级配碎石材料力学特性和设计方法研究
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摘要
级配碎石柔性基层具有良好的应力分散能力，能够有效地减缓沥青路面裂缝的产生，还有很好的经济性，作为底基层材料在我国应用较广泛，但作为高等级公路基层应用较少，阻碍其推广应用的主要问题为：现行规范采用的级配碎石材料设计的试验方法已落后于生产实际；力学特性室内试验研究方法，难以从细观机制上揭示级配碎石材料非线性的力学性状与破坏机理；级配范围过于宽泛不利于质量控制，无具体的级配碎石材料组成设计方法；设计模量是依据静态模量试验方法测定，与路面实际受力状态不一致，缺乏客观性；材料设计指标不完善且标准偏低，以致无法真实反映级配碎石材料力学特性本质，难以有效地指导材料组成设计和施工。鉴于此，本文展开级配碎石材料力学特性与设计方法研究，具有重要的现实意义。
首先，通过对垂直振动仪（VVTM）振动参数和振动时间进行优化，提出了能最大程度模拟现场实际碾压工况的级配碎石振动试验方法（VTM），并通过现场实际碾压效果对其可靠性进行了验证；基于VTM进行了级配碎石材料组成设计和力学特性研究，探讨了级配碎石组成结构与力学特性的本质规律，归纳了各强度指标间的关系。
其次，以模拟力学特性试验过程为基础，通过反复调试微参数，提出了级配碎石力学特性颗粒流模拟试验方法（PSTM），解决了连续介质力学理论必须面临本构方程的困难，弥补了室内试验的不足，并基于PSTM进行力学特性细观机制和材料组成设计的模拟研究，进而对VTM设计级配进行了验证，最终提出了强嵌挤骨架密实级配。
基于VTM和PSTM，通过级配碎石动态模量试验研究，建立了级配碎石回弹模量预测模型，并结合级配碎石结构层的实际应力水平，提出了级配碎石设计模量推荐值；以累积变形试验为基础，开展了永久变形累积规律和永久变形破坏标准研究，确定了临界破坏应力水平，结合永久变形累积破坏模拟试验研究，建立了永久变形累积破坏预测模型，进而提出了不同路面结构类型、交通等级的级配碎石抗剪强度结构系数KJ推荐值，为剪应力指标的建立和设计标准的制定提供了依据。
以控制剪切破坏为原则，以级配碎石基层力学响应、强度指标之间的关系及抗剪强度系数为基础，提出了以CBR为设计指标、RC为检验指标的级配碎石设计标准，并结合级配优化和原材料技术指标研究结论，提出了完善的级配碎石材料设计方法，并通过实体工程应用对其性能进行了验证。工程应用表明：该方法设计的级配碎石材料增强了级配碎石基层的承载力和抗变形能力，极大地解决了级配碎石剪切破坏问题，具有明显的经济效益和环境效益，为级配碎石推广应用提供了依据。
Graded crushed stone flexible base can efficiently mitigate the asphalt pavementcracking by the good ability of stress dispersion, and it is much more economical. Althoughwidely used as the base of pavement, graded crushed stone is seldom used in base course ofhigh-grade highway, it is mainly because the testing method of graded crushed stone incurrent criterion cannot go with the present producing practice; Mechanics characteristics ofthe indoor experimental research method, it is difficult to essentially reveal the gradingmacadam material nonlinear mechanics properties and failure mechanism by mesoscopicmechanism; Gradation scope is too broad for quality control, lack of the specific designmethod of grading macadam material; Design modulus is based on the test method of staticmodulus, that is not match the pavement actual stress state; Material design indexes are moreor less incomplete and insufficient, so the essence of graded crushed stone mechanicalcharacteristic can not be truly known, and the recommended designing method can notefficiently optimize the mix designing and guide the practical construction. Based on above,this paper makes study on the mechanical characteristic and design method of graded crushedstone material, and it makes more practical sense.
First, by means of experimental studies on the inter-affection of VVTM dynamicresponse, compaction effect and site-rolling effect, VVTM vibrating parameters andtime-period are optimized, and graded crushed stone vibrating test method is proposed, and itsreliability is verified through the actual rolling effect; Research the material compositiondesign and mechanical properties of graded crushed stone by VTM, this paper discusses thenature of law on the structure and mechanical properties of graded crushed stone, and then therelationship between intensity index is summed up.
Secondly, by operating granular flow simulation of laboratory experiment process andresult, and continuously debugging the micro-parameters, a high fidelity granular flow testingmethod (PSTM) for Mechanical properties of graded crushed stone is proposed. This methodsolved problems in constitutive study by continuous medium mechanics means, and make upfor the deficiency of the indoor test, and based on PSTM researches graded optimization andmesoscopic mechanism mechanical properties, then the VTM optimized gradation is vertified,finally the strong interlocked skeleton dense gradation is proposed.
Based on VTM and PSTM, by the research on dynamic modulus of grading macadam,the rebound modulus prediction model is established, and combining the actual stress level ofgraded crushed stone base, the recommended value of design modulus of grading macadam is put forward; Based on the cumulative deformation test, carried out the research on permanentdeformation accumulation regularity and permanent deformation destruction standard, thenthe critical failure stress levels is determined, and combined with the simulation experimentresearch on the permanent deformation accumulative destruction, the permanent deformationaccumulative damage prediction model is established, and then graded crushed stone shearingstrength coefficient recommended value of different pavement structure type and traffic levelsis put forward, it provides the basis for establishment of shear stress index and forrmulate ofdesign standards.
By investigating the mechanical response of graded crushed stone structure layer undertraffic load, aiming at preventing cumulative permanent deformation cumulative damageunder repeated load, on the base of the grading macadam mechanical response, relationshipbetween the strength index and shearing strength coefficient, proposed the design based onCBR index, RC as test indexes of grading macadam design standards, and combined with theresearch conclusion of optimization gradation and raw materials technical indicators, thedesign method of grading macadam material is put forward, and its performance is verifiedthrough real engineering application. Engineering application shows that grading macadammaterial designed by the method enhances the bearing capacity and deformation resistance ofgraded crushed stone base, which greatly solved the problem of the graded gravel shearfailure, and showed obvious economic and environmental benefits, it provide a basis for theapplication for the graded crushed stone.
首先，通过对垂直振动仪（VVTM）振动参数和振动时间进行优化，提出了能最大程度模拟现场实际碾压工况的级配碎石振动试验方法（VTM），并通过现场实际碾压效果对其可靠性进行了验证；基于VTM进行了级配碎石材料组成设计和力学特性研究，探讨了级配碎石组成结构与力学特性的本质规律，归纳了各强度指标间的关系。
其次，以模拟力学特性试验过程为基础，通过反复调试微参数，提出了级配碎石力学特性颗粒流模拟试验方法（PSTM），解决了连续介质力学理论必须面临本构方程的困难，弥补了室内试验的不足，并基于PSTM进行力学特性细观机制和材料组成设计的模拟研究，进而对VTM设计级配进行了验证，最终提出了强嵌挤骨架密实级配。
基于VTM和PSTM，通过级配碎石动态模量试验研究，建立了级配碎石回弹模量预测模型，并结合级配碎石结构层的实际应力水平，提出了级配碎石设计模量推荐值；以累积变形试验为基础，开展了永久变形累积规律和永久变形破坏标准研究，确定了临界破坏应力水平，结合永久变形累积破坏模拟试验研究，建立了永久变形累积破坏预测模型，进而提出了不同路面结构类型、交通等级的级配碎石抗剪强度结构系数KJ推荐值，为剪应力指标的建立和设计标准的制定提供了依据。
以控制剪切破坏为原则，以级配碎石基层力学响应、强度指标之间的关系及抗剪强度系数为基础，提出了以CBR为设计指标、RC为检验指标的级配碎石设计标准，并结合级配优化和原材料技术指标研究结论，提出了完善的级配碎石材料设计方法，并通过实体工程应用对其性能进行了验证。工程应用表明：该方法设计的级配碎石材料增强了级配碎石基层的承载力和抗变形能力，极大地解决了级配碎石剪切破坏问题，具有明显的经济效益和环境效益，为级配碎石推广应用提供了依据。
Graded crushed stone flexible base can efficiently mitigate the asphalt pavementcracking by the good ability of stress dispersion, and it is much more economical. Althoughwidely used as the base of pavement, graded crushed stone is seldom used in base course ofhigh-grade highway, it is mainly because the testing method of graded crushed stone incurrent criterion cannot go with the present producing practice; Mechanics characteristics ofthe indoor experimental research method, it is difficult to essentially reveal the gradingmacadam material nonlinear mechanics properties and failure mechanism by mesoscopicmechanism; Gradation scope is too broad for quality control, lack of the specific designmethod of grading macadam material; Design modulus is based on the test method of staticmodulus, that is not match the pavement actual stress state; Material design indexes are moreor less incomplete and insufficient, so the essence of graded crushed stone mechanicalcharacteristic can not be truly known, and the recommended designing method can notefficiently optimize the mix designing and guide the practical construction. Based on above,this paper makes study on the mechanical characteristic and design method of graded crushedstone material, and it makes more practical sense.
First, by means of experimental studies on the inter-affection of VVTM dynamicresponse, compaction effect and site-rolling effect, VVTM vibrating parameters andtime-period are optimized, and graded crushed stone vibrating test method is proposed, and itsreliability is verified through the actual rolling effect; Research the material compositiondesign and mechanical properties of graded crushed stone by VTM, this paper discusses thenature of law on the structure and mechanical properties of graded crushed stone, and then therelationship between intensity index is summed up.
Secondly, by operating granular flow simulation of laboratory experiment process andresult, and continuously debugging the micro-parameters, a high fidelity granular flow testingmethod (PSTM) for Mechanical properties of graded crushed stone is proposed. This methodsolved problems in constitutive study by continuous medium mechanics means, and make upfor the deficiency of the indoor test, and based on PSTM researches graded optimization andmesoscopic mechanism mechanical properties, then the VTM optimized gradation is vertified,finally the strong interlocked skeleton dense gradation is proposed.
Based on VTM and PSTM, by the research on dynamic modulus of grading macadam,the rebound modulus prediction model is established, and combining the actual stress level ofgraded crushed stone base, the recommended value of design modulus of grading macadam is put forward; Based on the cumulative deformation test, carried out the research on permanentdeformation accumulation regularity and permanent deformation destruction standard, thenthe critical failure stress levels is determined, and combined with the simulation experimentresearch on the permanent deformation accumulative destruction, the permanent deformationaccumulative damage prediction model is established, and then graded crushed stone shearingstrength coefficient recommended value of different pavement structure type and traffic levelsis put forward, it provides the basis for establishment of shear stress index and forrmulate ofdesign standards.
By investigating the mechanical response of graded crushed stone structure layer undertraffic load, aiming at preventing cumulative permanent deformation cumulative damageunder repeated load, on the base of the grading macadam mechanical response, relationshipbetween the strength index and shearing strength coefficient, proposed the design based onCBR index, RC as test indexes of grading macadam design standards, and combined with theresearch conclusion of optimization gradation and raw materials technical indicators, thedesign method of grading macadam material is put forward, and its performance is verifiedthrough real engineering application. Engineering application shows that grading macadammaterial designed by the method enhances the bearing capacity and deformation resistance ofgraded crushed stone base, which greatly solved the problem of the graded gravel shearfailure, and showed obvious economic and environmental benefits, it provide a basis for theapplication for the graded crushed stone.
引文
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