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流动人口适宜避孕节育技术推广干预研究
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摘要
【研究背景】近年来,流动人口数量急剧增多,成为社会经济发展的巨大推动力,但同时也给计划生育管理和服务工作带来困难。一方面,流动人口具有年龄结构轻、文化程度低,处于性活跃期等不利于计划生育管理的特征,并且其避孕节育知识水平低,缺乏知情、自主、自觉选择避孕方法的能力和意识。另一方面,相当部分的流动人口的生育意愿发生了转变,表现出更多的避孕节育、生殖健康需求时,如何有效地在流动人口中推广适宜的避孕节育技术还缺乏科学的研究。在稳定低生育水平的前提下,在流动人口中推广适宜避孕节育技术,为其提供更好的生殖健康服务,已成为计划生育工作的一个重要课题。
     【研究目的】本研究在了解流动人口的生育意愿、避孕节育/生殖健康知识现况,避孕节育措施的使用及知情选择现况及服务需求的基础上,通过一系列干预活动,提高流动人口的避孕节育知识水平、知情选择避孕方法的行为和能力。旨在评估干预方案对于提高流动人口避孕节育知识水平、知情选择避孕方法的行为和能力的影响因素及其影响的程度。并探索流动人口适宜避孕节育技术的推广模式以及进一步推广的战略。
     【研究设计】本研究为流行病学干预研究。选择流动人口高度集中的上海市闵行区为研究的现场。选择工作性质、规模、工作条件基本相似的流动人口集中工作的工厂、建筑工地和娱乐场所各4个,随机分为干预组和对照组。在干预组开展倡导动员、规范管理、定期培训、宣传教育、综合咨询、技术服务、随访与转诊等一系列干预活动。对照组仅开展计划生育常规工作。干预实施前后分别进行流动人口结构式问卷调查,计划生育管理人员、服务人员、服务对象的小组访谈、流动人口管理人员的个人深入访谈。通过评估调查比较干预组和对照组避孕节育知识、行为和避孕节育需求的变化,评估干预的效果及影响因素,探讨适宜避孕节育技术的推广模式。
     【干预方案】干预措施包括倡导动员、管理、培训、宣教、咨询、技术、随访、转诊服务。通过报纸、杂志、网络等媒体,营造适合项目开展的社会氛围。通过各种媒体宣传项目成果和进展,扩大社会效应和影响力。由被动管理变主动服务,在服务中搞管理。对管理人员、技术服务人员进行项目理念培训、技术服务培训以及咨询服务的培训。对流动人口育龄群众开展宣教活动,发放宣传折页、定期更新宣传板报、组织专家讲座、性与生殖健康综合咨询、开展VCD租借播放。干预组各单位设立或完善规范的咨询室,开通咨询热线,定期召开专家咨询会。提供集中孕检、查环、办证、药具发放、安全套推广等一系列技术服务。加强随访和转诊服务。
     【统计分析方法】主要包括卡方检验、t检验、秩和检验和Logistic回归、通径分析模型等。
     【研究结果】
     1.基本情况基线调查共调查流动人口2001人,其中对照组989人,干预组1012人;评估调查时随访到有效样本1791人,其中对照组881人,干预组910人,失访率10.49%。
     2.研究对象的人口学特征和流动特征研究对象平均年龄29.50(±8.336)岁,25~30岁者所占比重最大22.33%,女性1197人(59.82%);已婚或有性生活对象为主,共1573人(78.61%);学历以初中为主,占54.17%。干预组和对照组年龄、工作场所、学历、户口等构成差异均无统计学意义。研究对象平均每地居住时间均超过半年,在现居住地累计居住时间大于半年。流动方式以举家迁移为主(72.16%)。
     3.研究对象的生育意愿期望子女数为2个的最多,732人(65.53%),其次为期望有1个子女,291人(26.05%),期望子女数>=3个的仅60人(5.37%)。大部分研究对象没有明显的性别倾向。期望男孩数与期望女孩数之差为0的有698人(64.93%),>=2的仅20人(1.86%),其余对象(28.93%)期望的男孩数与女孩数的差为1或-1。
     4.研究对象的避孕节育知识水平低研究对象9种常用避孕方法知识掌握最好的是避孕套,其次是口服避孕药和女性绝育术,但得分均低于60分。9种避孕方法总得分>=60的仅205人(10.24%)。目前所用避孕方法得分>=60分的637人(31.83%),目前所用避孕方法的知识得分高于其他常用避孕方法的知识得分。
     5.研究对象避孕方法目前使用避孕方法的比例高,但自主选择的少研究对象目前采用避孕方法的1300人(94.96%),但由本人决定的仅21.04%。使用的主要避孕方法是宫内节育器664人(51.00%),其次是避孕套325人(24.96%)。
     6.干预方案的实施有效提高了研究对象的避孕节育知识水平基线调查干预组与对照组9种常用避孕方法得分差异均无显著性,评估调查9种方法两组得分差异均有显著性。评估调查对照组避孕方法总得分中位数27.78分,干预组59.26分,差异有显著性(z=-14.30,p<0.0001)。干预组两次调查总得分差值中位数27.22,对照组总得分差值中位数6.852,差异有显著性(z=-11.53,p<0.0001),提示干预活动显著提高了研究对象的避孕节育知识水平。
     7.干预方案的实施提高了研究对象寻求咨询服务的行为研究期间,干预组有270人(29.64%)获得面对面的咨询服务,对照组有101人(11.45%)获得面对面咨询服务,两组差异有显著性。干预组对对照组的OR值为2.802,95%可信区间为2.190-3.584。此外,婚姻状况、学历、工作场所、户籍地等因素均影响研究对象寻求咨询服务的行为。未婚无性生活、学历低、娱乐场所工作、户籍地为华东地区的对象,寻求咨询的可能性更大。
     8.研究对象的避孕节育知识、行为和生育意愿间存在联系研究期间对象的知识、行为、需求和生育意愿之间的关系分析提示,流动人口避孕节育知识的提高可以增强其自主选择避孕方法的能力,对适宜自己的避孕方法做出判断,或做出寻求咨询服务的行为,提出需求,从而提高适宜避孕方法的使用率和有效性。
     9.推广适宜避孕节育技术的优势和障碍在管理、服务和群众层面都存在影响适宜避孕节育技术推广的优势和障碍。主要优势包括:政策支持,由侧重管理变为侧重服务;计生网络健全,技术人员专业素质较高;流动人口生育观念改变,自我保健意识增强,生殖健康需求增加。主要障碍包括:计生人员工作量大大增加,人员不足;避孕知识宣教不够深入多样,服务人员缺乏个性化服务意识和技巧;群众文化素质普遍较低,接受能力参差不齐,对利益导向机制缺乏足够的了解。
     【结论】综上所述,在流动人口育龄群众、计划生育管理人员、服务人员中均存在推广适宜避孕节育技术的优势和障碍。通过干预方案的实施,可以提高流动人口的避孕节育知识水平,改变其寻求避孕节育服务的行为和需求,从而实现流动人口自主选择适宜避孕技术方法,在流动人口育龄群众中推广适宜的避孕节育技术。干预方案对适宜避孕技术推广的长期影响还有待进一步研究。
[BACKGROUNDS] In recent years,the number of floating population has increasedsharply.It has promoted the progress of social and economy,while it has broughtgreat problem to family planning management and service.The majority of thefloating population are young,poor-educated and reproductively active.And theircontraceptive knowledge are relatively poor,which has resulted in their lack ofconsciousness and capability in the choice of contraception.When the floatingpopulation has changed its reproductive will and has more needs in reproductivehealth and contraception,we have to study effective generalization of suitablecontraception.In a stable and low reproductive level,it is important to providefloating population better reproductive health service.
     [OBJECTIVES] A series of intervention have been implemented according to theexamination of reproductive will,contraceptive knowledge,contraceptive applicationand service demands from floating population to find the possible effective ways toimprove subjects' contraceptive knowledge,their practice of informed choice and thecapability of self-choice.Thereby explore an appropriate model to generalize effectivecontraceptives in floating population is quite necessary.
     [METHODS] An comprehensive intervention has been implemented in MinhangDistrict,Shanghai.Four factories,four construction sites and four entertainmentplaces with similar scale were chosen.Then they were randomly assigned tointervention group and control group.In the intervention group,a series ofintervention measures including qualified advocation,management,education,propaganda,integrated sexulity and reproductive health counseling,professionalservice,following up and referred if necessary were implemented,while routinefamily planning work was conducted for clients in the control group.By questionnairesurvey,focus group discussion among floating population,FP managers,serviceproviders and indepth interview among policy makers,the researchers have evaluatedthe impacts of intervention on subjets' knowledge,practice,needs of contraceptiveand the influence factors and found the advantages and disadvantages of familyplanning management and service among floating population.Then an effectivecontraceptive model can be explored in floating population.
     [RESULTS]
     1.General information All together,2001 subjects were enrolled in the baselinesurvey,and among whom 989 were in the control group and 1012 in the interventiongroup.There were 1791 subjects who were investigated in evaluation survey with 881in the control group and 910 in the intervention group.The follow-up rate was89.51%.
     2.The demography and floating characteristics of subjects Mean age of themigrants was 29.50(±8.336) years.About 22.33% of them were between 25~30 years,and 59.82% of them were female.About 78.61% of them were married or withsexual experience.54.17% of them had middle school education.There were nosignificant difference between intervention group and control group in age,work site,education experience and registered residence.Subject lived in every place for morethan half a year and the cumulative time for their living in Shanghai has been longerthan half a year.Their main way of migration was to move with whole family,whichoccupied about 70%.
     3.The subjects' willings of reproductive About 65.53% of the subjects expect 2children and 26.05% of them expected 1 child.Only 5.37% of them expect more than3 children.Most of the subjects had no significantly gender tendency for children.About 64.93% of them expected the number of girls from the number of boys was 0.Only 1.86% of the subjects expected the number of girls from the number of boys wasmore than 2. And the rest the number of girls from the number of boys was 1 or -1.
     4.The subjects' poor contraceptive knowledge They understood condom best.And the next was the knowledge of oral prophylactic and sterilization.But all scoresfor the contraceptive were less than 60 score.Only 10.24% of the subjects had a totalscore of more than 60 for nine contraceptives.Only 31.83% of them had a score ofmore than 60 for the contraceptive they used now.
     5.The high proportion of the subjects who currently use contraceptive,but onlysmall part of them chose contraceptive by themselves About 94.96% of thesubjects used contraceptive.But only 21.04% of them chose the method bythemselves.The main contraceptive they used was IUD (51.00%).And the next wascondom (24.96%).
     6.The effective intervention to improve the subjects' contraceptive knowledge
     remarkably The intervention group and control one had no significant difference incontraceptive knowledge score in baseline survey.However they were significantlydifferent as the intervention implemented.The media of the total score of the controlwas only 27.78 and the intervention group was 59.26 during the evaluation survey.They were significantly different.Median of the different value of two survey of theintervention group was 27.22,of the control group was 6.852,which was significantlydifferent (p<0.0001).
     7.The effective intervention to promote the subjects' practice to seekreproductive health counseling During the study,29.64% of the subjects inintervention group have got face-to-face counseling service,while only 11.45% of thecontrol group had the service.There were significant difference between them [OR:2.802,95% CI:(2.190-3.584)].And marital status,education,work site and censusregister were potential impact factors.The migrants whom were unmarried,poor-educated,worked in the place of entertainment and came from the east of Chinahad more probability to seek counseling service compared with them who weremarried,high-educated,worked in the place of construction and camed from the restof China.
     8.The significant associations among knowledge,practice and the willings ofreproductive The analysis of the association between subjects' knowledge,practiceand requirement and reproductive will show that improve of subjective' contraceptiveknowledge could promote their capability of self-choice of contraceptive.Thus theycould make decision for the appropriate contraceptive for themselves or they couldseek counseling to meet their personal needs.Then the use rate and effective rate ofcontraceptive could be increased.
     9.A number of advantages and disadvantages that might influence theimplementation of appropriate contraceptive related services The advantagesincluded:support of policy,well-running of FP network,professional FP serviceworkers and increased consciousness of reproductive health of the floating population.The disadvantages of included:insufficient service providers,inadequate education ofknowledge,lack of consciousness and skill of individual service and the clients' poorunderstanding of the information.
     [CONCLUSIONS] Intervention activities increased people's knowledge of contraceptive,promoted their practice and met their needs on reproduction health.Thus they could make self-choice of appropriate contraceptive.Then suitablecontraceptive could be generalized in floating population.The long-term effects of theintervention for the generalization of suitable contraceptive in floating populationshould be further evaluated.
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