跨奥运期间北京市细颗粒物（PM_(2.5)）浓度变化特征及影响因素分析
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摘要
为保障2008年北京奥运会期间优良的环境空气质量,北京市开展并实施了多项严格的环境空气质量保障措施,并联合河北省、山东省、山西省、天津市及内蒙古自治区等周边共六省市区采取了区域联防联控措施。对电力、水泥、建材等主要污染行业进行控制,淘汰落后产能与工艺;对大型火电厂等重点工业污染源的排放和污染控制设施的运行进行实时监控。
本文根据2008年跨奥运期间北京市的PM_(2.5)和在线观测气体污染物SO_2、NOx、CO、O_3质量浓度、气象观测资料以及同期奥运前后年份、时段等资料,分析了北京市空气中PM_(2.5)的污染特征及其影响因素(气象因子)的相关关系。另外,重点对一次典型污染过程做了详尽的分析。本文的主要研究内容与结论如下:
①PM_(2.5)的质量浓度变化:跨奥运7个阶段的对比,总体上奥运阶段的环境空气质量最好,PM_(2.5)的质量浓度最低;2007~2009年奥运同期,以2008年奥运会期间质量最优,2009年污染物的浓度出现一定程度反弹;奥运会阶段,PM_(2.5)的质量浓度变化幅度明显比2007年同期和缓,除奥运前期8月8日~8月10日浓度偏高外,其他时段均维持在相对较低水平;
PM_(2.5)的无机离子组分及与气态污染物的相关性: PM_(2.5)中水溶性无机离子相对含量最高的三种离子是SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-和NH_4~+。PM_(2.5)中SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-与环境空气中SO_2和NO_2的变化趋势较好。SOR值和NOR值均大于0.1,表明SO_2和NO_2气体较多转化为二次气溶胶颗粒。
②PM_(2.5)质量浓度与气象要素的相关性:PM_(2.5)与大气能见度表现出较好的负相关性;能见度与PM_(2.5)在相对湿度70%～80%之间相关性最好;能见度与PM_(2.5)质量浓度的拟合曲线在大约0.05mg/m_3处是一个分界,当PM_(2.5)<0.05mg/m_3时,随着PM_(2.5)降低,能见度迅速升高。降水对颗粒物有非常显著的清除作用,累积降水量与PM_(2.5)质量浓度呈现出很好的负相关关系。PM_(2.5)质量浓度也同时受到风速风向等其他气象因子的影响。一般当风速小于2m/s时,两者的相关性不很明显,但风速超过2m/s时,高风速往往对应着相对较低的颗粒物浓度。偏南气流易导致上风向的细颗粒物向北京输送堆积。通过Hysplit气流后向轨迹模式分析污染物的来源,结果表明北京的细颗粒物主要来自南部的河北及山东等地区。
③奥运前期北京市一次典型颗粒物生消过程分析:分析了奥运前期北京市一次典型颗粒物生消过程PM_(2.5)浓度与天气形势、气象因素以及边界层结构等的关系。结果表明:此次污染过程中,随着PM_(2.5)质量浓度的升高,PM_(2.5)/PM10值也不断加大,颗粒物呈现逐步老化;主要受大尺度的天气背景影响,近地面的小风静风、高湿等气象条件不利于污染物的扩散;该过程持续的偏南气流将河北及山东的部分污染物带入北京;混合层高度与温度层结等对污染过程的演变存在重要影响,当近地面存在逆温和等温层时,大气稳定不利于垂向扩散。
In order to guarantee the best air quality during 2008 Olympic Games effectively, Beijing have developed and implemented a number of stringent ambient air quality protection measures, Hebei, Shandong, Shanxi, Tianjin, the Inner Mongolia also adopt the zone defense association to control the measure. Key aimed at the electric power, the cement, the building materials etc, main pollution profession to eliminate backward production capacity and technology. And we carry on the real-time monitoring to the large-scale thermoelectric power station.
Based on the analysis of Particulate Matter 2.5 mass concentration, gaseous pollution, meteorological data during the same period of the year before and after the Olympic Games, time, etc., Analysis PM_(2.5) air pollution in Beijing and the correlation between its affecting factors(meteorological factors) ,a typical process is studied. This thesis conducted a detailed analysis of test data as follows:
①The PM_(2.5) mass concentration: of the 7 stages around the Olympic Games, the Olympic Games stage's ambient air quality is best as a whole, the PM_(2.5) mass concentration is lowest; On the same time of Olympic Games period between 2007 and 2009, the quality in 2008 is more superior, the concentration of pollutants rebounded to some extent in 2009 .During the Olympic Games, the PM_(2.5) mass concentration changed tendency obviously gentler than same time of 2007, besides on August 8 ~ 10, other time intervals the density maintain at the relatively low level; The highest three kind of water-soluble inorganic ions in PM_(2.5) are SO_4~(2-), NO_3~- and NH_4~+.
②mass concentration and meteorological related factors of PM_(2.5): the paper discussed the relevance between inorganic ions of PM_(2.5) and the gaseous pollutant. The result shows: tendency between SO_4~(2-) and SO_2 are great, so as NO_3~- and NO_2. The SOR value and the NOR value are bigger than 0.1, indicated that SO_2 and NO_2 transformed to secondary aerosol in large. The research indicated that PM_(2.5) and the visibility show great negative exponent relevance; And when RH is 70%~80%, the relevance to be best; When the PM_(2.5) mass concentration is less than 0.05mg/m~3 ,the visibility descend sharply. The precipitation has a remarkable scavenging action to the particles, the accumulation precipitation and PM_(2.5) presents a great inverse correlation relations. Simultaneously also gets a chill and so on other meteorological factor the influence. Generally when the wind speed is smaller than 2m/s, the relevance between PM_(2.5) and wind speed is not very obvious; But when the wind speed surpasses 2m/s, high wind speed is often correspond to the relatively low particles density. The southerly flows of wind easily lead to transport of fine particles to the accumulation of Beijing. Through the Hysplit air current backward trajectory model analysis pollutant's origin, indicated finally the air pollutant mainly comes from Hebei and Shandong area.
③A typical produce and eliminate process of PM_(2.5) during early 2008 Olympic Games in Beijing Area: based on the analysis of PM_(2.5) mass concentration, meteorological data during the corresponding period etc, combined with the different analytical methods on meteorological flow fields, a typical process is studied. The results indicated that: during the ascent stage of PM_(2.5) concentration ,the PM showed gradually aged; the process controlled by large scale synoptic system mainly ,and the weak wind , the high humidity which were not in favor of dispersion ; the prolonged southerly air mass to bring the pollutant of Hebei and Shandong to Beijing ; mixing height and temperature curve take the importance role to the concentration .When the inversion layer appears , the atmosphere is stable and does not favor of diffuse.
本文根据2008年跨奥运期间北京市的PM_(2.5)和在线观测气体污染物SO_2、NOx、CO、O_3质量浓度、气象观测资料以及同期奥运前后年份、时段等资料,分析了北京市空气中PM_(2.5)的污染特征及其影响因素(气象因子)的相关关系。另外,重点对一次典型污染过程做了详尽的分析。本文的主要研究内容与结论如下:
①PM_(2.5)的质量浓度变化:跨奥运7个阶段的对比,总体上奥运阶段的环境空气质量最好,PM_(2.5)的质量浓度最低;2007~2009年奥运同期,以2008年奥运会期间质量最优,2009年污染物的浓度出现一定程度反弹;奥运会阶段,PM_(2.5)的质量浓度变化幅度明显比2007年同期和缓,除奥运前期8月8日~8月10日浓度偏高外,其他时段均维持在相对较低水平;
PM_(2.5)的无机离子组分及与气态污染物的相关性: PM_(2.5)中水溶性无机离子相对含量最高的三种离子是SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-和NH_4~+。PM_(2.5)中SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-与环境空气中SO_2和NO_2的变化趋势较好。SOR值和NOR值均大于0.1,表明SO_2和NO_2气体较多转化为二次气溶胶颗粒。
②PM_(2.5)质量浓度与气象要素的相关性:PM_(2.5)与大气能见度表现出较好的负相关性;能见度与PM_(2.5)在相对湿度70%～80%之间相关性最好;能见度与PM_(2.5)质量浓度的拟合曲线在大约0.05mg/m_3处是一个分界,当PM_(2.5)<0.05mg/m_3时,随着PM_(2.5)降低,能见度迅速升高。降水对颗粒物有非常显著的清除作用,累积降水量与PM_(2.5)质量浓度呈现出很好的负相关关系。PM_(2.5)质量浓度也同时受到风速风向等其他气象因子的影响。一般当风速小于2m/s时,两者的相关性不很明显,但风速超过2m/s时,高风速往往对应着相对较低的颗粒物浓度。偏南气流易导致上风向的细颗粒物向北京输送堆积。通过Hysplit气流后向轨迹模式分析污染物的来源,结果表明北京的细颗粒物主要来自南部的河北及山东等地区。
③奥运前期北京市一次典型颗粒物生消过程分析:分析了奥运前期北京市一次典型颗粒物生消过程PM_(2.5)浓度与天气形势、气象因素以及边界层结构等的关系。结果表明:此次污染过程中,随着PM_(2.5)质量浓度的升高,PM_(2.5)/PM10值也不断加大,颗粒物呈现逐步老化;主要受大尺度的天气背景影响,近地面的小风静风、高湿等气象条件不利于污染物的扩散;该过程持续的偏南气流将河北及山东的部分污染物带入北京;混合层高度与温度层结等对污染过程的演变存在重要影响,当近地面存在逆温和等温层时,大气稳定不利于垂向扩散。
In order to guarantee the best air quality during 2008 Olympic Games effectively, Beijing have developed and implemented a number of stringent ambient air quality protection measures, Hebei, Shandong, Shanxi, Tianjin, the Inner Mongolia also adopt the zone defense association to control the measure. Key aimed at the electric power, the cement, the building materials etc, main pollution profession to eliminate backward production capacity and technology. And we carry on the real-time monitoring to the large-scale thermoelectric power station.
Based on the analysis of Particulate Matter 2.5 mass concentration, gaseous pollution, meteorological data during the same period of the year before and after the Olympic Games, time, etc., Analysis PM_(2.5) air pollution in Beijing and the correlation between its affecting factors(meteorological factors) ,a typical process is studied. This thesis conducted a detailed analysis of test data as follows:
①The PM_(2.5) mass concentration: of the 7 stages around the Olympic Games, the Olympic Games stage's ambient air quality is best as a whole, the PM_(2.5) mass concentration is lowest; On the same time of Olympic Games period between 2007 and 2009, the quality in 2008 is more superior, the concentration of pollutants rebounded to some extent in 2009 .During the Olympic Games, the PM_(2.5) mass concentration changed tendency obviously gentler than same time of 2007, besides on August 8 ~ 10, other time intervals the density maintain at the relatively low level; The highest three kind of water-soluble inorganic ions in PM_(2.5) are SO_4~(2-), NO_3~- and NH_4~+.
②mass concentration and meteorological related factors of PM_(2.5): the paper discussed the relevance between inorganic ions of PM_(2.5) and the gaseous pollutant. The result shows: tendency between SO_4~(2-) and SO_2 are great, so as NO_3~- and NO_2. The SOR value and the NOR value are bigger than 0.1, indicated that SO_2 and NO_2 transformed to secondary aerosol in large. The research indicated that PM_(2.5) and the visibility show great negative exponent relevance; And when RH is 70%~80%, the relevance to be best; When the PM_(2.5) mass concentration is less than 0.05mg/m~3 ,the visibility descend sharply. The precipitation has a remarkable scavenging action to the particles, the accumulation precipitation and PM_(2.5) presents a great inverse correlation relations. Simultaneously also gets a chill and so on other meteorological factor the influence. Generally when the wind speed is smaller than 2m/s, the relevance between PM_(2.5) and wind speed is not very obvious; But when the wind speed surpasses 2m/s, high wind speed is often correspond to the relatively low particles density. The southerly flows of wind easily lead to transport of fine particles to the accumulation of Beijing. Through the Hysplit air current backward trajectory model analysis pollutant's origin, indicated finally the air pollutant mainly comes from Hebei and Shandong area.
③A typical produce and eliminate process of PM_(2.5) during early 2008 Olympic Games in Beijing Area: based on the analysis of PM_(2.5) mass concentration, meteorological data during the corresponding period etc, combined with the different analytical methods on meteorological flow fields, a typical process is studied. The results indicated that: during the ascent stage of PM_(2.5) concentration ,the PM showed gradually aged; the process controlled by large scale synoptic system mainly ,and the weak wind , the high humidity which were not in favor of dispersion ; the prolonged southerly air mass to bring the pollutant of Hebei and Shandong to Beijing ; mixing height and temperature curve take the importance role to the concentration .When the inversion layer appears , the atmosphere is stable and does not favor of diffuse.
引文
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