崂山森林植物群落物种多样性的垂直分布格局及影响因素分析
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摘要
植物群落的物种多样性是评价植物群落结构复杂性和功能复杂性的重要指标,各种生态环境因子对植物群落影响的梯度变化会综合反映在植物群落物种多样性的空间分布格局上,而温度、光照、湿度和土壤理化性质等直接影响植物生长的生态环境因子又会综合反映在海拔梯度的变化中,对植物群落的分布、结构、功能以及物种多样性等产生影响,相对于其它各种生态环境因子,海拔梯度在植物群落多样性研究中被当作是影响多样性空间分布格局的决定性因素之一。因此,研究山地森林植物群落物种多样性在海拔梯度上的垂直格局分布具有重要的意义。
本论文的主要内容是山东崂山地区森林植物群落资源的野外调查及对群落物种多样性垂直空间分布格局的分析,共分为两个部分。一是对山东崂山地区森林植物群落资源进行系统的野外调查,在两年的同一时段分别对北崂和南崂进行了样方调查,以掌握植物群落的整体现状,包括群落类型及其物种构成、结构、分布和环境因子等；二是对调查结果进行数据整理,对植物群落进行研究分析,以对崂山地区的植物群落有一个清晰、综合的了解和掌握,进而阐明其植物群落分布、组成和群落学特性。为评估山东崂山地区植物群落保护和利用现状,生物多样性保护、植被恢复、生态系统管理和发展规划等提供依据。
本论文主要以崂山森林植物群落各物种的重要值、各个群落的多样性指数,包括Patrick丰富度指数、Simpson指数、Shannon-Wiener(?)旨数、Pielou均匀度指数等分析崂山地区的森林植物群落物种多样性的垂直格局分布；另外,再采用典范对应分析(CCA)排序法,对植物群落与其所对应的环境因子之间的关系进行重点分析,包括各种环境因子(海拔、坡度、坡向、土壤pH、有机质、全氮、全磷等)对植物群落的分布、构成的影响；数据分析的结果表明,崂山主要的森林植物类型有赤松群落、黑松群落、日本落叶松群落、水榆花楸群落和刺槐群落。研究群落多样性指数表明,与其它山地植物群落物种多样性有所差异,崂山植物群落总体Patrick丰富度指数和Shannon-wiener指数与海拔关系的曲线为双峰型,在海拔300m和600m处为多样性指数的峰值,而在海拔840m左右出现最低值。Simpson指数和Pielou均匀度指数与海拔关系的曲线变化则较为平缓。进一步对群落总体、群落乔木层、灌木层和草本层分别进行CCA排序研究,最终的分析结果显示：崂山森林植物群落分布受海拔的影响明显,人为干扰在某些区域影响较大,而其它如坡度、以及土壤中全氮、全磷、有机质含量等环境因子只对个别区域的群落分布产生影响,对崂山总体群落分布的影响则不明显。
The species diversity of plant communities is one important indicator for the evaluation of its structure complexity and function complexity. The effect of environmental factors on plant communities varies gradually, as it can be reflect generally on the attribution of species diversity. For factors such as temperature, sunlight, humidity and soil quality which can affect the attribution, structure, function and species diversity of plant communities perform integrally with the gradient change of altitude. Compared to other factors, altitude is the most crucial factor influence the species attribution in the study of diversity. So it is very important to carry on the study of species diversity attribution ranging with the altitude in the forest of mountain region.
The major objective is to analyze the distribution of plant species diversity and evaluate the forest resource of Laoshan mountain region in Shandong province. The project containe two main tasks, in the first period we research the plant resource and diversity in the region with sample plots, all the field works processed in summer and detailed record was kept in this period. Then in the last period we dealt with the records of species structure, composing, function and environmental factors, analyzed the species diversity. Finally we got a distinct but thoroughly realization of plant communities in Laoshan mountain region, summarized the plant communities distribution, composition and properties successfully. The subject can serve the protection and utilization of Shandong forest resources. Also this subject can improve the protection of plant diversity, ecology management and expectation.
The investigation of Laoshan mountainous forest region in plant diversity and its attribution was based on series of important values and indices, such as Patrick index, Simpson index, Shannon-Wiener index and Pielou index. In another way, we made a detailed analysis of connection between plant community and environmental factors with CCA method, all the factors included altitude, slope gradient, slope aspect, soil pH, organic matter, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus. In our conclusion, the plant patterns in Laoshan forest region contained Pinus thunbergii Parlatore, Larix kaempferi, P.densiflora, Robinia pseudoacacia, Sorbus alnifolia. Plant diversity research reveal that different from any other regions, the Patrick index and Shannon-Wiener index connect with altitude in the form of bimodal pattern, the peak values appeared at300m and600m, the valley value is located at840m. The Simpson index and Pielou index change mildly with altitude. Further investigation of total communities, tree layer, shrub layer and herb layer with CCA conduct the conclusion that the distribution of plant communities in Laoshan forest region was influenced majorly by altitude, the influence of human activity was evidently in some regions. Any other factors such as slope gradient, slope aspect, soil pH, organic matter, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus only influenced the species attribution in a few single regions, in Laoshan region this influence was in limited degree.
本论文的主要内容是山东崂山地区森林植物群落资源的野外调查及对群落物种多样性垂直空间分布格局的分析,共分为两个部分。一是对山东崂山地区森林植物群落资源进行系统的野外调查,在两年的同一时段分别对北崂和南崂进行了样方调查,以掌握植物群落的整体现状,包括群落类型及其物种构成、结构、分布和环境因子等；二是对调查结果进行数据整理,对植物群落进行研究分析,以对崂山地区的植物群落有一个清晰、综合的了解和掌握,进而阐明其植物群落分布、组成和群落学特性。为评估山东崂山地区植物群落保护和利用现状,生物多样性保护、植被恢复、生态系统管理和发展规划等提供依据。
本论文主要以崂山森林植物群落各物种的重要值、各个群落的多样性指数,包括Patrick丰富度指数、Simpson指数、Shannon-Wiener(?)旨数、Pielou均匀度指数等分析崂山地区的森林植物群落物种多样性的垂直格局分布；另外,再采用典范对应分析(CCA)排序法,对植物群落与其所对应的环境因子之间的关系进行重点分析,包括各种环境因子(海拔、坡度、坡向、土壤pH、有机质、全氮、全磷等)对植物群落的分布、构成的影响；数据分析的结果表明,崂山主要的森林植物类型有赤松群落、黑松群落、日本落叶松群落、水榆花楸群落和刺槐群落。研究群落多样性指数表明,与其它山地植物群落物种多样性有所差异,崂山植物群落总体Patrick丰富度指数和Shannon-wiener指数与海拔关系的曲线为双峰型,在海拔300m和600m处为多样性指数的峰值,而在海拔840m左右出现最低值。Simpson指数和Pielou均匀度指数与海拔关系的曲线变化则较为平缓。进一步对群落总体、群落乔木层、灌木层和草本层分别进行CCA排序研究,最终的分析结果显示：崂山森林植物群落分布受海拔的影响明显,人为干扰在某些区域影响较大,而其它如坡度、以及土壤中全氮、全磷、有机质含量等环境因子只对个别区域的群落分布产生影响,对崂山总体群落分布的影响则不明显。
The species diversity of plant communities is one important indicator for the evaluation of its structure complexity and function complexity. The effect of environmental factors on plant communities varies gradually, as it can be reflect generally on the attribution of species diversity. For factors such as temperature, sunlight, humidity and soil quality which can affect the attribution, structure, function and species diversity of plant communities perform integrally with the gradient change of altitude. Compared to other factors, altitude is the most crucial factor influence the species attribution in the study of diversity. So it is very important to carry on the study of species diversity attribution ranging with the altitude in the forest of mountain region.
The major objective is to analyze the distribution of plant species diversity and evaluate the forest resource of Laoshan mountain region in Shandong province. The project containe two main tasks, in the first period we research the plant resource and diversity in the region with sample plots, all the field works processed in summer and detailed record was kept in this period. Then in the last period we dealt with the records of species structure, composing, function and environmental factors, analyzed the species diversity. Finally we got a distinct but thoroughly realization of plant communities in Laoshan mountain region, summarized the plant communities distribution, composition and properties successfully. The subject can serve the protection and utilization of Shandong forest resources. Also this subject can improve the protection of plant diversity, ecology management and expectation.
The investigation of Laoshan mountainous forest region in plant diversity and its attribution was based on series of important values and indices, such as Patrick index, Simpson index, Shannon-Wiener index and Pielou index. In another way, we made a detailed analysis of connection between plant community and environmental factors with CCA method, all the factors included altitude, slope gradient, slope aspect, soil pH, organic matter, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus. In our conclusion, the plant patterns in Laoshan forest region contained Pinus thunbergii Parlatore, Larix kaempferi, P.densiflora, Robinia pseudoacacia, Sorbus alnifolia. Plant diversity research reveal that different from any other regions, the Patrick index and Shannon-Wiener index connect with altitude in the form of bimodal pattern, the peak values appeared at300m and600m, the valley value is located at840m. The Simpson index and Pielou index change mildly with altitude. Further investigation of total communities, tree layer, shrub layer and herb layer with CCA conduct the conclusion that the distribution of plant communities in Laoshan forest region was influenced majorly by altitude, the influence of human activity was evidently in some regions. Any other factors such as slope gradient, slope aspect, soil pH, organic matter, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus only influenced the species attribution in a few single regions, in Laoshan region this influence was in limited degree.
引文
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Ma K P,Huang J H,Yu S L,Chen L Z.Plant community diversity in Dongling Mountain, Beijing, China. Ⅱ.Species richness, evenness and species diversities. Acta Ecologica Sinica.1995,15:268～277.
O'Brien, E M.,Field,R.and Whittaker,R.J.Climatic gradients in woody plant (tree and shrub) diversity:water-energy dynamics,residual variation and topography. Oikos. 2000,89:588～600.
Odland A.and Birks,H.J.B.The altitudinal gradient of vascular plant richness in Aurland,western Norway. Ecography.1999.22:548～566.
Oksanen J, Blanchet F, Kindt R, Legendre P, and other five authors.2010.
ter Braak C J F,Smilauer P.CANOCO reference manual and CanoDraw for Windows user's guide:Software for canonation community ordination. Version 4.5. Microcomputer Power,Ithaca,New York,USA.
Waide R B,Willig M R,Steiner C F,et al.The relationship between productivity and species richness.Ann Rev Ecol Syst.1999,30:257-300
Whittaker R H.Evolution and measurement of species diversity. Taxon.1972,21: 213-251.
Zhang J M.Study on temporal and spatial distribution of climate resource in Yili River Basin.Arid Meteorology.2006,24(2):1～4.
Pielou E C,卢泽愚译.数学生态学引论.科学出版社.1978,6：256～320.
陈灵芝.中国的生物多样性-现状与保护对策.科学出版社.1993.
方精云,王襄平,沈泽昊,唐志尧等.植物群落清查的主要内容、方法和技术规范生物多样性.2009,17(6)：533～548.
樊守金,胡泽绪,崂山植物志.科学出版社.2003.
何诚,冯仲科,袁进军,王佳,巩垠熙,董志海.高光谱遥感技术在生物多样性保护中的应用研究进展.光谱学与光谱分析.2012,32(6)：79～84.
贺金生,陈伟烈.陆地植物群落物种多样性的梯度变化特征.生态学报.1997,17：91～99.
蒋志刚,马克平,韩兴国.保护生物学.浙江科学技术出版社.1997.
赖江山.基于软件包vegan的生态学数据排序分析.中国生物多样性保护与研究进展.2004,4：351～362.
李博,杨持.生态学.高等教育出版社.2000.
刘灿然,马克平.生物群落多样性的测度方法.生态学报.1997,17(6)：601～610.
李延梅,牛栋,张志强,曲建升.国际生物多样性研究学计划与热点述评.生态学报.2009,29(4)
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