小叶榕化学成分和质量标准研究
|
摘要
桑科(Moraceae)榕属(Ficus)植物榕树(Ficus microcarpa Linn.f.),别名小叶榕、细叶榕、赤榕、万年青等,以其气生根和叶入药。气生根入药者称为榕须,叶入药者称为小叶榕,是岭南常用中草药,有着广泛民间用药基础。具有清热祛湿,止咳化痰,活血散瘀的功效。用于治疗支气管炎、流感、百日咳、扁桃体炎、菌痢、肠炎、目赤、牙痛、跌打损伤等症。目前小叶榕尚未收入药典,其化学成分及质量标准研究也未见报道。本课题对小叶榕的化学成分和质量标准进行了较为系统的研究,同时还对其镇咳、祛痰、抗炎等药效指标进行了探讨,从而为其临床应用和进一步研究开发提供了科学依据。研究内容主要包括以下几方面:
1.化学成分的提取分离
利用多种色谱技术对小叶榕化学成分进行提取分离,确定了17个化合物的结构。包括黄酮类成分3个、三萜及甾醇类成分8个、醇、酸及酯类成分6个,分别为牡荆素(Vitexin)、荭草苷(orientin)、异牡荆苷(isovitexin)、十八烷酸(stearic acid)、十五烷酸(pentadecyl acid)、三十二烷醇(dotriacontanol)、二十八烷醇(octacosanol)、二十六烷酸(hexacosanoicacid)、β-香树酯酮(β-amyrone)、β-谷甾醇(β-sitosterol)、羽扇豆醇(lupeol)、羽扇豆醇乙酸酯(lupeopl acetate)、β-香树酯醇(β-amyrin)、胡萝卜苷(daucosterol)、β-香树酯醇乙酸酯(β-amyrin acetate)、马斯里酸(maslinic acid)、表木栓醇(epifriedelinol)。这些化合物中,除β-谷甾醇、胡萝卜苷、羽扇豆醇乙酸酯、表木栓醇、马斯里酸外,其余化合物均是首次从小叶榕中分离得到,牡荆素、荭草苷、异牡荆苷为首次从榕属植物分离得到。
2.挥发油成分的分析
小叶榕挥发油共鉴定出29个化合物,占挥发油总量的95.13%,其中以萜类及其氧化物为主,叶绿醇和广藿香醇含量比较高。
3.药效活性的研究
采用三种体内动物实验(小鼠喷雾致咳法、小鼠酚红祛痰法、小鼠耳肿胀抗炎法),考察了小叶榕在镇咳、祛痰、抗炎相关模型中的作用。结果表明,小叶榕水提物、乙酸乙酯萃取物均有明显的镇咳、祛痰和抗炎作用,且从整体趋势来看,乙酸乙酯萃取物的作用强于水提物,因此确定乙酸乙酯部位为小叶榕镇咳、祛痰和抗炎的有效部位。并且乙酸乙酯萃取物中主要含黄酮类化合物,证明黄酮类成分是小叶榕镇咳、祛痰、抗炎的有效成分之一。
4.质量标准的研究
包括性状、显微、理化鉴别和定量分析,根据小叶榕中所含化学成分和药效分析,采用紫外—可见分光光度法,对药材中的总黄酮进行了含量测定;采用HPLC法,对药材中的牡荆素进行了含量测定;并考察了小叶榕的有效成分动态积累情况,确立了最佳采收期和适宜采收年限。在上述工作基础上,起草了小叶榕药材的质量标准(草案)。所起草的质量标准草案能较好的控制该药材的质量。
综上,通过对小叶榕药材较为系统的成分分析和鉴别研究,获知了其部分物质基础,进一步充实了对小叶榕性状、显微鉴别、薄层色谱鉴别、含量测定和药理活性等方面的研究内容,建立了小叶榕药材的质量标准(草案)。为小叶榕的研究开发及临床应用提供了物质基础和理论依据。
Ficus microcarpa Linn.f.belongs to the genus Ficus of family Moraceae, which is also called Xiaoyerong,Xiyerong,Wannianqing,etc.It's aerial root and leaves both can be used as medicine,the former called as Rongxu and the latter called as Xiaoyerong.It is widely distributed in the tropical and subtropical areas in China.Due to the effects of clearing heat,removing damp,relieving cough and eliminating phlegm,promoting blood circulation to remove blood stasis, Xiaoyerong has been widely used for the treatment of bronchitis,influenza, pertussis,tonsillitis,bacterial dysentery,enteritis,conjunctival congestion, toothache,traumatic injury,etc.But Xiaoyerong has not been adopted by the Chinese pharmacopea and it's chemical constituents have been scarcely reported. So in this research,systematically studies on it's chemical constituents and quality control were carried out,and antitussive,expectorant and anti-imflammatory effects were investigated.So as to provide theoretical proof and practical reference for its clinical application and further research.
1.Extraction and Separation
In this thesis,studies on the chemical constituents of Xiaoyerong,17 compounds had been isolated from the dried folium of Ficus microcarpa Linn.f. Based on their physicochemical and spectroscopic evidence,17 structures were elucidated as follows:3 flavonoids:vitexin,orientin,isovitexin;8 triterpenoids and sterols:β-amyrone,β-sitosterol,lupeol,lupeopl acetate,β-amyrin,β-amyrin acetate,daucosterol,maslinic acid;6 alcohol,acid and esters:stearic acid, pentadecyl acid,n-Octacosanol,n-Octacosanol,hexacosanoic acid.Among these compounds,exceptβ-sitosterol,daucosterol,epifriedelinol,maslinic acid,the other compounds were isolated for the first time from this plant;and vitexin, orientin and isovitexin were isolated for the first time from genus Ficus.
2.Volatile oil Components Analysis
Volatile oil in Xiaoyerong was also analyzed,29 compounds had been identificated.The main constituents of this oil were terpenoids and their oxides, which accounts for 95.13 percent of the total volatile oil.Phytol and patchouli alcohol were the higher contents.
3.Study on the Pharmacological Effects
Three methods had been used in experiments,which were investigated the effects of antitussive,apophlegmatic and anti-inflammatory effects of Xiaoyerong. The results showed that water extract and ethyl acetate extract had obviously antitussive apophlegmatic and anti-inflammatory activities,and the latter's effect was stronger than the former.So ethyl acetate extract is the effective fraction of Xiaoyerong,and flavonoid is effective components of Xiaoyerong
4.Study on Quality Standards
In this thesis,studies on the quality control of Xiaoyerong were performed, including characteristics,microconstruction and physical and chemical character, quantitative determination of total flavonoid by UV-VIS,vitexin by HPLC. Through the investigation of variations of effective components,optimum collecting time and harvest periods were established.And based on those,a quality standard of Xiaoyerong was drafted to provide reference for clinical practice.
In summary,in this thesis,through the systematical studies mentioned above on Xiaoyerong,part of its chemical constituents has been determinde.Its characteristics,microconstruction,physical and chemical character,quantitative determination and pharmacological effects have been studied.These provided the theoretical basis and scientific reference for further study,development and application of Ficus microcarpa Linn.f.
1.化学成分的提取分离
利用多种色谱技术对小叶榕化学成分进行提取分离,确定了17个化合物的结构。包括黄酮类成分3个、三萜及甾醇类成分8个、醇、酸及酯类成分6个,分别为牡荆素(Vitexin)、荭草苷(orientin)、异牡荆苷(isovitexin)、十八烷酸(stearic acid)、十五烷酸(pentadecyl acid)、三十二烷醇(dotriacontanol)、二十八烷醇(octacosanol)、二十六烷酸(hexacosanoicacid)、β-香树酯酮(β-amyrone)、β-谷甾醇(β-sitosterol)、羽扇豆醇(lupeol)、羽扇豆醇乙酸酯(lupeopl acetate)、β-香树酯醇(β-amyrin)、胡萝卜苷(daucosterol)、β-香树酯醇乙酸酯(β-amyrin acetate)、马斯里酸(maslinic acid)、表木栓醇(epifriedelinol)。这些化合物中,除β-谷甾醇、胡萝卜苷、羽扇豆醇乙酸酯、表木栓醇、马斯里酸外,其余化合物均是首次从小叶榕中分离得到,牡荆素、荭草苷、异牡荆苷为首次从榕属植物分离得到。
2.挥发油成分的分析
小叶榕挥发油共鉴定出29个化合物,占挥发油总量的95.13%,其中以萜类及其氧化物为主,叶绿醇和广藿香醇含量比较高。
3.药效活性的研究
采用三种体内动物实验(小鼠喷雾致咳法、小鼠酚红祛痰法、小鼠耳肿胀抗炎法),考察了小叶榕在镇咳、祛痰、抗炎相关模型中的作用。结果表明,小叶榕水提物、乙酸乙酯萃取物均有明显的镇咳、祛痰和抗炎作用,且从整体趋势来看,乙酸乙酯萃取物的作用强于水提物,因此确定乙酸乙酯部位为小叶榕镇咳、祛痰和抗炎的有效部位。并且乙酸乙酯萃取物中主要含黄酮类化合物,证明黄酮类成分是小叶榕镇咳、祛痰、抗炎的有效成分之一。
4.质量标准的研究
包括性状、显微、理化鉴别和定量分析,根据小叶榕中所含化学成分和药效分析,采用紫外—可见分光光度法,对药材中的总黄酮进行了含量测定;采用HPLC法,对药材中的牡荆素进行了含量测定;并考察了小叶榕的有效成分动态积累情况,确立了最佳采收期和适宜采收年限。在上述工作基础上,起草了小叶榕药材的质量标准(草案)。所起草的质量标准草案能较好的控制该药材的质量。
综上,通过对小叶榕药材较为系统的成分分析和鉴别研究,获知了其部分物质基础,进一步充实了对小叶榕性状、显微鉴别、薄层色谱鉴别、含量测定和药理活性等方面的研究内容,建立了小叶榕药材的质量标准(草案)。为小叶榕的研究开发及临床应用提供了物质基础和理论依据。
Ficus microcarpa Linn.f.belongs to the genus Ficus of family Moraceae, which is also called Xiaoyerong,Xiyerong,Wannianqing,etc.It's aerial root and leaves both can be used as medicine,the former called as Rongxu and the latter called as Xiaoyerong.It is widely distributed in the tropical and subtropical areas in China.Due to the effects of clearing heat,removing damp,relieving cough and eliminating phlegm,promoting blood circulation to remove blood stasis, Xiaoyerong has been widely used for the treatment of bronchitis,influenza, pertussis,tonsillitis,bacterial dysentery,enteritis,conjunctival congestion, toothache,traumatic injury,etc.But Xiaoyerong has not been adopted by the Chinese pharmacopea and it's chemical constituents have been scarcely reported. So in this research,systematically studies on it's chemical constituents and quality control were carried out,and antitussive,expectorant and anti-imflammatory effects were investigated.So as to provide theoretical proof and practical reference for its clinical application and further research.
1.Extraction and Separation
In this thesis,studies on the chemical constituents of Xiaoyerong,17 compounds had been isolated from the dried folium of Ficus microcarpa Linn.f. Based on their physicochemical and spectroscopic evidence,17 structures were elucidated as follows:3 flavonoids:vitexin,orientin,isovitexin;8 triterpenoids and sterols:β-amyrone,β-sitosterol,lupeol,lupeopl acetate,β-amyrin,β-amyrin acetate,daucosterol,maslinic acid;6 alcohol,acid and esters:stearic acid, pentadecyl acid,n-Octacosanol,n-Octacosanol,hexacosanoic acid.Among these compounds,exceptβ-sitosterol,daucosterol,epifriedelinol,maslinic acid,the other compounds were isolated for the first time from this plant;and vitexin, orientin and isovitexin were isolated for the first time from genus Ficus.
2.Volatile oil Components Analysis
Volatile oil in Xiaoyerong was also analyzed,29 compounds had been identificated.The main constituents of this oil were terpenoids and their oxides, which accounts for 95.13 percent of the total volatile oil.Phytol and patchouli alcohol were the higher contents.
3.Study on the Pharmacological Effects
Three methods had been used in experiments,which were investigated the effects of antitussive,apophlegmatic and anti-inflammatory effects of Xiaoyerong. The results showed that water extract and ethyl acetate extract had obviously antitussive apophlegmatic and anti-inflammatory activities,and the latter's effect was stronger than the former.So ethyl acetate extract is the effective fraction of Xiaoyerong,and flavonoid is effective components of Xiaoyerong
4.Study on Quality Standards
In this thesis,studies on the quality control of Xiaoyerong were performed, including characteristics,microconstruction and physical and chemical character, quantitative determination of total flavonoid by UV-VIS,vitexin by HPLC. Through the investigation of variations of effective components,optimum collecting time and harvest periods were established.And based on those,a quality standard of Xiaoyerong was drafted to provide reference for clinical practice.
In summary,in this thesis,through the systematical studies mentioned above on Xiaoyerong,part of its chemical constituents has been determinde.Its characteristics,microconstruction,physical and chemical character,quantitative determination and pharmacological effects have been studied.These provided the theoretical basis and scientific reference for further study,development and application of Ficus microcarpa Linn.f.
引文
[1]中国科学院中国植物志编辑委员会.中国植物志,第23卷(第一分册)[M].北京:北京科学出版社,1998:66.
[2]陈封怀.广东植物志,第1卷[M].广州:广东科技出版社,1987:186.
[3]国家中医药管理局《中华本草》编委会.中华本草,第2卷[M].上海:上海科学技术出版社,484-510.
[4]张丽霞,管志斌.西双版纳药用榕树资源[J].亚热带植物科学.2004,33(2):60-62.
[5]郑芳勤,王梅松,张晓萍,等.福建省榕属植物的自然分布及引种现状[J].福建林业科技,2003,30(1):19-22.
[6]蒋谦才,黄悦朝,李增祥.广东榕属观赏植物资源极其开发利用[J].亚热带植物科学,2004,33(4):48-51.
[7]许再富.榕树-滇南热带雨林生态系统中的一类关键植物[J].生物多样性,1994,2(1):21-23.
[8]肖珍泉,郑明琴,龙青云.五种野生榕属植物的开发利用[J].广东园林,2003(增刊):74-76.
[9]Li YC,Kuo YH.Amonoterpenoid and two simple phenols from heartwood of Ficus microcarpa[J].Phytochemistry,1998,49(8):2417-2419.
[10]Nascimento M,Arruda AC,Arruda MSP,et al.A ripuanin,a megastigmaneske let on from Ficus aripuanensis[J].Fitoterapia,1999,70(6):628-629.
[11]Kitajima J,Kimizuka K,Tanaka Y.Three new sesquiterpenoid glucosides of Ficus pumila fruit[J].Chem Pharm Bull,2000,48(1):77-80.
[12]Kitajima J,Kimi zuka K,Tanaka Y,et al.New dammarane type acetylatedtrit erpenoids and their related compounds of Ficus pumila fruit[J].Chem Pharm Bull,1999,47(8):1138-1140.
[13]Kitajima J,Kimizuka K,Tanaka Y.New sterols and triterpenoids of Ficus pumila fruit[J].Chem Pharm Bull,1998,46(9):1408-1411.
[14]Chiang YM,Su JK,Liu YH,et al.New cyclopropyl triterpenoids from the aerial roots of Ficus microcarpa[J].Chem Pharm Bull,2001,49(5):581-583.
[15]Tuyen Nv,Kim DSHL,Fong HS,et al.Structure elucidation of two triterpenoids from Ficus fistulosa[J].phytochemistry,1998,50:467-469.
[16]尹卫平,陈宏明,王天欣等.9,19-环丙烷-24,25环氧乙烷-5-烯-3 β螺甾烷的化学结构和抗癌活性[J].中国药物化学杂志,1997,7(1):46.
[17]Swami KD,Malik GS,Bisht NPS.Chemical investigation of stem bark of Ficus religiosa and Prosopis spicigera[J].Indian Chem Soc,1989,66(4):288-289.
[18]Kitajima J,Kimizuka K,Arai M,et al.Constituents of Ficus pumila leaves[J].Chem Pharm Bull 1998,46(10):1647-1649.
[19]PistelliL,Chiellini EE,Morelli I.Flavonoids from Ficus pumila [J].Biochem Syst Ecol,2000,28(3):287-289.
[20]Higa M,Yokota K,Ogihara K,et al,Studies on the constituents of Ficus microcarpa L.f.Ⅱ[J].Bull Coll Sci,1996,(62):45-52.
[21]Chiang YM,Kuo YH.Novel Triterpenoids from the Aerial Roots of Ficus microcarpa[J].Journal of Organic Chemistry,2002,67(22):7656-7661.
[22]Kuo YH,Chiang YM.Six new ursane-and oleanane-typetriterpenes from the aerial roots of Ficus microcarpa[J].Chem Pharm Bull,2000,48(5):593-596.
[23]Chiang YH,Kuo YH.New Peroxy Triterpenes from the Aerial Roots of Ficus microcarpa[J].Nat Prod,2001,64(4):436-439.
[24]Kitajima J,Arai M,Tanaka Y.Triterpenoid constituents of Ficus thunbergii[J].Chem Pharm Bull,1994,42(3):608-610.
[25]Tuyen NV,Hung NV,he MH,et al,Antimalarial principles of Ficus fistulosa[J].Tap Chi Hoa Hoc,2002,40(4):75-78.
[26]Kuo PC,Chiu CC,Shi LS,et al.Non-alkaloidal constituents from the stem of Ficus septica[J].Journal of the Chinese Chemical Society,2002,49(1):113-116.
[27]Kuo YH,Chaiang YM.Five new taraxastane-type triterpenes from the aerial roots of Ficus microcarpa[J].Chem Pharm Bull,1999,47(4):498-500.
[28]Chiang YH,Kuo YH.Taraxastane-Type Triterpenes from the Aerial Roots of Ficus microcarpa[J].Nat Prod,2000,63(7):898-901.
[29]Chandra S,Lal J,Sabir M.Chemical examination of the fruits of Ficus glomerata Roxb[J].Indian Chem Soc,1979,56(12):1269.
[30]Higa M,Yogi S,Hokama K.Studies on the constituents of Ficus microcarpa L.f.I.Triterpenoids from the leaves[J]Bull Coll Sci,1987,44:75-86.
[31]Ragasa CY,Juan E,Rideout JA.A triterpene from Ficus pumila [J].Asian Nat Prod 2es,1999,1(4):269-275.
[32]Lopes D,Villela CT,Kaplan MAC,et al.Moretenolactone a lactone hopanoid from Ficus insipida[J].Phytoehemistry,1993,4(1):279-280.
[33]Diaz MG,Arruda AC,Arruda MSP,et al.Methokyflavones from Ficus maxima[J].Phytochemistry,1997,45(8):1697-1699.
[34]Amaral DF,Arruda MSP,ArrudaAC,et al.Flavones from the leaves of Ficus gomelleira[J].Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society,2001,12(4):538-541.
[35]Parveen M,Khan MS,Ilyas M.Chemical constituents of Ficus krishnae [J].Indian Chem Soc,1993,70(9):785.
[36]Sharaf M,Abu-Gabal NS,El-Ansari MA.Exudate flavonoids from Ficus altissima[J].Biochem Syst Ecol,2000,28(3):291-293.
[37]Baslas RK.Isolation and characterization of β-sitosterol and flavonol glycoside from the trunk bark of Ficus rumphii[J].Curr Sci,1979,48(3):113.
[38]Sayed HM,Backheet EY,EI-Sayyad SM.Further flavonoids and coumarins from Ficus platyphylladel leaves[J].Bull Fac Sci,1991,20(1):105-113.
[39]Jain N,Yadava RN.Flavonoids of the leaves of Ficus infectoria[J].Fitoterapia,1994,65(1):94.
[40]Siewek F,Hemnann K,Grotjahn L,et al.Isomeric glycosylflavones in fig(Ficus carica L.)[J].Biosci,1985,40C(1-2):8-12..
[41]JainN,.AhmadM,Kamil M,et al.Scutellarein 6-0-L-rhamnopyranosyl (1→2)-β-D-galactopyranoside:a new flavone diglycoside from Ficus infectoria[J].Chem Res,1991,(8):218-219.
[42]Jain N,Ahmad M,Kamil M,et al.Isolation and characterization of luteolin 6-0-D-glucopyranoside 3'-0-α-h-rhamnoside from Ficus infectoria[J].Chem Res,1990,(12):396-397.
[43]Baslas RK.Isolation and characterization of β-D-sitosterol and flavonol glycoside from the trunk bark of Ficus rumphii[J].Curr Sci,1979,48(3):113.
[44]Backheet EY,Ahmed AS,Sayed HM.Phytochemical study of the constituents of the leaves of Ficus infectoria(Roxb.)[J].Bulletin of Pharmaceutical Sciences,2001,24(1):21-27.
[45]Ogungbamila FO,Onawunmi GO,Ibewuike JC,et al.Antibacterial constituents of Ficus barteri fruits[J].Phannacogn,1997,35(3):185-189.
[46]Agrawal S,Misra K.Leucoanthocyanins from Ficus racemosa bark[J]. Chem Scr,1977,12(1):37-39.
[47]Subramanian PM,Misra GS.Chemical constituents of Ficus bengalensis[J].Indian Chem Sect B,1977,15(8):762-763.
[48]Yadava VS.A new leucocyanin from the roots of Ficus hispida[J].Proc Natl Acad Sci,India Sect A,1990,60(3):281-284.
[49]Kumar RV,Augusti KT.Antidiabetic effect of a leucocyanidin derivative isolated from the bark of Picus bengalensis Linn[J].Indian Biochem Biophys,1989,26(6):400-404.
[50]Cherian S,Kumar RV,Augusti KT,et al.Antidiabetic effect of a glycoside of pelargonidin isolated from the bark of Ficus bengalensis Linn[J].Indian Biochem Biophys,1992,29(4):380-382.
[51]Geetha BS,Mathew BC,Augusti KT.Hypoglycemic effects of leucodel phinidin derivative isolated from Ficus bengalensis(Linn)[J].Indian Physiol Pharmacol,1994,38(03):220-222.
[52]Kumar RV,Augusti KT.Insulin sparing action of a leucocyani-dinderivative isolated from Ficus bengalensis Linn[J].Indian Biochem Biophys,1994,31(1):73-76.
[53]Cherian S,Augusti KT.Insulin sparing action of leucopelargonin derivative isolated from Ficus bengalensis Linn[J].Indian Exp Biol,1995,33(8):608-611.
[54]Daniel RS,Mathew BC,Devi KS,et al.Antioxidantefect of two flavonoids from the bark of Ficus bengalensis Linn in hyperlipidemic rats[J].Indian Exp Biol,1998,36(9):902-906.
[55]Aida M,Hano Y,Nomura T.Constituents of the Moraceae plants Ficusins A and B,two new cyclic-monoterpene substituted isoflavones from Ficus septica Barm F[J].Hterocycles,1995,41(12):2761-2768.
[56]Li YC,Kuo YH.Two New Isoflavones from the Bark of Ficus Microcarpa [J].Nat Prod,1997,60(3):292-293.
[57]尹卫平,陈宏明,王天欣等.具有抗癌活性的一个新的香豆素化合物[J].中草药,1997,28(1):3-4.
[58]Abd El-Wahab,SM,El-Shabrawy AO,Islam WT,et al.Coumarincon stituents and biological study of Ficus pseudosycomorus D[J].Journal of Pharm aceutical Sciences,2000,25:101-115.
[59]Juan EA,Rideout JA,Ragasa CY.Bioactive furanocoumarin derivatives from Pious pumila[J].Philipp J Sci,1997,126(2):143-153.
[60]Khattab AA.Coumarin constituents of some Egyptian Ficus species[J].Bull Fac Pharm,1993,31(1):19-20.
[61]Swami KD,Bisht NPS.Constituents of Ficus religiosa and Ficus infectoria and their biological activity[J].Indian Chem Soc,1996,73(11):631.
[62]Abou-Gabal NS.Constituents of local plants:Ficus carica and Ficus altissima Blume grown in Saudi Arabia[J].Bulletin of the National Research Centre,2001,26(2):151-156.
[63]El-Khrisy EAM,Meshaal SA,Abdel-Hafez OM,et al.The constituents of Ficus eriobtryoides,Ficus cunnghamii and Ficus sycomorus leaves[J].Fitoterapia,1985,56(3):184-185.
[64]Ilyas M,Parveen M,Shafiullah KMS.Phenolic constituents of Ficus krishnae[J].Indian Chem Soc,1996,73(11):632.
[65]Swami D,Malik GS,Bisht NPS.Chemical examination of stem bark of Ficus infectoria Roxb[J].Indian Chem Soc,1989,66(2):141-142.
[66]尹卫平,陈宏明,阎福林,等.从无花果中提取新的皂苷和糖苷化合物及其活性研究[J].中草药,1998,29(8):505-507.
[67]Mechoulam R,Rubnov S,Kashman Y,et al.6-0-acyl-D-glucosyl-sitosterols from fig(ficus carica)resin:isolation,structure elucidation,synthesis and their use as antiproliferative agents[J],PCF Int Appl,WO2002079219 A210,2002,10:31.
[68]Li YC,Kuo YH.Four new compounds,ficusal,ficusesquilignan A,B and frcusolide diacetate from the heartwood of Ficus microcarpa[J].Chem Pharm Bull,2000,48(12):1862-1865.
[69]Venkatachalam SR,Mulchandani NB.Isolation of phenanthroindolizidine alkaloids and a novel biphenylhexahydroindolizine alkaloid from Ficus hispida[J].Natur wissenschaften,1982,69(6):287-288.
[70]Baumgartner Beat,Erdelmeier CAJ,Wright AD,et al.An antimicrobial alkaloid from Ficus septica[J].Phytochemistry,1990,29(10):3327-3330.
[71]Khan IA,Rah T,Sticher O.Alkaloids from Ficus pachyrhachis [J].Planta Med,1993,59(3):286.
[72]Wu PL,Rao KV,Su CH,et al.Phenanthroindolizidine alkaloid and their cytotoxicity from the leaves of Ficus septica [J].Heterocycles,2002,57(12):2401-2408.
[73]Bracher F,Daab J,Total synthesis of the indolizidinium alkaloid-ficuseptine [J].European Journal of Organic Chemistry,2002,(14):2288-2291.
[74]Peraza-Sanchez S R,Chai H B,Shin Y G,et al.Constituents of the leaves and twigs of Ficus hispida[J].Planta Medica,2002,68(2):186-188.
[75]Kuo YH,Li YC.Three new compounds,ficusone,ficuspirolide and ficusolide from the heartwood of Ficus microcarpa[J].Chem Pharm Bull,1999,47(3):299-301.
[76]Zhang HJ,Tamez PA,Aydogmus Z,et al.Antimalarial agents from plants Ⅲ.Trichothecenes from Ficus fistulosa and Rhaphidophora decursiva[J].Planta Medica,2002,68(12):1088-1091.
[77]Chiang YM,Kuo YH.Two novel α-tocopheroids from the aerial roots of Ficus microcarpa[J].Tetrahedron Letters,2003,44(27):5125-5128.
[78]Lee TH,Kuo YC,Wang GJ,et al.Five newphenolics from the roots of Ficus beecheyana[J].Journal of Natural Products,2002,65(10):1497-1500.
[79]戴伟娟,司端远,辛勤,等.无花果多糖对小鼠免疫功能的影响[J].中草药,2000,31(5):355-356.
[80]贾永锋,曹致芳,张罗修.无花果对免疫抑制小鼠的溶血素及淋巴细胞转化的影响[J].中药药理与临床,1997,13(4):41.
[81]韦锦斌,黄仁彬,林军.小叶榕水提物和醇提物止咳平喘作用的比较研究[J].广西中医药,2006,29(4):58.
[82]谢主兰,吴文龙.榕树叶抑菌作用的试验研究[J].食品研究与开发,2002,23(2):7.
[83]熊文愈,汪计珠.中国木本药用植物[M].上海:上海科技出版社,1993:97,10186.
[84]史美祺,郑秀立,吴罕利,等.无花果提取液治疗癌性胸水的临床研究[J].河南肿瘤学杂志,1995,8(4):256-257.
[85]臧运书,毛德传,张才佩,等.无花果治疗寻常疣[J].中华皮肤科杂志,1995,28(3):190.
[86]贾泰元,孙幼秦.无花果注射液治疗白癜风[J].中级医刊,1981,10:32.
[87]中国人民解放军181医院二科.小叶榕治疗咳嗽21例效果分析[J].中草药通讯,1970,3:41.
[88]汪开元.植物杂志,1998,(1):43.
[89]钟小清,徐鸿华.榕属药用植物研究概况[J].中草药,2000,31(9):附3-附4.
[90]范明松,叶冠,黄成钢.榕属植物化学成分和药理作用研究进展[J].天然产物研究与开发,2005,17(4):497-504.
[91]国家中医药管理局《中华本草编委会》.中华本草[M],第2卷[M].上海: 上海科学技术出版社,1999:495-497
[92]陈舜让,刘伯英.细叶榕叶与其混淆品垂叶榕叶的鉴别[J].中药材,2002,25(8):553.
[93]Higa M,Yogi S,Hokama K.Studies on the constituents of Ficus microcarpa L.f.I Triterpenoids from the leaves[J].Bull Coll Sci,1987,44:75-86.
[94]Higa M,Yokota K,Ogihara K,et al.Studies on the constituents of Ficus microcarpa L.f.Ⅱ[J],Bull Coll Sci,1996;(62):45-52.
[95]叶荣科,张德志,周宏兵,等.小叶榕树叶总黄酮水提醒沉工艺研究[J].广东药学院学报,2003,19(4):330-331.
[96]夏杏洲,张辉,魏传晚.榕树叶中黄酮类化合物的提取条件研究[J].食品研究与开发,2002,23(5):35-37.
[97]廖莉,刘海花,蒋丽芳,等.超声波提取榕树叶(大叶)总黄酮及其鉴别[J].亚太传统医药,2007,3,(10):46-48.
[98]黄涛,周宏兵,赖毅勤,等.超频震动膜过滤法在小叶榕叶水提物分离中的应用研究[J].食品与药品,2007,9(06_A):11-14.
[99]黄锁义,刘海花,黎海妮,等.超声波提取榕树叶(小叶)总黄酮极其鉴别[J].时珍国医国药,2006,17(9):1737-1738.
[100]邹国省,林林,周欣,等.咳特灵胶囊中总黄酮含量考察[J].广东药学院学报,2007,23(1):19-20.
[101]李社花,郭洪云.咳特灵胶囊质量考察[J].中成药,2007,29(6):930-932.
[102]贾茹冰.咳特灵胶囊中小榕树膏总黄酮的含量测定[J].广西中医学院学报,2000,17(4):65-66.
[103]广州市榕扑合剂协作组.广东医药资料,1975,(3):32
[104]广西桂林市人民医院传染病房,等.新医学,1975,(6):297
[105]宋少江,陈佳,寇翔,等.山楂叶的化学成分[J].沈阳药科大学学报,2006,23(2):88-90.
[106]任正博,张振学,周伟利,等.金莲花化学成分研究[J].中国现代中药,2006,8(2):14-15.
[107]彭金咏,范国荣,吴玉田.白花败酱草化学成分研究[J].中国中药杂志,2006,31(2):128-130
[108]陈佩东,丁安伟.蒲黄的化学成分研究[J].海峡药学,2007,19(7):60-61.
[109]刘美凤,丁怡.傣药竹叶兰的化学成分研究Ⅰ[J].2006年第六届中国药学会学术年会论文集,2006:5097-5100.
[110]王海燕,陈勇,许鸿章.毒力虫霉EB-82灭蚜菌发酵产物的有效成分研究Ⅱ--化合物EB-82B的分离和结构鉴定[J].中国抗生素杂志,1998, 23(6):404-406.
[111]AG Gonzalez,BM Fraga,P Gonzalez,et al.~(13)C-NMR Spectra of Olean-18-ene Derivatives[J].Phytochemistry,1981,20(8):1919-1921.
[112]贾靓,闵知大.灰毛大青的化学成分研究[J].中草药,2007,38(2):161-163.
[113]于德泉,杨峻山.分析化学手册.第七分册[M],北京:化学工业出版社,1989.
[114]夏新中,韩宏星,屠鹏飞.筒鞘蛇菰的三萜及甾醇成分研究[J].中草药,2001,32(1):6-9.
[115]戴忠,王峰,王钢力,等.穗花蛇菰的化学成分研究[J].中国中药杂志,2006,31(21):1798-1800.
[116]陶婷婷,濑井康雄,王天志等.窄叶鲜卑花的化学成分[J].中国天然药物,2006,4(4):257-259.
[117]丛浦珠.质谱学在天然有机化学中的应用[M].北京:科学出版社,1987,697-701.
[118]张嘉明,陈耀祖,李伯刚.灰枝紫菀化学成分的研究[J].中国中药杂志,1997,22(2):103-104.
[119]鞠建华,周亮,林耕等.枇杷叶中三萜酸类成分及其抗炎、镇咳活性研究[J].2003,38(10):752-757.
[120]国家药典委员会.中华人民共和国药典(2005年版,一部)[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2005.
[121]Hultqvist M.,Olofsson P,Gelderman KA,et al.A new arthritis therapy with oxidative burst inducers[J].PLOS Med,2006,3(9):e348.
[122]杨得坡,Chaumont Jean Pierre,Millet Joelle.藿香和广藿香挥发油对皮肤癣菌和条件致病真菌的抑制作用[J].中国药学杂志,2000,35(1):9-11.
[123]Eagan TM,Brogger JC,Eide GE,et al.The incidence of adult asthma:a review[J].Int J Tuberc Lung Dis,2005,9(6);603-12.
[124]徐叔云,卞如濂,陈修.药理实验方法学[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,1991.
[125]葛金芳,李俊,金涌,等.枇杷叶三萜酸的镇咳祛痰平喘作用[J].安徽医科大学学报,2006,41(4):413-416.
[126]韦国锋,黄祖良,何有成.芒果叶提取物的镇咳祛痰作用研究[J].时针国医国药,2006,17(10):1954-1955.
[127]曾晓春,陈淑惠,赖斯娜,等.粗叶榕的镇咳、祛痰、平喘作用[J].中国中医药信息杂志,2002,9(2):30-32
[128]冯冰虹,苏浩冲,杨俊杰.桑白皮丙酮提取物对呼吸系统的药理作用[J].广东药学院学报,2005,21(1):47-49.
[129]陈奇.中药药理研究方法学[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,1993:634-637.
[130]Junping KOU,Yang SUN,Yuwen LIN,et al.Anti-inflammatory activities of aqueous extract from radix ophiopogonjaponicus and its two constituents[J].Biol Pharm Bull,2005,28(7):1234-1238.
[131]刘树根,刘懋生,傅杰青.牡荆属植物的化学成分及其药理作用与临床应用[J].江西医药,1984,(6):41-49.
[132]中国科学院上海药物研究所.中草药有效成分提取与分离[M].第二版.上海:上海科学技术出版社,1983
[133]仲英,杨尚军,王菊,等.高效液相色谱法测定山楂叶总黄酮中牡荆素含量[J].时珍国医国药,2000,11(10):871-872.
[134]刘智,王丽,李雯,等.HPLC测定金莲花制剂中荭草苷和牡荆苷的含量[J].中国中药杂志,2004,29(11):1049-1051.
[2]陈封怀.广东植物志,第1卷[M].广州:广东科技出版社,1987:186.
[3]国家中医药管理局《中华本草》编委会.中华本草,第2卷[M].上海:上海科学技术出版社,484-510.
[4]张丽霞,管志斌.西双版纳药用榕树资源[J].亚热带植物科学.2004,33(2):60-62.
[5]郑芳勤,王梅松,张晓萍,等.福建省榕属植物的自然分布及引种现状[J].福建林业科技,2003,30(1):19-22.
[6]蒋谦才,黄悦朝,李增祥.广东榕属观赏植物资源极其开发利用[J].亚热带植物科学,2004,33(4):48-51.
[7]许再富.榕树-滇南热带雨林生态系统中的一类关键植物[J].生物多样性,1994,2(1):21-23.
[8]肖珍泉,郑明琴,龙青云.五种野生榕属植物的开发利用[J].广东园林,2003(增刊):74-76.
[9]Li YC,Kuo YH.Amonoterpenoid and two simple phenols from heartwood of Ficus microcarpa[J].Phytochemistry,1998,49(8):2417-2419.
[10]Nascimento M,Arruda AC,Arruda MSP,et al.A ripuanin,a megastigmaneske let on from Ficus aripuanensis[J].Fitoterapia,1999,70(6):628-629.
[11]Kitajima J,Kimizuka K,Tanaka Y.Three new sesquiterpenoid glucosides of Ficus pumila fruit[J].Chem Pharm Bull,2000,48(1):77-80.
[12]Kitajima J,Kimi zuka K,Tanaka Y,et al.New dammarane type acetylatedtrit erpenoids and their related compounds of Ficus pumila fruit[J].Chem Pharm Bull,1999,47(8):1138-1140.
[13]Kitajima J,Kimizuka K,Tanaka Y.New sterols and triterpenoids of Ficus pumila fruit[J].Chem Pharm Bull,1998,46(9):1408-1411.
[14]Chiang YM,Su JK,Liu YH,et al.New cyclopropyl triterpenoids from the aerial roots of Ficus microcarpa[J].Chem Pharm Bull,2001,49(5):581-583.
[15]Tuyen Nv,Kim DSHL,Fong HS,et al.Structure elucidation of two triterpenoids from Ficus fistulosa[J].phytochemistry,1998,50:467-469.
[16]尹卫平,陈宏明,王天欣等.9,19-环丙烷-24,25环氧乙烷-5-烯-3 β螺甾烷的化学结构和抗癌活性[J].中国药物化学杂志,1997,7(1):46.
[17]Swami KD,Malik GS,Bisht NPS.Chemical investigation of stem bark of Ficus religiosa and Prosopis spicigera[J].Indian Chem Soc,1989,66(4):288-289.
[18]Kitajima J,Kimizuka K,Arai M,et al.Constituents of Ficus pumila leaves[J].Chem Pharm Bull 1998,46(10):1647-1649.
[19]PistelliL,Chiellini EE,Morelli I.Flavonoids from Ficus pumila [J].Biochem Syst Ecol,2000,28(3):287-289.
[20]Higa M,Yokota K,Ogihara K,et al,Studies on the constituents of Ficus microcarpa L.f.Ⅱ[J].Bull Coll Sci,1996,(62):45-52.
[21]Chiang YM,Kuo YH.Novel Triterpenoids from the Aerial Roots of Ficus microcarpa[J].Journal of Organic Chemistry,2002,67(22):7656-7661.
[22]Kuo YH,Chiang YM.Six new ursane-and oleanane-typetriterpenes from the aerial roots of Ficus microcarpa[J].Chem Pharm Bull,2000,48(5):593-596.
[23]Chiang YH,Kuo YH.New Peroxy Triterpenes from the Aerial Roots of Ficus microcarpa[J].Nat Prod,2001,64(4):436-439.
[24]Kitajima J,Arai M,Tanaka Y.Triterpenoid constituents of Ficus thunbergii[J].Chem Pharm Bull,1994,42(3):608-610.
[25]Tuyen NV,Hung NV,he MH,et al,Antimalarial principles of Ficus fistulosa[J].Tap Chi Hoa Hoc,2002,40(4):75-78.
[26]Kuo PC,Chiu CC,Shi LS,et al.Non-alkaloidal constituents from the stem of Ficus septica[J].Journal of the Chinese Chemical Society,2002,49(1):113-116.
[27]Kuo YH,Chaiang YM.Five new taraxastane-type triterpenes from the aerial roots of Ficus microcarpa[J].Chem Pharm Bull,1999,47(4):498-500.
[28]Chiang YH,Kuo YH.Taraxastane-Type Triterpenes from the Aerial Roots of Ficus microcarpa[J].Nat Prod,2000,63(7):898-901.
[29]Chandra S,Lal J,Sabir M.Chemical examination of the fruits of Ficus glomerata Roxb[J].Indian Chem Soc,1979,56(12):1269.
[30]Higa M,Yogi S,Hokama K.Studies on the constituents of Ficus microcarpa L.f.I.Triterpenoids from the leaves[J]Bull Coll Sci,1987,44:75-86.
[31]Ragasa CY,Juan E,Rideout JA.A triterpene from Ficus pumila [J].Asian Nat Prod 2es,1999,1(4):269-275.
[32]Lopes D,Villela CT,Kaplan MAC,et al.Moretenolactone a lactone hopanoid from Ficus insipida[J].Phytoehemistry,1993,4(1):279-280.
[33]Diaz MG,Arruda AC,Arruda MSP,et al.Methokyflavones from Ficus maxima[J].Phytochemistry,1997,45(8):1697-1699.
[34]Amaral DF,Arruda MSP,ArrudaAC,et al.Flavones from the leaves of Ficus gomelleira[J].Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society,2001,12(4):538-541.
[35]Parveen M,Khan MS,Ilyas M.Chemical constituents of Ficus krishnae [J].Indian Chem Soc,1993,70(9):785.
[36]Sharaf M,Abu-Gabal NS,El-Ansari MA.Exudate flavonoids from Ficus altissima[J].Biochem Syst Ecol,2000,28(3):291-293.
[37]Baslas RK.Isolation and characterization of β-sitosterol and flavonol glycoside from the trunk bark of Ficus rumphii[J].Curr Sci,1979,48(3):113.
[38]Sayed HM,Backheet EY,EI-Sayyad SM.Further flavonoids and coumarins from Ficus platyphylladel leaves[J].Bull Fac Sci,1991,20(1):105-113.
[39]Jain N,Yadava RN.Flavonoids of the leaves of Ficus infectoria[J].Fitoterapia,1994,65(1):94.
[40]Siewek F,Hemnann K,Grotjahn L,et al.Isomeric glycosylflavones in fig(Ficus carica L.)[J].Biosci,1985,40C(1-2):8-12..
[41]JainN,.AhmadM,Kamil M,et al.Scutellarein 6-0-L-rhamnopyranosyl (1→2)-β-D-galactopyranoside:a new flavone diglycoside from Ficus infectoria[J].Chem Res,1991,(8):218-219.
[42]Jain N,Ahmad M,Kamil M,et al.Isolation and characterization of luteolin 6-0-D-glucopyranoside 3'-0-α-h-rhamnoside from Ficus infectoria[J].Chem Res,1990,(12):396-397.
[43]Baslas RK.Isolation and characterization of β-D-sitosterol and flavonol glycoside from the trunk bark of Ficus rumphii[J].Curr Sci,1979,48(3):113.
[44]Backheet EY,Ahmed AS,Sayed HM.Phytochemical study of the constituents of the leaves of Ficus infectoria(Roxb.)[J].Bulletin of Pharmaceutical Sciences,2001,24(1):21-27.
[45]Ogungbamila FO,Onawunmi GO,Ibewuike JC,et al.Antibacterial constituents of Ficus barteri fruits[J].Phannacogn,1997,35(3):185-189.
[46]Agrawal S,Misra K.Leucoanthocyanins from Ficus racemosa bark[J]. Chem Scr,1977,12(1):37-39.
[47]Subramanian PM,Misra GS.Chemical constituents of Ficus bengalensis[J].Indian Chem Sect B,1977,15(8):762-763.
[48]Yadava VS.A new leucocyanin from the roots of Ficus hispida[J].Proc Natl Acad Sci,India Sect A,1990,60(3):281-284.
[49]Kumar RV,Augusti KT.Antidiabetic effect of a leucocyanidin derivative isolated from the bark of Picus bengalensis Linn[J].Indian Biochem Biophys,1989,26(6):400-404.
[50]Cherian S,Kumar RV,Augusti KT,et al.Antidiabetic effect of a glycoside of pelargonidin isolated from the bark of Ficus bengalensis Linn[J].Indian Biochem Biophys,1992,29(4):380-382.
[51]Geetha BS,Mathew BC,Augusti KT.Hypoglycemic effects of leucodel phinidin derivative isolated from Ficus bengalensis(Linn)[J].Indian Physiol Pharmacol,1994,38(03):220-222.
[52]Kumar RV,Augusti KT.Insulin sparing action of a leucocyani-dinderivative isolated from Ficus bengalensis Linn[J].Indian Biochem Biophys,1994,31(1):73-76.
[53]Cherian S,Augusti KT.Insulin sparing action of leucopelargonin derivative isolated from Ficus bengalensis Linn[J].Indian Exp Biol,1995,33(8):608-611.
[54]Daniel RS,Mathew BC,Devi KS,et al.Antioxidantefect of two flavonoids from the bark of Ficus bengalensis Linn in hyperlipidemic rats[J].Indian Exp Biol,1998,36(9):902-906.
[55]Aida M,Hano Y,Nomura T.Constituents of the Moraceae plants Ficusins A and B,two new cyclic-monoterpene substituted isoflavones from Ficus septica Barm F[J].Hterocycles,1995,41(12):2761-2768.
[56]Li YC,Kuo YH.Two New Isoflavones from the Bark of Ficus Microcarpa [J].Nat Prod,1997,60(3):292-293.
[57]尹卫平,陈宏明,王天欣等.具有抗癌活性的一个新的香豆素化合物[J].中草药,1997,28(1):3-4.
[58]Abd El-Wahab,SM,El-Shabrawy AO,Islam WT,et al.Coumarincon stituents and biological study of Ficus pseudosycomorus D[J].Journal of Pharm aceutical Sciences,2000,25:101-115.
[59]Juan EA,Rideout JA,Ragasa CY.Bioactive furanocoumarin derivatives from Pious pumila[J].Philipp J Sci,1997,126(2):143-153.
[60]Khattab AA.Coumarin constituents of some Egyptian Ficus species[J].Bull Fac Pharm,1993,31(1):19-20.
[61]Swami KD,Bisht NPS.Constituents of Ficus religiosa and Ficus infectoria and their biological activity[J].Indian Chem Soc,1996,73(11):631.
[62]Abou-Gabal NS.Constituents of local plants:Ficus carica and Ficus altissima Blume grown in Saudi Arabia[J].Bulletin of the National Research Centre,2001,26(2):151-156.
[63]El-Khrisy EAM,Meshaal SA,Abdel-Hafez OM,et al.The constituents of Ficus eriobtryoides,Ficus cunnghamii and Ficus sycomorus leaves[J].Fitoterapia,1985,56(3):184-185.
[64]Ilyas M,Parveen M,Shafiullah KMS.Phenolic constituents of Ficus krishnae[J].Indian Chem Soc,1996,73(11):632.
[65]Swami D,Malik GS,Bisht NPS.Chemical examination of stem bark of Ficus infectoria Roxb[J].Indian Chem Soc,1989,66(2):141-142.
[66]尹卫平,陈宏明,阎福林,等.从无花果中提取新的皂苷和糖苷化合物及其活性研究[J].中草药,1998,29(8):505-507.
[67]Mechoulam R,Rubnov S,Kashman Y,et al.6-0-acyl-D-glucosyl-sitosterols from fig(ficus carica)resin:isolation,structure elucidation,synthesis and their use as antiproliferative agents[J],PCF Int Appl,WO2002079219 A210,2002,10:31.
[68]Li YC,Kuo YH.Four new compounds,ficusal,ficusesquilignan A,B and frcusolide diacetate from the heartwood of Ficus microcarpa[J].Chem Pharm Bull,2000,48(12):1862-1865.
[69]Venkatachalam SR,Mulchandani NB.Isolation of phenanthroindolizidine alkaloids and a novel biphenylhexahydroindolizine alkaloid from Ficus hispida[J].Natur wissenschaften,1982,69(6):287-288.
[70]Baumgartner Beat,Erdelmeier CAJ,Wright AD,et al.An antimicrobial alkaloid from Ficus septica[J].Phytochemistry,1990,29(10):3327-3330.
[71]Khan IA,Rah T,Sticher O.Alkaloids from Ficus pachyrhachis [J].Planta Med,1993,59(3):286.
[72]Wu PL,Rao KV,Su CH,et al.Phenanthroindolizidine alkaloid and their cytotoxicity from the leaves of Ficus septica [J].Heterocycles,2002,57(12):2401-2408.
[73]Bracher F,Daab J,Total synthesis of the indolizidinium alkaloid-ficuseptine [J].European Journal of Organic Chemistry,2002,(14):2288-2291.
[74]Peraza-Sanchez S R,Chai H B,Shin Y G,et al.Constituents of the leaves and twigs of Ficus hispida[J].Planta Medica,2002,68(2):186-188.
[75]Kuo YH,Li YC.Three new compounds,ficusone,ficuspirolide and ficusolide from the heartwood of Ficus microcarpa[J].Chem Pharm Bull,1999,47(3):299-301.
[76]Zhang HJ,Tamez PA,Aydogmus Z,et al.Antimalarial agents from plants Ⅲ.Trichothecenes from Ficus fistulosa and Rhaphidophora decursiva[J].Planta Medica,2002,68(12):1088-1091.
[77]Chiang YM,Kuo YH.Two novel α-tocopheroids from the aerial roots of Ficus microcarpa[J].Tetrahedron Letters,2003,44(27):5125-5128.
[78]Lee TH,Kuo YC,Wang GJ,et al.Five newphenolics from the roots of Ficus beecheyana[J].Journal of Natural Products,2002,65(10):1497-1500.
[79]戴伟娟,司端远,辛勤,等.无花果多糖对小鼠免疫功能的影响[J].中草药,2000,31(5):355-356.
[80]贾永锋,曹致芳,张罗修.无花果对免疫抑制小鼠的溶血素及淋巴细胞转化的影响[J].中药药理与临床,1997,13(4):41.
[81]韦锦斌,黄仁彬,林军.小叶榕水提物和醇提物止咳平喘作用的比较研究[J].广西中医药,2006,29(4):58.
[82]谢主兰,吴文龙.榕树叶抑菌作用的试验研究[J].食品研究与开发,2002,23(2):7.
[83]熊文愈,汪计珠.中国木本药用植物[M].上海:上海科技出版社,1993:97,10186.
[84]史美祺,郑秀立,吴罕利,等.无花果提取液治疗癌性胸水的临床研究[J].河南肿瘤学杂志,1995,8(4):256-257.
[85]臧运书,毛德传,张才佩,等.无花果治疗寻常疣[J].中华皮肤科杂志,1995,28(3):190.
[86]贾泰元,孙幼秦.无花果注射液治疗白癜风[J].中级医刊,1981,10:32.
[87]中国人民解放军181医院二科.小叶榕治疗咳嗽21例效果分析[J].中草药通讯,1970,3:41.
[88]汪开元.植物杂志,1998,(1):43.
[89]钟小清,徐鸿华.榕属药用植物研究概况[J].中草药,2000,31(9):附3-附4.
[90]范明松,叶冠,黄成钢.榕属植物化学成分和药理作用研究进展[J].天然产物研究与开发,2005,17(4):497-504.
[91]国家中医药管理局《中华本草编委会》.中华本草[M],第2卷[M].上海: 上海科学技术出版社,1999:495-497
[92]陈舜让,刘伯英.细叶榕叶与其混淆品垂叶榕叶的鉴别[J].中药材,2002,25(8):553.
[93]Higa M,Yogi S,Hokama K.Studies on the constituents of Ficus microcarpa L.f.I Triterpenoids from the leaves[J].Bull Coll Sci,1987,44:75-86.
[94]Higa M,Yokota K,Ogihara K,et al.Studies on the constituents of Ficus microcarpa L.f.Ⅱ[J],Bull Coll Sci,1996;(62):45-52.
[95]叶荣科,张德志,周宏兵,等.小叶榕树叶总黄酮水提醒沉工艺研究[J].广东药学院学报,2003,19(4):330-331.
[96]夏杏洲,张辉,魏传晚.榕树叶中黄酮类化合物的提取条件研究[J].食品研究与开发,2002,23(5):35-37.
[97]廖莉,刘海花,蒋丽芳,等.超声波提取榕树叶(大叶)总黄酮及其鉴别[J].亚太传统医药,2007,3,(10):46-48.
[98]黄涛,周宏兵,赖毅勤,等.超频震动膜过滤法在小叶榕叶水提物分离中的应用研究[J].食品与药品,2007,9(06_A):11-14.
[99]黄锁义,刘海花,黎海妮,等.超声波提取榕树叶(小叶)总黄酮极其鉴别[J].时珍国医国药,2006,17(9):1737-1738.
[100]邹国省,林林,周欣,等.咳特灵胶囊中总黄酮含量考察[J].广东药学院学报,2007,23(1):19-20.
[101]李社花,郭洪云.咳特灵胶囊质量考察[J].中成药,2007,29(6):930-932.
[102]贾茹冰.咳特灵胶囊中小榕树膏总黄酮的含量测定[J].广西中医学院学报,2000,17(4):65-66.
[103]广州市榕扑合剂协作组.广东医药资料,1975,(3):32
[104]广西桂林市人民医院传染病房,等.新医学,1975,(6):297
[105]宋少江,陈佳,寇翔,等.山楂叶的化学成分[J].沈阳药科大学学报,2006,23(2):88-90.
[106]任正博,张振学,周伟利,等.金莲花化学成分研究[J].中国现代中药,2006,8(2):14-15.
[107]彭金咏,范国荣,吴玉田.白花败酱草化学成分研究[J].中国中药杂志,2006,31(2):128-130
[108]陈佩东,丁安伟.蒲黄的化学成分研究[J].海峡药学,2007,19(7):60-61.
[109]刘美凤,丁怡.傣药竹叶兰的化学成分研究Ⅰ[J].2006年第六届中国药学会学术年会论文集,2006:5097-5100.
[110]王海燕,陈勇,许鸿章.毒力虫霉EB-82灭蚜菌发酵产物的有效成分研究Ⅱ--化合物EB-82B的分离和结构鉴定[J].中国抗生素杂志,1998, 23(6):404-406.
[111]AG Gonzalez,BM Fraga,P Gonzalez,et al.~(13)C-NMR Spectra of Olean-18-ene Derivatives[J].Phytochemistry,1981,20(8):1919-1921.
[112]贾靓,闵知大.灰毛大青的化学成分研究[J].中草药,2007,38(2):161-163.
[113]于德泉,杨峻山.分析化学手册.第七分册[M],北京:化学工业出版社,1989.
[114]夏新中,韩宏星,屠鹏飞.筒鞘蛇菰的三萜及甾醇成分研究[J].中草药,2001,32(1):6-9.
[115]戴忠,王峰,王钢力,等.穗花蛇菰的化学成分研究[J].中国中药杂志,2006,31(21):1798-1800.
[116]陶婷婷,濑井康雄,王天志等.窄叶鲜卑花的化学成分[J].中国天然药物,2006,4(4):257-259.
[117]丛浦珠.质谱学在天然有机化学中的应用[M].北京:科学出版社,1987,697-701.
[118]张嘉明,陈耀祖,李伯刚.灰枝紫菀化学成分的研究[J].中国中药杂志,1997,22(2):103-104.
[119]鞠建华,周亮,林耕等.枇杷叶中三萜酸类成分及其抗炎、镇咳活性研究[J].2003,38(10):752-757.
[120]国家药典委员会.中华人民共和国药典(2005年版,一部)[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2005.
[121]Hultqvist M.,Olofsson P,Gelderman KA,et al.A new arthritis therapy with oxidative burst inducers[J].PLOS Med,2006,3(9):e348.
[122]杨得坡,Chaumont Jean Pierre,Millet Joelle.藿香和广藿香挥发油对皮肤癣菌和条件致病真菌的抑制作用[J].中国药学杂志,2000,35(1):9-11.
[123]Eagan TM,Brogger JC,Eide GE,et al.The incidence of adult asthma:a review[J].Int J Tuberc Lung Dis,2005,9(6);603-12.
[124]徐叔云,卞如濂,陈修.药理实验方法学[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,1991.
[125]葛金芳,李俊,金涌,等.枇杷叶三萜酸的镇咳祛痰平喘作用[J].安徽医科大学学报,2006,41(4):413-416.
[126]韦国锋,黄祖良,何有成.芒果叶提取物的镇咳祛痰作用研究[J].时针国医国药,2006,17(10):1954-1955.
[127]曾晓春,陈淑惠,赖斯娜,等.粗叶榕的镇咳、祛痰、平喘作用[J].中国中医药信息杂志,2002,9(2):30-32
[128]冯冰虹,苏浩冲,杨俊杰.桑白皮丙酮提取物对呼吸系统的药理作用[J].广东药学院学报,2005,21(1):47-49.
[129]陈奇.中药药理研究方法学[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,1993:634-637.
[130]Junping KOU,Yang SUN,Yuwen LIN,et al.Anti-inflammatory activities of aqueous extract from radix ophiopogonjaponicus and its two constituents[J].Biol Pharm Bull,2005,28(7):1234-1238.
[131]刘树根,刘懋生,傅杰青.牡荆属植物的化学成分及其药理作用与临床应用[J].江西医药,1984,(6):41-49.
[132]中国科学院上海药物研究所.中草药有效成分提取与分离[M].第二版.上海:上海科学技术出版社,1983
[133]仲英,杨尚军,王菊,等.高效液相色谱法测定山楂叶总黄酮中牡荆素含量[J].时珍国医国药,2000,11(10):871-872.
[134]刘智,王丽,李雯,等.HPLC测定金莲花制剂中荭草苷和牡荆苷的含量[J].中国中药杂志,2004,29(11):1049-1051.
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |