中世纪安达卢西亚前期民族关系研究
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摘要
中世纪时期的安达卢西亚是欧洲乃至整个世界范围内民族成份最复杂、宗教矛盾最激烈和文化种类最多样的地区之一。从711年到1031年后倭玛亚哈里发王朝灭亡为止,阿拉伯人与伊比利亚半岛上的各个民族在伊斯兰旗帜下,通过移民、杂居、通婚等方式展开民族大融合的进程。
本论文试图运用民族关系研究的基本方法和理论,对中世纪安达卢西亚前期民族关系的发展进行梳理。探讨这一时期民族关系发展的阶段特征、决定因素、交往方式和具体表现等。尤其侧重对民族关系中宗教和文化因素的分析。
在这一时期影响民族关系发展的诸多因素中,宗教和文化因素占据了主导地位。从宗教因素看,由于伊斯兰教、基督教和犹太教的一神教信仰立场造成的“一元别异”思维模式,使宗教成为这一时期民族矛盾和冲突的直接来源;从文化因素看,文化上的差异既是民族关系发展的前提和动力,也是其不断发展的结果和表现。
论文第一章对“民族”的相关概念及应用范围作出了说明和界定。
第二章通过分析各个阶段民族交往的背景、形式、特征和表现,从宏观上展现安达卢西亚前期民族关系的发展脉络。其中每个阶段的侧重点各有不同。
第三章从基督教和犹太教两者的角度出发,论述了他们在穆斯林政权下政治、宗教、经济和文化生活情况,从微观上展示民族关系的发展对各个民族产生的具体影响及其表现形式。
最后第四章尝试从宗教与民族关系理论的角度来探讨宗教因素在安达卢西亚民族关系发展和演变中所起的作用。
总的来说,中世纪安达卢西亚前期民族关系的发展呈现出了民族关系发展的共性,即民族的联系和交往通常隐藏在政治斗争之中,与政治因素密切相关;但也展现出了自己的特点,那就是宗教和文化因素在民族认同和民族发展中始终占据主导地位。
Medieval Andalusia is one of the most complex regions in Europe and even the whole world for its ethnic, religious and cultural diversity. From 711 to 1492, until the fall of Granada, there is a continuous process of national fusion between Arabs and other Iberian ethnics through immigration, cohabitation, intermarriage, religious conversion and etc.
This paper attempts to explore the development of ethnic relation in early medieval Andalusia by using basic methods and theory of relative research, including the characteristics, determinants, communication and performance of each stage with a particular focus on religious and cultural factors.
Of the various factors that impact the development of ethnic relation during this period, religious and cultural factors hold a dominant position. As for the religion, the monistic mode of thinking originated from the Monotheism of Islam, Christianity and Judaism had always become the main reason for ethnic conflict. And for the culture, the cultural differences between different ethnics not only act as the prerequisite but also the result and performance of its continuous development. In the first chapter, a definition of the word "nation" and its application has been made.
The second chapter explores the development of ethnic relations in early medieval Andalusia from a macro view by studying its background, forms, features and performances which the focus of each stage is varied. The third chapter studies the political, religious, economic and cultural status of Christianity and Judaism under the regime of Muslim from their point of view as to show the specific impact of the development of ethnic relation from micros perspectives.
Finally, the Chapter four attempts to explore the role of religious factor in the development of Ethnic Relations by using the ethnic theory.
The development of ethnic relation in early medieval Andalusia displays the commonality of its kinds, which is the contacts and exchanges between ethnics, is closely related to the political factors. Besides, it also shows its own feature, that is the religious and cultural factors have always occupied an important position in the development of ethnic identity and relationship in early Medieval Andalusia.
本论文试图运用民族关系研究的基本方法和理论,对中世纪安达卢西亚前期民族关系的发展进行梳理。探讨这一时期民族关系发展的阶段特征、决定因素、交往方式和具体表现等。尤其侧重对民族关系中宗教和文化因素的分析。
在这一时期影响民族关系发展的诸多因素中,宗教和文化因素占据了主导地位。从宗教因素看,由于伊斯兰教、基督教和犹太教的一神教信仰立场造成的“一元别异”思维模式,使宗教成为这一时期民族矛盾和冲突的直接来源;从文化因素看,文化上的差异既是民族关系发展的前提和动力,也是其不断发展的结果和表现。
论文第一章对“民族”的相关概念及应用范围作出了说明和界定。
第二章通过分析各个阶段民族交往的背景、形式、特征和表现,从宏观上展现安达卢西亚前期民族关系的发展脉络。其中每个阶段的侧重点各有不同。
第三章从基督教和犹太教两者的角度出发,论述了他们在穆斯林政权下政治、宗教、经济和文化生活情况,从微观上展示民族关系的发展对各个民族产生的具体影响及其表现形式。
最后第四章尝试从宗教与民族关系理论的角度来探讨宗教因素在安达卢西亚民族关系发展和演变中所起的作用。
总的来说,中世纪安达卢西亚前期民族关系的发展呈现出了民族关系发展的共性,即民族的联系和交往通常隐藏在政治斗争之中,与政治因素密切相关;但也展现出了自己的特点,那就是宗教和文化因素在民族认同和民族发展中始终占据主导地位。
Medieval Andalusia is one of the most complex regions in Europe and even the whole world for its ethnic, religious and cultural diversity. From 711 to 1492, until the fall of Granada, there is a continuous process of national fusion between Arabs and other Iberian ethnics through immigration, cohabitation, intermarriage, religious conversion and etc.
This paper attempts to explore the development of ethnic relation in early medieval Andalusia by using basic methods and theory of relative research, including the characteristics, determinants, communication and performance of each stage with a particular focus on religious and cultural factors.
Of the various factors that impact the development of ethnic relation during this period, religious and cultural factors hold a dominant position. As for the religion, the monistic mode of thinking originated from the Monotheism of Islam, Christianity and Judaism had always become the main reason for ethnic conflict. And for the culture, the cultural differences between different ethnics not only act as the prerequisite but also the result and performance of its continuous development. In the first chapter, a definition of the word "nation" and its application has been made.
The second chapter explores the development of ethnic relations in early medieval Andalusia from a macro view by studying its background, forms, features and performances which the focus of each stage is varied. The third chapter studies the political, religious, economic and cultural status of Christianity and Judaism under the regime of Muslim from their point of view as to show the specific impact of the development of ethnic relation from micros perspectives.
Finally, the Chapter four attempts to explore the role of religious factor in the development of Ethnic Relations by using the ethnic theory.
The development of ethnic relation in early medieval Andalusia displays the commonality of its kinds, which is the contacts and exchanges between ethnics, is closely related to the political factors. Besides, it also shows its own feature, that is the religious and cultural factors have always occupied an important position in the development of ethnic identity and relationship in early Medieval Andalusia.
引文
20《斯大林全集》,人民出版社,1953年,第二卷,第300～301页。
21参考张践的《民族宗教关系的社会理论考察》第17页。原始资料来源于安东尼·史密斯(叶江译)的《民族主义:理论,意识形态,历史》,上海人民出版社,2006年,第68页。
22【法】吉尔·德拉诺瓦(郑文彬、洪晖译):《民族与民族主义》,三联书店2005年版,第67页。
27石奕龙:《ethnic group不能作为“民族”的英文互译——与阮西湖先生商权》载《世界民族》,1999(4)。
28徐杰舜:《论族群与民族》,载《民族研究》,2002(1)。
38纳忠:《阿拉伯通史》,第145页。
64【以色列】阿巴·埃班著,阎瑞松译:《犹太史》,第141页
77郑晓云:《文化认同与文化变迁》,第131页。
88 Hugh Kennedy的“Muslim Spain and Portugal”,第59页。
89艾哈迈德·爱敏的《阿拉伯——伊斯兰文化史》第七册第65页。
90希提的《阿拉伯通史》第631页。
91纳忠的《阿拉伯通史》第207页。
92希提的《阿拉伯通史》第631页。
93纳忠的《阿拉伯通史》第208～209页。
94纳忠的《阿拉伯通史》第208～209页。
95纳忠的《阿拉伯通史》第208～209页。
96王兰娟:《850～859年科尔多瓦殉教运动探析》,第28页。
97 Maria Rosa Menocal, The Ornament of the World-How muslims,Jews and Christians Created a Culture of Tolerance in Medieval Spain:Interaction and Culture Change,2001,p.68.
116王兰娟:《850～859年科尔多瓦殉教运动探析》,第28页。
117雷蒙德·卡尔:《西班牙史》,第63页。
149阿巴·埃班:《犹太史》,第156页。
150塞西尔·罗斯:《简明犹太民族史》,第185页。
154张践:《民族宗教关系的社会理论考察》,第1页
155郑晓云:《文化认同与文化变迁》,第127页。
156张践:《民族宗教关系的社会理论考察》,第29页。
[1]Abraham A.Neuman, The Jews in Spain: Their Social, Political and Cultural Life During the Middle Ages, The Jewish Publication Society Press, Philadelphia, 1948.
[2]Ann Christys,Christians in Al-Andalus:711-1000,Curzon press,2002.
[3]Charles Reginald Haines,Christianity And Islam In Spain: 756-1031,Bibliolife,2008.
[4]Chris Lowney, A vanish World: Muslims,Christians and Jews in Medieval Spain, Oxford University Press, 2006.
[5]Daniel Frank, The Jews of Medieval Islam: Community, Society and Identity, New York, 2002.
[6]G?ran Larsson, Ibn Garcia's Shu'Ubiyya Letter: Ethnic and Theological Tensions in Medieval Al-Andalus, Brill Academic Publishers (January 1, 2003).
[7]Hugh Kennedy, Muslim Spain and Portugal: A Political History of al-Andalus, Longman (January 24,1997)
[8]Jessica A. Coope,The martyrs of Córdoba: community and family conflict in an age of mass conversion, University of Nebraska Press, 1995
[9]Kenneth Baxter Wolf, Christian Martyrs in Muslim Spain, Cambridge University Press, NewYork,1988.
[10]Mark D.Meyerson/Edward D.English, Christians,Muslims and Jews in the Medieval and Early Morden Spain, University of Notre Dame Press, Indiana,2002.
[11]Maria Rosa, The ornament of the world: How Muslims, Jews and Christians Created a Culture of Tolerance in Medieval Spain, Boston, NewYork and London: Little,Brown and Company, 2002.
[12]Norman Roth, Jews, Visigoths and Muslims in Medieval Spain: Cooperation and Conflict, New York, 1998.
[13]Roger Collins, Early Medieval Spain: Unity in Diversity(400-1000), London: The Macmillan Press,1983.
[14]Thomas F.Click,Islamic and Christian Spain in the Early Middle Ages,Princeton University Press,1979.
[15]Vivian B.Mann, Convivencia: Jews,Muslims and Christians in Medieval Spain, The Jewish Museum, NewYork, 1992.
[16]Willian Montgomery Watt, Muslim-Christian Encounters: Perceptions and Misperceptions, London and New York, 1991.
[17]Olivia Remie Constable, Medieval Iberia: Readings from Christian, Muslim and Jewish Sources.University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, 1997. 1994
17 #12
18 #12
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21 #12
22 #12
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24 #12
25 #12
26 #12
27 #12
28 #12
29 #12
30 #12
31 #12
32 #12
[33]金炳镐:《民族关系理论通论》,中央民族大学出版社,2007.
[34]廖杨:《民族关系与宗教问题的多维透视——以广西为考察中心》,民族出版社,北京,2009年3月。
[35]于兴仲:《历史学习法——比较与解析》,四川大学出版社,成都,1996.
[36]孙恭恂:《历史学概说》,北京师范大学出版社,1995.
[37]张践:《民族宗教关系的社会理论考察》,宗教文化出版社,2009.
[38]郑晓云:《文化认同与文化变迁》,中国社会科学院出版社,北京,1992.
[39]纳忠:《阿拉伯通史》,商务印书馆,北京,1999.
[40]《圣经》和合本(ESV英文标准版),中国基督教两会出版,2008.
[41]《古兰经韵译》(林松译),中央民族学院出版社,1988.
[42]徐新、凌继尧:《犹太百科全书》,上海人民出版社,上海,1993.
[43]李鸿宾:《唐朝中央集权与民族关系——以北方区域为线索》,民族出版社,北京,2003.
[44]【埃及】阿哈迈德·爱敏:《阿拉伯——伊斯兰文化》,商务出版社,2001.
[45]【德】卡尔·布罗克尔曼:《伊斯兰各民族与国家史》,商务印书馆,1985.
[46]【美】希提:《阿拉伯通史》(马坚译),商务印书馆,北京,1979.
[47]【法】让·德科拉:《西班牙史》(管震湖译),北京:商务印书馆,2003.
[48]【英】雷蒙德·卡尔:《西班牙史》(潘诚译),东方出版中心,2009.
[49]【美】G.F.穆尔:《基督教简史》(郭舜平等译),商务印书馆,北京,2010.
[50]【德】汉斯维尔纳·格茨:《欧洲中世纪生活》(王亚平译),东方出版社,北京,2002·
[51]【以色列】阿巴·埃班:《犹太史》(阎瑞松译),中国社会科学出版社,1985年.
[52]【英】阿诺德·汤因比:《历史研究》(插图本),上海人民出版社,2005.
[53]王兰娟:《850～859年科尔多瓦殉教运动探析》,硕士学位论文,首都师范大学,2008.
[54]左皓劼：《对峙统一——中世纪西班牙民族进程》，优秀硕士学位论文，华东师范大学历史系,2005.
[55]沈喜彭:《10～12世纪的西班牙犹太人》,硕士学位论文,华东师范大学,2006.
21参考张践的《民族宗教关系的社会理论考察》第17页。原始资料来源于安东尼·史密斯(叶江译)的《民族主义:理论,意识形态,历史》,上海人民出版社,2006年,第68页。
22【法】吉尔·德拉诺瓦(郑文彬、洪晖译):《民族与民族主义》,三联书店2005年版,第67页。
27石奕龙:《ethnic group不能作为“民族”的英文互译——与阮西湖先生商权》载《世界民族》,1999(4)。
28徐杰舜:《论族群与民族》,载《民族研究》,2002(1)。
38纳忠:《阿拉伯通史》,第145页。
64【以色列】阿巴·埃班著,阎瑞松译:《犹太史》,第141页
77郑晓云:《文化认同与文化变迁》,第131页。
88 Hugh Kennedy的“Muslim Spain and Portugal”,第59页。
89艾哈迈德·爱敏的《阿拉伯——伊斯兰文化史》第七册第65页。
90希提的《阿拉伯通史》第631页。
91纳忠的《阿拉伯通史》第207页。
92希提的《阿拉伯通史》第631页。
93纳忠的《阿拉伯通史》第208～209页。
94纳忠的《阿拉伯通史》第208～209页。
95纳忠的《阿拉伯通史》第208～209页。
96王兰娟:《850～859年科尔多瓦殉教运动探析》,第28页。
97 Maria Rosa Menocal, The Ornament of the World-How muslims,Jews and Christians Created a Culture of Tolerance in Medieval Spain:Interaction and Culture Change,2001,p.68.
116王兰娟:《850～859年科尔多瓦殉教运动探析》,第28页。
117雷蒙德·卡尔:《西班牙史》,第63页。
149阿巴·埃班:《犹太史》,第156页。
150塞西尔·罗斯:《简明犹太民族史》,第185页。
154张践:《民族宗教关系的社会理论考察》,第1页
155郑晓云:《文化认同与文化变迁》,第127页。
156张践:《民族宗教关系的社会理论考察》,第29页。
[1]Abraham A.Neuman, The Jews in Spain: Their Social, Political and Cultural Life During the Middle Ages, The Jewish Publication Society Press, Philadelphia, 1948.
[2]Ann Christys,Christians in Al-Andalus:711-1000,Curzon press,2002.
[3]Charles Reginald Haines,Christianity And Islam In Spain: 756-1031,Bibliolife,2008.
[4]Chris Lowney, A vanish World: Muslims,Christians and Jews in Medieval Spain, Oxford University Press, 2006.
[5]Daniel Frank, The Jews of Medieval Islam: Community, Society and Identity, New York, 2002.
[6]G?ran Larsson, Ibn Garcia's Shu'Ubiyya Letter: Ethnic and Theological Tensions in Medieval Al-Andalus, Brill Academic Publishers (January 1, 2003).
[7]Hugh Kennedy, Muslim Spain and Portugal: A Political History of al-Andalus, Longman (January 24,1997)
[8]Jessica A. Coope,The martyrs of Córdoba: community and family conflict in an age of mass conversion, University of Nebraska Press, 1995
[9]Kenneth Baxter Wolf, Christian Martyrs in Muslim Spain, Cambridge University Press, NewYork,1988.
[10]Mark D.Meyerson/Edward D.English, Christians,Muslims and Jews in the Medieval and Early Morden Spain, University of Notre Dame Press, Indiana,2002.
[11]Maria Rosa, The ornament of the world: How Muslims, Jews and Christians Created a Culture of Tolerance in Medieval Spain, Boston, NewYork and London: Little,Brown and Company, 2002.
[12]Norman Roth, Jews, Visigoths and Muslims in Medieval Spain: Cooperation and Conflict, New York, 1998.
[13]Roger Collins, Early Medieval Spain: Unity in Diversity(400-1000), London: The Macmillan Press,1983.
[14]Thomas F.Click,Islamic and Christian Spain in the Early Middle Ages,Princeton University Press,1979.
[15]Vivian B.Mann, Convivencia: Jews,Muslims and Christians in Medieval Spain, The Jewish Museum, NewYork, 1992.
[16]Willian Montgomery Watt, Muslim-Christian Encounters: Perceptions and Misperceptions, London and New York, 1991.
[17]Olivia Remie Constable, Medieval Iberia: Readings from Christian, Muslim and Jewish Sources.University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, 1997. 1994
17 #12
18 #12
19 #12
20 #12
21 #12
22 #12
23 #12
24 #12
25 #12
26 #12
27 #12
28 #12
29 #12
30 #12
31 #12
32 #12
[33]金炳镐:《民族关系理论通论》,中央民族大学出版社,2007.
[34]廖杨:《民族关系与宗教问题的多维透视——以广西为考察中心》,民族出版社,北京,2009年3月。
[35]于兴仲:《历史学习法——比较与解析》,四川大学出版社,成都,1996.
[36]孙恭恂:《历史学概说》,北京师范大学出版社,1995.
[37]张践:《民族宗教关系的社会理论考察》,宗教文化出版社,2009.
[38]郑晓云:《文化认同与文化变迁》,中国社会科学院出版社,北京,1992.
[39]纳忠:《阿拉伯通史》,商务印书馆,北京,1999.
[40]《圣经》和合本(ESV英文标准版),中国基督教两会出版,2008.
[41]《古兰经韵译》(林松译),中央民族学院出版社,1988.
[42]徐新、凌继尧:《犹太百科全书》,上海人民出版社,上海,1993.
[43]李鸿宾:《唐朝中央集权与民族关系——以北方区域为线索》,民族出版社,北京,2003.
[44]【埃及】阿哈迈德·爱敏:《阿拉伯——伊斯兰文化》,商务出版社,2001.
[45]【德】卡尔·布罗克尔曼:《伊斯兰各民族与国家史》,商务印书馆,1985.
[46]【美】希提:《阿拉伯通史》(马坚译),商务印书馆,北京,1979.
[47]【法】让·德科拉:《西班牙史》(管震湖译),北京:商务印书馆,2003.
[48]【英】雷蒙德·卡尔:《西班牙史》(潘诚译),东方出版中心,2009.
[49]【美】G.F.穆尔:《基督教简史》(郭舜平等译),商务印书馆,北京,2010.
[50]【德】汉斯维尔纳·格茨:《欧洲中世纪生活》(王亚平译),东方出版社,北京,2002·
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