基于永久散射体雷达干涉测量技术的城市地表沉降监测试验研究
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摘要
地面沉降是一种缓变性的地质灾害,世界各国都在不同程度上受到了影响,每年因此所造成的经济损失难以估量。据统计,我国总沉降面积约93万平方公里,年均直接经济损失达到数亿元。因此,对城市地面沉降进行有效地监测非常地重要,它不仅可以为城市建设规划提供可靠数据,更可以为地质灾害防治和评估提供关键依据。随着雷达遥感技术的快速发展,合成孔径雷达干涉测量技术(D-InSAR)在地表形变监测中的巨大潜力已经得到了广泛认可。与现有的测量监测手段相比较,D-InSAR技术在监测城市地面沉降上具有其独特的优势：高效、经济、高精度、大面积。但是,由于受到了时间和空间失相关,影像获取时间大气贡献不一致的影响,传统的D-InSAR测量处理的质量往往不能够得到保证,极大地限制了这项技术的实际应用。近年来,为了弥补D-InSAR技术在地表形变监测中的不足,永久散射体雷达干涉测量技术(PS-InSAR)取得了重大的进展。本文就是以开展PS-InSAR技术进行城市地面沉降监测试验研究为目标,在对PS-InSAR技术深入研究的基础上,对PS点相位解缠的方法和地表形变模型的构建进行了重点研究,将模拟数据和真实数据相结合,设计了一整套相关试验,系统地对永久散射体雷达干涉测量技术在城市地表形变监测中的应用作出分析,并在此基础上提出了改进和创新。论文所作的贡献表现如下：
1)基于PS干涉点相位分析与建模,本文改进了PS点相位模型解算关键的技术,发展了基于整数最小二乘降相关理论的PS点多项式形变相位模型解算的稳健方法,形成了切实可行的改进的PS-InSAR地表沉降信息提取流程。
2)针对苏州市地表沉降现状,论文以三次多项式函数为基函数构建了地表形变模型,并进行了改进的PS-InSAR方法的试验研究。通过对试验结果的分析,得出了苏州市地表沉降的空间特点与找出了其发育形成的原因,有效地反演了苏州市1993-2000年间的地表形变历史。
3)针对上述介绍的改进的PS-InSAR处理方法,本文通过模拟和实际的试验数据加以证实。试验结果表明,经过改进后的处理方法在模拟地表形变上更为灵活；对PS点相位解缠和多种相位贡献的估计上更为稳健、准确；同时该方法具有较高的自动化水平。这些充分展现了改进的PS-InSAR处理方法用于城市地表沉降监测的巨大潜力。
Ground subsidence is a kind of severe geology disastar all over the world. Currently, there is approximately 930 thousands kilometers occur ground subsidence in China. How to prevent such phenomenon and solve the huge lose to our nation is significant and of great emergence. The great potential of Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry (InSAR) on topography and deformation mapping has long been recognized. However, repeat-pass InSAR sometimes cannot succeed due to the impacts of spatial decorrelation, temporal decorrelation and atmosphere heterogeneity, which greatly limit the practical applications of this technology. Persistent Scatterer Technique is one of the latest developments in radar interferometric processing. It is achieved by the analysis of the interferometric phases of individual point targets, which are discrete in spatial and present temporarily stable backscattering characteristics, with long time series of interferometric SAR images.
Aimed to bypass the shortcomings of the traditional processing of D-InSAR, the PS technique obtained outstanding development these years. This paper analyzes the basic theory of the PS-InSAR, especially the key algorithms, and develops the Integer Least Squares methods used in phase model refinement. The main contributions of this paper are as following:
1) Based on the PS point interferometric phase model, it developed the robust ILS PS-InSAR method, constructed the improved PS-InSAR method of ground subsidence extraction.
2) Focus on the Suzhou city, it developed polynomial ground deformation model in the experiment and obtained positive results.
3) This paper designed several experiments for simulated data and real data based on improved PS-InSAR method. The results represented that improved method contains the capability of modeling ground subsidence, estimating of parameters robustly, phase unwrapping correctly as well as processing automaticly. To sum up, it shows great potential to be a practical method in city ground subsidence monitoring.
1)基于PS干涉点相位分析与建模,本文改进了PS点相位模型解算关键的技术,发展了基于整数最小二乘降相关理论的PS点多项式形变相位模型解算的稳健方法,形成了切实可行的改进的PS-InSAR地表沉降信息提取流程。
2)针对苏州市地表沉降现状,论文以三次多项式函数为基函数构建了地表形变模型,并进行了改进的PS-InSAR方法的试验研究。通过对试验结果的分析,得出了苏州市地表沉降的空间特点与找出了其发育形成的原因,有效地反演了苏州市1993-2000年间的地表形变历史。
3)针对上述介绍的改进的PS-InSAR处理方法,本文通过模拟和实际的试验数据加以证实。试验结果表明,经过改进后的处理方法在模拟地表形变上更为灵活；对PS点相位解缠和多种相位贡献的估计上更为稳健、准确；同时该方法具有较高的自动化水平。这些充分展现了改进的PS-InSAR处理方法用于城市地表沉降监测的巨大潜力。
Ground subsidence is a kind of severe geology disastar all over the world. Currently, there is approximately 930 thousands kilometers occur ground subsidence in China. How to prevent such phenomenon and solve the huge lose to our nation is significant and of great emergence. The great potential of Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry (InSAR) on topography and deformation mapping has long been recognized. However, repeat-pass InSAR sometimes cannot succeed due to the impacts of spatial decorrelation, temporal decorrelation and atmosphere heterogeneity, which greatly limit the practical applications of this technology. Persistent Scatterer Technique is one of the latest developments in radar interferometric processing. It is achieved by the analysis of the interferometric phases of individual point targets, which are discrete in spatial and present temporarily stable backscattering characteristics, with long time series of interferometric SAR images.
Aimed to bypass the shortcomings of the traditional processing of D-InSAR, the PS technique obtained outstanding development these years. This paper analyzes the basic theory of the PS-InSAR, especially the key algorithms, and develops the Integer Least Squares methods used in phase model refinement. The main contributions of this paper are as following:
1) Based on the PS point interferometric phase model, it developed the robust ILS PS-InSAR method, constructed the improved PS-InSAR method of ground subsidence extraction.
2) Focus on the Suzhou city, it developed polynomial ground deformation model in the experiment and obtained positive results.
3) This paper designed several experiments for simulated data and real data based on improved PS-InSAR method. The results represented that improved method contains the capability of modeling ground subsidence, estimating of parameters robustly, phase unwrapping correctly as well as processing automaticly. To sum up, it shows great potential to be a practical method in city ground subsidence monitoring.
引文
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[16]Lu Z., Wicks C., Kwoun O., et.al., Surface Deformation Associated with March 1996 Earthquake Swarm at Akutan Island Alaska, Revealed by C-band ERS and L-bang JERS [J], Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing,2005,31(1):7-20.
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[20]陈基炜,应用遥感卫星雷达干涉测量进行城市地面沉降研究[J],测绘通报,2001,8：13-15.
[21]Ferretti A., Prati. C., Rocca F., Non-Uniform Motion Monitoring Using the permanent Scatterer Technique [J], in:Second International Workshop on ERS SAR Interferometry, "FRINGE99", Liege, Belgium,10-12 Nov 1999, pp.1-6, ESA.
[22]Mora, O., Mallorqui, J.J and Duro, J., Generation of Deformation Maps at Low Resolution Using Differential Interferometric SAR Data [J], International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symoposium, Toronto, Canada,24-28 June,2002.
[23]J.F. Dehls, Ground Deformation Monitoring in the Ranafjord Area of Norway by Means of the Permanents Scatterers Technique [J], IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,2002,203-207
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