影响桃茎尖培养和子叶再生因子的研究
摘要
苹果套袋可促进果实着色，增加果面光洁度，降低农药残留，提高果品商品价值。除袋时期对套袋果实品质有重要影响。本研究于2002-2003年在渭北苹果产区扶风县对套双层纸袋的短枝红富士苹果进行了不同时期的除袋试验，从9月16日到10月10日共8次除袋时期。并对套袋和对照果实在贮藏期间测定了失重率、可溶性固形物、呼吸强度、花青苷含量及部分相关酶活性。其目的在于筛选渭北果区红富士苹果适宜的除袋时期和探讨套袋苹果的贮藏性能，为果业生产提供依据。研究结果表明：
1.除袋时期对短枝红富士苹果外观品质有明显影响。9月20日~10月10日除袋，果实着色快，且随着除袋时间的推迟，果实着色逐渐加快。除袋过早，果实成熟度低，着色较慢；除袋过晚，光照强度不足，气温下降，着色不良。除内袋后6天内，果皮花青苷含量上升迅速，6~8天果面鲜红、光滑，此时采果商品性最好。除内袋10天后，果实外观品质逐渐下降。
2. 不同时期除袋对红富士苹果的单果重和果形指数影响不明显。同时期采收的果实，随着除袋时期的推迟，果实硬度和可溶性固形物含量呈下降趋势，但差异不显著。说明套袋能在一定程度上降低果实的硬度和可溶性固形物含量。
3. 渭北产区短枝红富士苹果适宜的除外袋时期为9月24日~10月10日，果实的最佳外观商品性采收期为除内袋后6~8天，由此推算除外袋的最佳时期为采收前10~12天，应根据市场需求情况先确定采收期，再根据采收期确定除袋期。
4. 套袋对果实的耐藏性有一定影响：除袋后着色时间较短的果实在贮藏过程中花青苷易分解而使果皮变黄；套袋果在贮藏过程中乙烯的产生和呼吸高峰在一定程度上增大，但不影响到达呼吸高峰的时间；相对膜透性和MDA含量前期无差异，在贮藏4~5个月后套袋果高于对照果，经方差分析差异显著；
5．套袋果易在后期发生褐变，和对照相比呈极显著水平，套袋果果皮保水能力差，失重率增大。由此看出套袋可降低果实的耐藏性，主要体现在呼吸、PPO和膜脂过氧化程度上。从硬度和PG酶活性上差异不显著。
Bagging for apple can improve coloring, make fruit luminous, reduce remain of agrochemical and increase price in market. Debagging date has a important effect on the quality of fruit. A different debagging experiment for short-branch (Red Fuji( apple was conducted by using Jinggong double bag in Fufeng county shanxi province from 2002 to 2003. The first debagging date is 16th September, debagging 8 times (once every four days), the last time is 14th October. During storing, we studied the effect of bagging on color changing, respiration, content of solids, ratio of weight loss and PG、PPO activity which related to storage，in order to detect the most appropriate date of debagging and the effect of bagging on storing. We want to give our dedication to fruit producing in practice and base theory. The results as follows:
1.The different debagging date has obvious effect on the appearance of fruit. Debagging from September 20th to October 10th,coloring is quick, the later we debagged, the quicker fruit colored. Debagging too early, the fruits’ coloring gets slow, and the mature degree descend; debagging too late, the intensity of light is not sufficient, and the temperature gets down, so coloring is not well. Within 6 days after removing inter bag, the content of anthocyanin in peel develops rapidly, during the time of 6~8 days, the appearance of fruit has bright-colored, luminous, which is the most welcomed by market. 10 days later after removing inter bag, the outer quality is getting worse and worse.
2. The different time debagging has no obvious effect on single weight and index of fruit shape. Fruit picked at the same time, with the postponing of picking fruit, its firmness and soluble solids has a trend of going down, but the differ is not obvious. So bagging Lower firmness and the content of soluble solids on the certain degree.
3. The most appropriate debagging time is from September 24th to October 10th in north of River Wei of Shanxi province, the most appropriate picking time is within 6~8 days after removing inter bag. So we get that the most appropriate removing outer bag is
within 10~12 days before picking. We should get the picking time from market(s need, and then get the removing bag date from picking time.
4. The effect of bagging on storing include several aspects: The anthocyanin is easy to Resolve and fruit peel get yellow if coloring time is short; Ethylene and respiration summit of the bagged apple rise at some degree, but the time of reaching respiration summit is not changed; We did not find the difference from relative membrane permeability and the content of MDA at the earlier time during storing, after 4~5 months later, the relative membrane permeability and MDA of bagged fruit is larger than CK(s, and be obvious at 0.05 degree by analyzing;
5.The bagged fruit is easy to brown in later time of storage, and also be obvious at 0.01 degree, The capacity of containing water of thinner peel of bagged fruit gets less, so it is easier to lose water. We conclude that bagged apple was worse in storage than CK from respiration, PPO and over oxidize degree of lipo-membrane, but not show the difference in PG activity and hardness.
1.除袋时期对短枝红富士苹果外观品质有明显影响。9月20日~10月10日除袋，果实着色快，且随着除袋时间的推迟，果实着色逐渐加快。除袋过早，果实成熟度低，着色较慢；除袋过晚，光照强度不足，气温下降，着色不良。除内袋后6天内，果皮花青苷含量上升迅速，6~8天果面鲜红、光滑，此时采果商品性最好。除内袋10天后，果实外观品质逐渐下降。
2. 不同时期除袋对红富士苹果的单果重和果形指数影响不明显。同时期采收的果实，随着除袋时期的推迟，果实硬度和可溶性固形物含量呈下降趋势，但差异不显著。说明套袋能在一定程度上降低果实的硬度和可溶性固形物含量。
3. 渭北产区短枝红富士苹果适宜的除外袋时期为9月24日~10月10日，果实的最佳外观商品性采收期为除内袋后6~8天，由此推算除外袋的最佳时期为采收前10~12天，应根据市场需求情况先确定采收期，再根据采收期确定除袋期。
4. 套袋对果实的耐藏性有一定影响：除袋后着色时间较短的果实在贮藏过程中花青苷易分解而使果皮变黄；套袋果在贮藏过程中乙烯的产生和呼吸高峰在一定程度上增大，但不影响到达呼吸高峰的时间；相对膜透性和MDA含量前期无差异，在贮藏4~5个月后套袋果高于对照果，经方差分析差异显著；
5．套袋果易在后期发生褐变，和对照相比呈极显著水平，套袋果果皮保水能力差，失重率增大。由此看出套袋可降低果实的耐藏性，主要体现在呼吸、PPO和膜脂过氧化程度上。从硬度和PG酶活性上差异不显著。
Bagging for apple can improve coloring, make fruit luminous, reduce remain of agrochemical and increase price in market. Debagging date has a important effect on the quality of fruit. A different debagging experiment for short-branch (Red Fuji( apple was conducted by using Jinggong double bag in Fufeng county shanxi province from 2002 to 2003. The first debagging date is 16th September, debagging 8 times (once every four days), the last time is 14th October. During storing, we studied the effect of bagging on color changing, respiration, content of solids, ratio of weight loss and PG、PPO activity which related to storage，in order to detect the most appropriate date of debagging and the effect of bagging on storing. We want to give our dedication to fruit producing in practice and base theory. The results as follows:
1.The different debagging date has obvious effect on the appearance of fruit. Debagging from September 20th to October 10th,coloring is quick, the later we debagged, the quicker fruit colored. Debagging too early, the fruits’ coloring gets slow, and the mature degree descend; debagging too late, the intensity of light is not sufficient, and the temperature gets down, so coloring is not well. Within 6 days after removing inter bag, the content of anthocyanin in peel develops rapidly, during the time of 6~8 days, the appearance of fruit has bright-colored, luminous, which is the most welcomed by market. 10 days later after removing inter bag, the outer quality is getting worse and worse.
2. The different time debagging has no obvious effect on single weight and index of fruit shape. Fruit picked at the same time, with the postponing of picking fruit, its firmness and soluble solids has a trend of going down, but the differ is not obvious. So bagging Lower firmness and the content of soluble solids on the certain degree.
3. The most appropriate debagging time is from September 24th to October 10th in north of River Wei of Shanxi province, the most appropriate picking time is within 6~8 days after removing inter bag. So we get that the most appropriate removing outer bag is
within 10~12 days before picking. We should get the picking time from market(s need, and then get the removing bag date from picking time.
4. The effect of bagging on storing include several aspects: The anthocyanin is easy to Resolve and fruit peel get yellow if coloring time is short; Ethylene and respiration summit of the bagged apple rise at some degree, but the time of reaching respiration summit is not changed; We did not find the difference from relative membrane permeability and the content of MDA at the earlier time during storing, after 4~5 months later, the relative membrane permeability and MDA of bagged fruit is larger than CK(s, and be obvious at 0.05 degree by analyzing;
5.The bagged fruit is easy to brown in later time of storage, and also be obvious at 0.01 degree, The capacity of containing water of thinner peel of bagged fruit gets less, so it is easier to lose water. We conclude that bagged apple was worse in storage than CK from respiration, PPO and over oxidize degree of lipo-membrane, but not show the difference in PG activity and hardness.
引文
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Jordan M. In vitro culture of anther from prunus, pryrus and ribes. Plants media, Suppl 1975,59-65
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Huancaruna perales E, Schibate O. Plant regeneration from protoplasts of apple. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ culture,1993,(34):71-76
Laurain D, Chenieux JC, Tremouillanx-Guiller J. Direct embryogenesis from female haploid protoplasts of Ginkgo biloba, a medical woody species. Plant Cell Reports,1993(12):656-660
Mills D, Hammerschlag FA. Isolation of cells and proroplasts from leaves of in vitro propagated peach(Prunus persica)plants. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ culture,1994(36):99-105
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Chen ZL, Zhang CH, Lu ZR,et al. Excised root culture of peach and apricot. Advances in Horticulture,1998(2):150-153
Smigocki AC, Owins LD, Hammerschlag FA. In vitro transformation of peach, Prunus
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Hammerschlag FA, Owens LD. Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of peach cells derived from mature plants that were propagated in vitro. J Amer Soc Hort Sci, 1989,114(3):508-510
Smigocki AC, Hammerschlag FA. Regeneration of plants from peach embryo cells met with shorty mutant strain of Agrobacterium. J Amer Soc Hort Sci, 1991,116(6):1092-1097
Hammerschlag FA, Mecanna IJ, Smigocki AC. Characterization of transgenic peach plants containing a cytokinin biosynthesis gene. Acta Horticulture, 1997(447):569-574
Hammerschlag FA, Smigocki AC. Growth and in vitro propagation of peach plants transformed with the shoot mutant stain of Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Horticulture, 1998,33(5):897-899
Ye XJ, Brown SK, Scorza R, et al. Genetic transformation of peach tissues by particle bombardment. J Amer Soc Hort Sci, 1994,119(2):367-373
Bhansali R R, Driver J A ,Durzan D J. Rapid multiplication of adventitious somatic embryo in peach and nectanine by secondary embryogenesis. Plant Cell Reports. 1990(9):280-284
Scorza R, Cordts J M, Mante S. Long-term somatic production and regeneration from embryo-derived peach callus. Acta Horticulture Plant Cell Reports. 1990(280):183-190
Bhansali R R, Driver J A ,Durzan D J. Somatic embryogenesis in cell suspension cultivars of Prunus persica (L.). Journal of Horticulture science. 1991,66,(5):601-605
Styer D J, Chin C K. Meristem and Shoot-Tip culture for propagation, pathogen elimination and germplasm presertive. Horticultural Reviews,1983(5):221-227