矿区地表形变监测PS-DInSAR应用方法研究
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摘要
矿山开采引发地面沉降,甚至诱发地裂缝、塌陷和滑坡等地面灾害,严重影响矿山的安全生产,还带来矿区生态环境方面的系列问题。对开采活动引发的地面沉降进行监测和分析,确定沉降区域,把握地表形变的宏观变化,为矿山后续的开采沉陷控制和沉陷区综合治理提供依据,对矿山的可持续发展具有重要意义。
对地面沉降进行监测,通常采用的方法有水准测量方法、GPS方法、测量机器人监测方法和传感器集成的方法等。这些方法具有其自身的技术特点,主要是对地面沉降特征点、线进行高精度观测分析,通过数据处理分析,得到研究区域形变状态。但是,在大范围地表形变宏观变化监测中,成本偏高,InSAR技术的发展为这一问题的解决提供了很好的技术途径。
DInSAR技术探测地球表面微小形变,以其精度高、覆盖范围大等优点,已在区域地表形变监测中得到应用,并取得了一定的成果。PS-InSAR技术是为解决DInSAR技术在应用中遇到的空时失相关和大气延迟的问题。通过在地表布置或通过影像判别和选取永久散射点,对PS点的干涉相位进行时间序列分析,得到PS点的形变速率、大气延迟量、DEM误差和区域形变速率场。
InSAR技术应用研究主要集中于城市地面沉降监测研究,对矿山地表沉降监测的研究和应用相对较少,论文对矿区地表形变监测PS-DInSAR应用方法进行了初步研究。分析了矿区地面沉降监测的必要性及现状,确定了应用InSAR技术监测矿区地面沉降的实验研究方案。按照实验研究方案,首先对数据进行预处理,主要包括数据准备、数据格式转换、坐标系统统一和DEM数据内插,为后续的地理编码、数据管理工作提供基础。进一步对SAR数据分别进行了DInSAR、PS-InSAR数据处理、分析,得到了监测区域的水平位移和垂直沉降图,并将COSMO数据的处理结果与GPS实测数据进行了对比分析。最后将SLC、DEM、SAR数据处理中间成果和最终成果数据导入ArcGIS,并进行了初步分析,为多源监测信息集成分析提供了数据基础和集成环境。
通过8期SAR数据在试验区的应用研究,探讨了提高影像配准精度和相位解缠效率的方法途径,分析了数据处理过程中参数选择对处理结果的影响,得到了试验区形变监测水平位移和垂直沉降图,并在GIS环境下对SAR数据进行管理和叠加分析。数据处理方法和流程对矿区地面形变监测和集成分析应用具有一定的借鉴作用。InSAR技术应用于矿区地面形变监测具有较好的潜力和应用前景,相信随着SAR传感器和数据处理方法的发展,该技术在矿区形变监测中会得到进一步的应用。
Mining trigger surface subsidence,even leads to region disasters such as ground fissure, collapses and pitfalls which severely endangers the safety in production,and brings about a series of questions in ecological environment aspect.It is highly significant for mine sustainable development to monitor and analyse land subsidence which leaded by mining, definite range and realize macroscopic subsidence of subsidence.It also could provides a basis for comprehensive treatment of subsidence area.
The most commonly used methods of monitoring land subsidence are leveling、GPS、measuring robot and geotechnical engineering sensors and so on. These methods each have their own characters,which monitoring characteristic points and line to obtain state deformation of study region through data processing and analysising.But,it is highly cost for macroscopic monitoring land subsidence in the large.The development of InSAR technique provide approaches for dissolved of these problems.
D-InSAR techniques detectes the tiny changes in the surface and in widespread use because of its advantages, such as relable accuracy, larger coverage range. PS-InSAR techniques solve the problems facing the application of DInSAR techniques, such as low coherence, signal delay caused by atmospheric. By means of which human fix up or look for permanent scatters points on the ground, analyse phase interference of permanent scatters points in a way of time series.After remove the terrain information and noise information,we can get deformation rate、data of signal delaycaused by atmospheric and DEM errors of PS points. Precision of PS-InSAR technique detect deformation rate is millimetre level.
Currently, the research of InSAR technique focuses on urban, little focuses on mine land subsidence.The paper has a preliminary research on PS-DInSAR monitoring methods for mine surface subsidence. Paper analyzes necessity and present situation of mine land subsidence monitoring,and defines experimental program of using PS-DInSAR to monitor land subsidence. According to experimental program, firstly,pre-treatment are necessary,mainly consist of data preparation、format transformation、coordinate transformation and DEM data interpolation,proivding a base for subsequent geocoding and data management.Then processed SAR data by means of DInSAR、PS-InSAR、 obtained horizontal and vertical displacement map, compared data processing results of COSMO with GPS realize data. Finally, Imported SLC、DEM、SAR data into ArcGIS, proivding a base for SAR data goes into the database and Integration analysis of multi-monitoring information.
Through applied research for 8 SAR data in study area, approaches to the Treatment of improvement Image registration accuracy and phase unwrapping efficiency, analyses the influence of different parameters for results of data processing,gets horizontal and vertical displacement map of study area, actualizes management and overlay analysis of SAR data in GIS environment. The method and flowsheet of data processing have certain experience to monitoring land subsidence and integration analysis.With great potential and promising prospect, InSAR technology is widely used in monitoring land subsidence fields, With the development of hardware, software, processing algorithms, and rich SAR resources, we could see that the application of InSAR technology on deformation monitoring will be more extensive.
对地面沉降进行监测,通常采用的方法有水准测量方法、GPS方法、测量机器人监测方法和传感器集成的方法等。这些方法具有其自身的技术特点,主要是对地面沉降特征点、线进行高精度观测分析,通过数据处理分析,得到研究区域形变状态。但是,在大范围地表形变宏观变化监测中,成本偏高,InSAR技术的发展为这一问题的解决提供了很好的技术途径。
DInSAR技术探测地球表面微小形变,以其精度高、覆盖范围大等优点,已在区域地表形变监测中得到应用,并取得了一定的成果。PS-InSAR技术是为解决DInSAR技术在应用中遇到的空时失相关和大气延迟的问题。通过在地表布置或通过影像判别和选取永久散射点,对PS点的干涉相位进行时间序列分析,得到PS点的形变速率、大气延迟量、DEM误差和区域形变速率场。
InSAR技术应用研究主要集中于城市地面沉降监测研究,对矿山地表沉降监测的研究和应用相对较少,论文对矿区地表形变监测PS-DInSAR应用方法进行了初步研究。分析了矿区地面沉降监测的必要性及现状,确定了应用InSAR技术监测矿区地面沉降的实验研究方案。按照实验研究方案,首先对数据进行预处理,主要包括数据准备、数据格式转换、坐标系统统一和DEM数据内插,为后续的地理编码、数据管理工作提供基础。进一步对SAR数据分别进行了DInSAR、PS-InSAR数据处理、分析,得到了监测区域的水平位移和垂直沉降图,并将COSMO数据的处理结果与GPS实测数据进行了对比分析。最后将SLC、DEM、SAR数据处理中间成果和最终成果数据导入ArcGIS,并进行了初步分析,为多源监测信息集成分析提供了数据基础和集成环境。
通过8期SAR数据在试验区的应用研究,探讨了提高影像配准精度和相位解缠效率的方法途径,分析了数据处理过程中参数选择对处理结果的影响,得到了试验区形变监测水平位移和垂直沉降图,并在GIS环境下对SAR数据进行管理和叠加分析。数据处理方法和流程对矿区地面形变监测和集成分析应用具有一定的借鉴作用。InSAR技术应用于矿区地面形变监测具有较好的潜力和应用前景,相信随着SAR传感器和数据处理方法的发展,该技术在矿区形变监测中会得到进一步的应用。
Mining trigger surface subsidence,even leads to region disasters such as ground fissure, collapses and pitfalls which severely endangers the safety in production,and brings about a series of questions in ecological environment aspect.It is highly significant for mine sustainable development to monitor and analyse land subsidence which leaded by mining, definite range and realize macroscopic subsidence of subsidence.It also could provides a basis for comprehensive treatment of subsidence area.
The most commonly used methods of monitoring land subsidence are leveling、GPS、measuring robot and geotechnical engineering sensors and so on. These methods each have their own characters,which monitoring characteristic points and line to obtain state deformation of study region through data processing and analysising.But,it is highly cost for macroscopic monitoring land subsidence in the large.The development of InSAR technique provide approaches for dissolved of these problems.
D-InSAR techniques detectes the tiny changes in the surface and in widespread use because of its advantages, such as relable accuracy, larger coverage range. PS-InSAR techniques solve the problems facing the application of DInSAR techniques, such as low coherence, signal delay caused by atmospheric. By means of which human fix up or look for permanent scatters points on the ground, analyse phase interference of permanent scatters points in a way of time series.After remove the terrain information and noise information,we can get deformation rate、data of signal delaycaused by atmospheric and DEM errors of PS points. Precision of PS-InSAR technique detect deformation rate is millimetre level.
Currently, the research of InSAR technique focuses on urban, little focuses on mine land subsidence.The paper has a preliminary research on PS-DInSAR monitoring methods for mine surface subsidence. Paper analyzes necessity and present situation of mine land subsidence monitoring,and defines experimental program of using PS-DInSAR to monitor land subsidence. According to experimental program, firstly,pre-treatment are necessary,mainly consist of data preparation、format transformation、coordinate transformation and DEM data interpolation,proivding a base for subsequent geocoding and data management.Then processed SAR data by means of DInSAR、PS-InSAR、 obtained horizontal and vertical displacement map, compared data processing results of COSMO with GPS realize data. Finally, Imported SLC、DEM、SAR data into ArcGIS, proivding a base for SAR data goes into the database and Integration analysis of multi-monitoring information.
Through applied research for 8 SAR data in study area, approaches to the Treatment of improvement Image registration accuracy and phase unwrapping efficiency, analyses the influence of different parameters for results of data processing,gets horizontal and vertical displacement map of study area, actualizes management and overlay analysis of SAR data in GIS environment. The method and flowsheet of data processing have certain experience to monitoring land subsidence and integration analysis.With great potential and promising prospect, InSAR technology is widely used in monitoring land subsidence fields, With the development of hardware, software, processing algorithms, and rich SAR resources, we could see that the application of InSAR technology on deformation monitoring will be more extensive.
引文
[1]Andrew Jarosz, Dieter Wanke. Use of InSAR for Monitoring of Mining Deformations[C]. Proc. of FRINGE 2003 Workshop, Frascati, Italy:1-6.
[2]路旭,匡绍君,贾有良等.用InSAR作地面沉降监测的试验研究[J].大地测量与地球动力学,2002,22(4)：66-70.
[3]周建民,何秀凤.SAR差分干涉测量技术及其在地表形变监测中应用现状[J].河海大学学报(自然科学版),2005,33(4)：463-465.
[4].Ferretti A.Prati C.Rocca F Permanent Scatterers in SAR Interferometry 2001
[5].Ferretti A.Prati C.Rocca F Non-linear Subsidence Rate Estimation Using Permanent Scatterers inDifferential SAR Interferometry 2000
[6].Colesanti C.Ferretti A.Prati C Monitoring Landslides and Tectonic Motion with the Permanent Scatterers Technique 2003(1-2).
[7]杨红磊.干涉雷达数据处理软件GAMMA及其应用案例[R].北京：北京东方泰坦科技股份有限公司,中国地质大学(北京)测绘工程系,2011：43-44.
[8]Hakan Senol KUTOGLU, Hakan AKCIN, and Huseyin KEMALDER, Turkey. Detecting Illegal Mining Activities Using Dinsar.[C].FIG Working Week 2008:1-8.
[9]Linlin Ge, Chris Rizos, Shaowei Han,Howard Zebker. MINING SUBSIDENCE MONITORING USING THE COMBINED InSAR AND GPS APPROACH [J].
[10]曹嘉.矿区地表沉降InSAR宏观监测理论与方法研究[D].太原：太原理工大学硕士论文,2009.
[11]黄爱萱.利用D-InSAR技术监测地表形变—以上海地区为例[D].上海：同济大学硕士论文,2009.
[12]Pengguin.关于SRTM精度的讨论[N/OL] http://www.gissky.net/Article/171.htm.GIS 空间站,2006-07-10(14)
[13]焦明连 蒋廷臣.合成孔径雷达干涉测量理论与应用[M].测绘出版社,2009,42-43.
[14]北京东方泰坦科技有限公司、加拿大阿波罗科技集团北京办事处GAMMA白皮书[D]2008
[15]张红.D-InSAR与POLinSAR的方法及应用研究[D].北京：中科院遥感所博士论 文,2002.
[16]R. F. Hanssen. Radar Interferometry——Data Interpretation and Error Analysis [M]. Kluwer Academic Publisher 2001.
[17]D. Massonnot et al.. The displacement field of the Landers earthquake mapped by radar interferometry [J]. Nature,1993,364:138-142.
[18]Howard A. Zebker. On the derivation of coseismic displacement fields using differential radar interferometry: The Landers earthquake[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research,1994, 99(B10):19617-19634.
[19]王超 张红 刘智.星载合成孔径雷达干涉测量[M].科学出版社,2002,86-87.
[20]王超、张红、刘智.星载合成孔径雷达干涉测量[M].北京：科学出版社,2002.
[21].Scharroo R. and Visser P., Precise orbit determination and gravity field improvement for the ERS satellites. J.Geophys. Res.,1998,103(C4):8113-8127.
[22].Massonnet, D., M. Rossi, C., Carmona, E, Adragna, G, Peltzer,K., Feigi, and T. Rabaute, The displacement field of the Landers eaahquake mapped by radar interferometry,Nature,364,138～142,1993.
[23]王晓信.干涉雷达地表形变监测数据质量改善方法研究[D].杭州：浙江大学硕士学位论文,2006.
[24]廖明生.雷达干涉测量——原理与信号处理基础[M].测绘出版社,2003.
[25].Scheiber R, Moreita A, " Coregistration of interferometric SAR images using spectral diversity", IEEE Trans. GRS,2000,38(5):2179-2191.
[26].D. Massonnet, F. Rabaute, Radar Interferometry: Limits and Potential [J]. IEEE Transactions On Geoscience and Remote Sensing,1993,31(2):455-464.
[27].Qian Lin, J. F. Vesecky and H.A.Zebker, New Approaches in Interferometric SAR data Processing [J], IEEE Transaction Geoscience Remote Sensing,1992,30(3):560-567.
[28].Gabriel A K, Goldstein R M, "Crossed orbit interferometry: Theory and experimental results from SIR-B", Int. J. Remote Sensing,1988:9(5):857-872.
[29]. ZHANG Hua, ZENG Ql-mmg, LlU Yi—hm, n al. The Optl-mumSelection of Common Master Image for Series of Differential SAR Proofing to Estimate Long avd Slow Ground Deformation[A]. Proc IGARS5 2005[C]. Seoul:[B. n].2005.4586-4589.
[30]. KAMPES B M, ADAM N. Velocity Field Retrieval from Long Term Coherent Points in Radar Intederomettic Stacks[A].Proc IGARSS 2003[C].Toulouse:[s.n.].2003.941-943.
[31]焦明连蒋延臣.合成孔径雷达干涉测量理论与应用[M].测绘出版社,2009
[32]胡波.PS-InSAR技术监测地表形变的研究[D].长沙：中南大学硕士学位论文,2008.
[33]祁晓明PS-InSAR技术在西安地区的形变监测研究[D].西安：长安大学硕士学位论文2008.
[34]. LIU Cuo-xiang. Mapping of Earth Deformations with Satellite Radar Intederometry:A Study of Its Accuracy and Rdlalnlity Performances[D]. Hong Kong:The Hong Kong olyteehnic University,2003.7-220.
[35]. ZEBKER H/A, VILLASENOR J. Decorrelation in Intedercmetric Radar Echoes[J]. IEEE Transaction on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,1992,30:950-959.
[36]Ferrettu A,Prati C,Rocca F.Permanent scatterers in SAR interferometry[J].IEEE Transaction on Geoscience an Remote Sensing,2001,39(1):8-19.
[37]Colesanti C,Locatelli R,Novali F.Ground deformation monitoring exploiting SAR permanent scatterers[J].IEEE,2002 0-7803-7536-Ⅹ:1219-1221.
[38]陈强,李永树,刘国祥.雷达永久散射体识别方法的对比分析[J],遥感信息,2006,20(04)：20-24.
[39]焦明连蒋延臣.合成孔径雷达干涉测量理论与应用[M].测绘出版社,2009,78.
[40]姜明亮. PS-InSAR技术监测断层活动性应用研究[D].北京：中国地震局地壳应力研究所硕士论文,2007.
[41]焦明连蒋延臣.合成孔径雷达干涉测量理论与应用[M].测绘出版社,2009,88.
[42]李德仁.2004合成孔径雷达干涉测量理论与应用[M].测绘出版社,2009,88.
[2]路旭,匡绍君,贾有良等.用InSAR作地面沉降监测的试验研究[J].大地测量与地球动力学,2002,22(4)：66-70.
[3]周建民,何秀凤.SAR差分干涉测量技术及其在地表形变监测中应用现状[J].河海大学学报(自然科学版),2005,33(4)：463-465.
[4].Ferretti A.Prati C.Rocca F Permanent Scatterers in SAR Interferometry 2001
[5].Ferretti A.Prati C.Rocca F Non-linear Subsidence Rate Estimation Using Permanent Scatterers inDifferential SAR Interferometry 2000
[6].Colesanti C.Ferretti A.Prati C Monitoring Landslides and Tectonic Motion with the Permanent Scatterers Technique 2003(1-2).
[7]杨红磊.干涉雷达数据处理软件GAMMA及其应用案例[R].北京：北京东方泰坦科技股份有限公司,中国地质大学(北京)测绘工程系,2011：43-44.
[8]Hakan Senol KUTOGLU, Hakan AKCIN, and Huseyin KEMALDER, Turkey. Detecting Illegal Mining Activities Using Dinsar.[C].FIG Working Week 2008:1-8.
[9]Linlin Ge, Chris Rizos, Shaowei Han,Howard Zebker. MINING SUBSIDENCE MONITORING USING THE COMBINED InSAR AND GPS APPROACH [J].
[10]曹嘉.矿区地表沉降InSAR宏观监测理论与方法研究[D].太原：太原理工大学硕士论文,2009.
[11]黄爱萱.利用D-InSAR技术监测地表形变—以上海地区为例[D].上海：同济大学硕士论文,2009.
[12]Pengguin.关于SRTM精度的讨论[N/OL] http://www.gissky.net/Article/171.htm.GIS 空间站,2006-07-10(14)
[13]焦明连 蒋廷臣.合成孔径雷达干涉测量理论与应用[M].测绘出版社,2009,42-43.
[14]北京东方泰坦科技有限公司、加拿大阿波罗科技集团北京办事处GAMMA白皮书[D]2008
[15]张红.D-InSAR与POLinSAR的方法及应用研究[D].北京：中科院遥感所博士论 文,2002.
[16]R. F. Hanssen. Radar Interferometry——Data Interpretation and Error Analysis [M]. Kluwer Academic Publisher 2001.
[17]D. Massonnot et al.. The displacement field of the Landers earthquake mapped by radar interferometry [J]. Nature,1993,364:138-142.
[18]Howard A. Zebker. On the derivation of coseismic displacement fields using differential radar interferometry: The Landers earthquake[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research,1994, 99(B10):19617-19634.
[19]王超 张红 刘智.星载合成孔径雷达干涉测量[M].科学出版社,2002,86-87.
[20]王超、张红、刘智.星载合成孔径雷达干涉测量[M].北京：科学出版社,2002.
[21].Scharroo R. and Visser P., Precise orbit determination and gravity field improvement for the ERS satellites. J.Geophys. Res.,1998,103(C4):8113-8127.
[22].Massonnet, D., M. Rossi, C., Carmona, E, Adragna, G, Peltzer,K., Feigi, and T. Rabaute, The displacement field of the Landers eaahquake mapped by radar interferometry,Nature,364,138～142,1993.
[23]王晓信.干涉雷达地表形变监测数据质量改善方法研究[D].杭州：浙江大学硕士学位论文,2006.
[24]廖明生.雷达干涉测量——原理与信号处理基础[M].测绘出版社,2003.
[25].Scheiber R, Moreita A, " Coregistration of interferometric SAR images using spectral diversity", IEEE Trans. GRS,2000,38(5):2179-2191.
[26].D. Massonnet, F. Rabaute, Radar Interferometry: Limits and Potential [J]. IEEE Transactions On Geoscience and Remote Sensing,1993,31(2):455-464.
[27].Qian Lin, J. F. Vesecky and H.A.Zebker, New Approaches in Interferometric SAR data Processing [J], IEEE Transaction Geoscience Remote Sensing,1992,30(3):560-567.
[28].Gabriel A K, Goldstein R M, "Crossed orbit interferometry: Theory and experimental results from SIR-B", Int. J. Remote Sensing,1988:9(5):857-872.
[29]. ZHANG Hua, ZENG Ql-mmg, LlU Yi—hm, n al. The Optl-mumSelection of Common Master Image for Series of Differential SAR Proofing to Estimate Long avd Slow Ground Deformation[A]. Proc IGARS5 2005[C]. Seoul:[B. n].2005.4586-4589.
[30]. KAMPES B M, ADAM N. Velocity Field Retrieval from Long Term Coherent Points in Radar Intederomettic Stacks[A].Proc IGARSS 2003[C].Toulouse:[s.n.].2003.941-943.
[31]焦明连蒋延臣.合成孔径雷达干涉测量理论与应用[M].测绘出版社,2009
[32]胡波.PS-InSAR技术监测地表形变的研究[D].长沙：中南大学硕士学位论文,2008.
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