power supply system.
A new system reliability analysis method, called the GO methodology, is applied in the reliability assessment of traction substation of high speed railway, and the design content of traction power supply system is supplemented. Considering the maintainability and shutdown correlation of electrical equipments in substation, the simplified GO diagram is obtained taking the uninterrupted power supply as its target. Then, the quantitative and qualitative assessment of reliability is realized, the weakness of system is found and the sum of probabilities of minimal cut sets can be calculated as the upper limit of substation failure probability, which is suitable for the approximate computation in engineering design.
The technical requirements of high-speed railway and the shortcomings of traction transformer are analyzed, and the YNvd transformer is proposed for traction power supply system of electric railway, which can meet the demands of existing power supply mode and is convenient for the cophase power supply transformation.Based on the strict mathematical model set up, system impedance is converted and the two-phase equivalent circuit is presented. The calculation equations of short-circuit currents and two-phase bus bars voltage loss on traction substation are derived, and the influence of the winding-impedance matching relationship and the operation mode of the primary neutral on the performance of transformer are discussed. The three-phase equivalent models of traction power supply system with comprehensive compensator and filter are given unified with power system, which can be used for interactive simulation. The digital simulation shows that the conclusions are correct.
The existing traction power supply system has some defects, so new cophase traction power supply system is recommended for high-speed railway. The structures of cophase systems based on symmetrical compensation technology and active power flow controller (PFC). The functional relationship between compensation degrees of negative sequence, harmonics, reactive power and PFC capacity is given, and the design capacities of main equipments are calculated. The cophase direct and AT power supply modes of system are set up, and a new AT mode is presented, which can overcome the existing shortcomings. The control modes of PFC and the operation modes of cophase traction substation are discussed. The direct and indirect economic benefits obtained by cophase system are quantitatively evaluated and the calculation equation of investment returning year is derived. Finally, the basic functions of cophase system are proved by simulation and experiment.
牵引供电系统设计中存在众多方案优选环节,但缺乏有效的综合分析和评估,因此提出了一种改进层次分析(AHP)组合决策模型,首先基于层次分析原理建立方案优选评价指标体系,然后利用粗糙集加权平均属性重要度的计算,改进评价指标权重的求解,通过群决策将专家主客观权重合理组合,集结了决策者的权威性和意见一致性,采用TOPSIS法中垂面距离的定义度量各方案与模糊理想解之间的贴近度,实现了方案的比较和排序,适用于带有一定不确定性的模糊多属性决策。
通过将新型多属性决策模型应用于牵引供电方案优选和高速铁路牵引变压器综合选型中,以新建客运专线为例进行验证,结果表明新型决策方法理论清晰,可操作性和通用性强,增强了最终方案的科学性和合理性,满足“柔性”设计的需要。
提出将一种可靠性评估方法—GO法应用到高速铁路牵引变电所可靠性分析中,完善了牵引供电设计的内容。考虑变电所内众多电气设备的可修复特性和停工相关性,以牵引供电不中断为目标,建立了简化GO图,编写了实用的GO法计算程序,实现了牵引变电所可靠性的定量和定性评估,确定了系统薄弱环节,并将最小割集发生概率的总和作为牵引变电所故障概率上限,方便了工程设计中的近似计算。
分析了高速铁路对牵引变压器的技术要求和现有接线形式存在的不足,提出将YNvd牵引变压器应用到电气化铁道牵引供电系统中,既满足了当前常规供电方式的要求,又便于将来实现同相供电改造。通过建立严格的YNvd变压器数学模型,得到了包含系统阻抗在内的两相等值电路,推导了系统短路电流和电压损失计算公式；分析了变压器绕组阻抗匹配关系和中性点运行方式对其性能的影响；为了便于交互式仿真,构建了YNvd接线带无功、负序综合补偿和滤波装置的牵引供电系统三相等效模型；最后通过数字仿真验证了上述研究成果的正确性。
常规牵引供电系统存在诸多问题,推荐新型同相牵引供电系统作为未来高速铁路的发展方向。分析了基于无源对称补偿技术和有源潮流控制器的系统结构；给出了有源潮流控制器容量与无功、负序和谐波等电能质量指标补偿度的函数关系,计算了设备选型容量；建立了直接供电和AT供电方式下同相牵引供电系统,提出了一种新型同相AT供电模式；讨论了同相牵引供电系统中潮流控制器的控制模式和牵引变电所的运行方式；定量计算了同相供电系统的直接和间接经济收益,并得到了回收年的计算公式；最后,通过数字仿真和模拟实验验证了新型同相牵引供电系统的基本功能。
Traction power supply system is an important foundation for electrified railway, especially high-speed railway (including passenger dedicated line) in China is still in its infancy with poor experience and series of problems. Previous broad-brush design methodology has been unable to meet the demands of project construction. In order to ensure the safety, reliability, high quality and economy, it is necessary to update the design idea and improve the design method and the design level. This dissertation analyses the defects in the design of the traction power supply system of high-speed railway, discusses new theories and methods and study on new power supply mode and equipment to meet the demands of future development. All the work is significant for improving the overall level of electrified railway in China, and will establish some foundation of independent technical innovation combined with national conditions.
In the design of traction power supply system, there are many scheme optimization links, but comprehensive analysis and effective evaluation are lack. Therefore, an improved analytic hierarchy process combination decision making model is presented. Based on the analytic hierarchy process (AHP), the layer index system for scheme optimization is established. The index weight is calculated by the definition of the attribute significance based on the weighted sum of rough set theory. The authority and decision consistency of decision-makers are unified by group decision-making. The improved TOPSIS method by the definition of vertical distance is proposed for ranking of alternatives. So the new method satisfies the requirements of fuzzy multiple attribute decision making with uncertainty.
The new method can be applied in scheme choice of traction power supply in electrified railway and traction transformer comprehensive choice. Taking under construction passenger dedicated lines for example, the analysis shows that the method features clear theory and better generality, and the scientificalness and feasibility of final scheme are enhanced. Therefore, the new method can be used to realize the flexibility design of traction power supply system.
A new system reliability analysis method, called the GO methodology, is applied in the reliability assessment of traction substation of high speed railway, and the design content of traction power supply system is supplemented. Considering the maintainability and shutdown correlation of electrical equipments in substation, the simplified GO diagram is obtained taking the uninterrupted power supply as its target. Then, the quantitative and qualitative assessment of reliability is realized, the weakness of system is found and the sum of probabilities of minimal cut sets can be calculated as the upper limit of substation failure probability, which is suitable for the approximate computation in engineering design.
The technical requirements of high-speed railway and the shortcomings of traction transformer are analyzed, and the YNvd transformer is proposed for traction power supply system of electric railway, which can meet the demands of existing power supply mode and is convenient for the cophase power supply transformation.Based on the strict mathematical model set up, system impedance is converted and the two-phase equivalent circuit is presented. The calculation equations of short-circuit currents and two-phase bus bars voltage loss on traction substation are derived, and the influence of the winding-impedance matching relationship and the operation mode of the primary neutral on the performance of transformer are discussed. The three-phase equivalent models of traction power supply system with comprehensive compensator and filter are given unified with power system, which can be used for interactive simulation. The digital simulation shows that the conclusions are correct.
The existing traction power supply system has some defects, so new cophase traction power supply system is recommended for high-speed railway. The structures of cophase systems based on symmetrical compensation technology and active power flow controller (PFC). The functional relationship between compensation degrees of negative sequence, harmonics, reactive power and PFC capacity is given, and the design capacities of main equipments are calculated. The cophase direct and AT power supply modes of system are set up, and a new AT mode is presented, which can overcome the existing shortcomings. The control modes of PFC and the operation modes of cophase traction substation are discussed. The direct and indirect economic benefits obtained by cophase system are quantitatively evaluated and the calculation equation of investment returning year is derived. Finally, the basic functions of cophase system are proved by simulation and experiment.
引文
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