驾驶员视觉特性与山区高速公路长大纵坡线形指标关系研究
|
摘要
山区高速公路长大纵坡线形指标的研究,对长大纵坡的设计和交通安全改善有重要意义。在以往关于线形指标的研究中,多以汽车的动力性能为标准,而缺少对人的因素的考虑,特别是对道路安全有着重要意义的驾驶员的考虑。本文提出基于驾驶员视觉特性,注重以人为本的理念,选择视觉指标,应用先进的测量技术和测试仪器以及工程数学方面的理论方法,进行实车试验,并对试验数据进行定性和定量分析,得到定性和定量的道路线形指标的确定方法。
首先,根据视觉特性,确定与道路线形有关的视觉指标,这里选取了三个指标,视觉轨迹,瞳孔面积变化率和眼闪次数与注视次数比。然后,根据研究目的设计试验,研究驾驶员的视觉规律。在驾驶模拟舱模拟现实道路条件下,设计试验,同步采集山区高速公路长大纵坡段的驾驶员视点运动轨迹、眼动、行车速度、线形指标等数据。最后,将每一个指标单独作为一个章节进行研究,并且每一视觉指标与道路线形指标的关系分析都分两部分进行:一是不同半径平曲线的驾驶员视觉特性分析,分析平曲线半径对驾驶员视觉特性的影响;二是陡坡与缓坡段的视觉特性分析,主要分析陡坡、缓坡在驾驶过程中对视觉特性的影响。
论文研究得到了如下结论:汽车在长大纵坡上运行时视点运动轨迹规律和频率F(v)阈值为2.2次/百米;研究驾驶员瞳孔面积变化率与道路线形指标之间的关系,并提出以瞳孔面积变化率值6.0和25.0作为判别道路线形指标合理性的判断标准;研究眼闪次数和注视次数与道路线形指标之间的关系,并确定眼闪次数与注视次数比值的阈值0.20。综合以上三个指标,得到论文所选组合段的平曲线最小半径为460m。
Research on alignment indicators of long and steep slope in mountain area, is important for design of long and steep slope and improvement of traffic safety. In the past, researches usually used automobile dynamic puality as the standard on the research of the alignment indicators and lacked consideration of the human factor, particularly on the consideration of driver who has important significance in road safety. This paper, based on visual characteristics of the driver, pays attention to people-centered concept, select visual indicators, the use of advanced measuring technology and test equipment and engineering aspects of the mathematical theory, real vehicle testing, and experimental data qualitative and quantitative analysis.
This thesis, based on the drivers’visual characteristic, emphasizing on the idea of people foremost, chooses visual indexes, and uses advanced measuring technique and machines and theory of engineering mathematics, by doing vehicle tests, qualitatively and quantitatively analyzes test datum, finally obtains evaluation method of highway alignment indicators. Firstly, based on visual characteristic theory, the index for evaluating alignment consistency of long and steep slope of freeway in mountain area is ascertained. In the thesis, three indexes are chosen, in which are visual orbit, variance ratio of pupil area, and ratio of blink number to fixation number. Secondly, the tests are designed according to research objective. In long and steep continuous slope section of freeway in mountain area, highway alignment exists as combination, so this thesis takes the common and representative steep slope and flat slope inserted into curves of different radius as test section, meanwhile samples datum of viewpoint movement orbit, eyes movement, speed and alignment indexes with car drives in long and steep continuous slope of freeway in mountain area. Finally, this part is the main part of the thesis, and each index is researched as a chapter, respectively and the relation analysis between visual index and highway alignment is studied in two aspects: one is the difference of drivers’visual characteristic influenced by different curve; the other one is visual characteristic analysis in steep and flat slope, which is about the influence of visual characteristic by steep and flat slope when driver is driving.
The conclusions from the research show that: when car runs in long and steep continuous slope section, the highway alignment of frequency F(v) is 2.2 /one hundred meter; the thesis also analyzes the relation between pupil area variance ratio and highway alignment, and proposes the value 6.0 and 25.0 of pupil area variance ratio as the standard of judging highway alignment; the thesis researches the relation between blink number, fixation number and alignment, and chooses the threshold value 0.20 of the ratio of blink number to fixation number as the standard of judging highway alignment. Based on the above three indicators, thesis concludes that the level of the minimum radius of 460m.
首先,根据视觉特性,确定与道路线形有关的视觉指标,这里选取了三个指标,视觉轨迹,瞳孔面积变化率和眼闪次数与注视次数比。然后,根据研究目的设计试验,研究驾驶员的视觉规律。在驾驶模拟舱模拟现实道路条件下,设计试验,同步采集山区高速公路长大纵坡段的驾驶员视点运动轨迹、眼动、行车速度、线形指标等数据。最后,将每一个指标单独作为一个章节进行研究,并且每一视觉指标与道路线形指标的关系分析都分两部分进行:一是不同半径平曲线的驾驶员视觉特性分析,分析平曲线半径对驾驶员视觉特性的影响;二是陡坡与缓坡段的视觉特性分析,主要分析陡坡、缓坡在驾驶过程中对视觉特性的影响。
论文研究得到了如下结论:汽车在长大纵坡上运行时视点运动轨迹规律和频率F(v)阈值为2.2次/百米;研究驾驶员瞳孔面积变化率与道路线形指标之间的关系,并提出以瞳孔面积变化率值6.0和25.0作为判别道路线形指标合理性的判断标准;研究眼闪次数和注视次数与道路线形指标之间的关系,并确定眼闪次数与注视次数比值的阈值0.20。综合以上三个指标,得到论文所选组合段的平曲线最小半径为460m。
Research on alignment indicators of long and steep slope in mountain area, is important for design of long and steep slope and improvement of traffic safety. In the past, researches usually used automobile dynamic puality as the standard on the research of the alignment indicators and lacked consideration of the human factor, particularly on the consideration of driver who has important significance in road safety. This paper, based on visual characteristics of the driver, pays attention to people-centered concept, select visual indicators, the use of advanced measuring technology and test equipment and engineering aspects of the mathematical theory, real vehicle testing, and experimental data qualitative and quantitative analysis.
This thesis, based on the drivers’visual characteristic, emphasizing on the idea of people foremost, chooses visual indexes, and uses advanced measuring technique and machines and theory of engineering mathematics, by doing vehicle tests, qualitatively and quantitatively analyzes test datum, finally obtains evaluation method of highway alignment indicators. Firstly, based on visual characteristic theory, the index for evaluating alignment consistency of long and steep slope of freeway in mountain area is ascertained. In the thesis, three indexes are chosen, in which are visual orbit, variance ratio of pupil area, and ratio of blink number to fixation number. Secondly, the tests are designed according to research objective. In long and steep continuous slope section of freeway in mountain area, highway alignment exists as combination, so this thesis takes the common and representative steep slope and flat slope inserted into curves of different radius as test section, meanwhile samples datum of viewpoint movement orbit, eyes movement, speed and alignment indexes with car drives in long and steep continuous slope of freeway in mountain area. Finally, this part is the main part of the thesis, and each index is researched as a chapter, respectively and the relation analysis between visual index and highway alignment is studied in two aspects: one is the difference of drivers’visual characteristic influenced by different curve; the other one is visual characteristic analysis in steep and flat slope, which is about the influence of visual characteristic by steep and flat slope when driver is driving.
The conclusions from the research show that: when car runs in long and steep continuous slope section, the highway alignment of frequency F(v) is 2.2 /one hundred meter; the thesis also analyzes the relation between pupil area variance ratio and highway alignment, and proposes the value 6.0 and 25.0 of pupil area variance ratio as the standard of judging highway alignment; the thesis researches the relation between blink number, fixation number and alignment, and chooses the threshold value 0.20 of the ratio of blink number to fixation number as the standard of judging highway alignment. Based on the above three indicators, thesis concludes that the level of the minimum radius of 460m.
引文
[1] 闫莹.公路长大下坡路段线形指标对驾驶员心理生理影响的研究:[长安大学硕士学位论文].西安:长安大学, 2006,1-3
[2] 周 荣 贵 , 孙 家 凤 . 高 速 公 路 纵 坡 坡 度 与 运 行 速 度 的 关 系 . 公 路 交 通 科技,2003,20(4):34-37
[3] 任福田.交通工程心理学.北京:北京工业大学出版社,1993,3
[4] Rockwell T. Skills, judgment, and information acquisition in driving. In: Human factors in highway traffic safety research. New York, 1972,133-164
[5] Mourant R R, Ge Z. Measuring attentional demand in a virtual environments driving simulator. In: Proc, 41st Annual Meeting, Human Factors and Ergonomics Society. Santa Monica Calif, 1997,1268-1272
[6] Hassan Y, Easa S M. Effect of vertical alignment on driver perception of horizontal curves. J Transp Eng, 2003,129(4):399-407
[7] G Johanssen. Workload and Workload Measurements in N Moray (ed) Mental Workload. New York: Plenum Publishing, 1979,3-12
[8] Blaauw G J. Vehicle guidance by delineation system at night. Ergonomics, 1985, 28(12),1601-1615
[9] J W Senders, A B Kristofferson, W H Levison. The Attentional Demand of Automobile Driving. In: HRR 195, Road User Characteristics. New York, 1967,15-33
[10] Hicks T G, Wierwille W W. Comparison of five mental workload assessment procedures in a moving base driving simulation. Hum Factors, 1979,21(2):129-144
[11] Easa S M, Ganguly C. Evaluation of driver mental workload on complex highway alignments. J Transp Eng, 2005,131(8):583-590
[12] Messer C J. Methodology for evaluating geometric design consistency. In: Transportation Research Record 757, Transportation Research Board. Washington D C, 1980,7-14
[13] 闫国利,田宏杰,张仙峰.汽车驾驶行为的眼动研究.心理科学,2005,28(5):1211-1212
[14] 闫国利.眼动分析法在心理学中的应用.天津:天津教育出版社,1998,31-49
[15] Ratliff F A, Riggs L A. Involuntary motions of the eye during monocularfixation. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 1950,40(6):687
[16] Shackel B. Note on mobile eye viewpoint recording. Journal of the Optical Society of America, 1960,50(8):763
[17] Dishart D C, Land M F. The development of the eye movement strategies of learner drivers. In: Eye Guidance in Reading and Scene Perception. England , 1998,419-430
[18] 彭晓武,王正伦,杨磊.VDT 阅读作业脑力负荷的评价.工业卫生与职业病, 2006,32(6):321-325
[19] 彭晓武,贺奇才,籍涛.视觉显示终端心算作业脑力负荷的评价.中华劳动卫生职业病,2006,24(12):726-729
[20] 康卫勇,袁修干,柳忠起等.瞳孔的变化与脑力负荷关系的试验分析.航天医学与医学工程,2007,20(5):364-366
[21] 李勇,阴国恩,陈燕丽.阅读中疲劳、心理负荷因素对瞳孔大小的调节作用.心理与行为研究,2004,2(3):545-548
[22] 闫 国 利 , 白 学 军 , 陈 向 阳 . 阅 读 过 程 的 眼 动 理 论 综 述 . 心 理 与 行 为 研究,2003,1(2):156-160
[23] 闰 国 利 , 白 学 军 . 广 告 心 理 学 中 的 眼 动 研 究 和 发 展 趋 势 . 心 理 科学,2004,27(2):459-461
[24] 大塚胜美,木仓正美.公路线形设计.北京:人民交通出版社,1981,3
[25] 方鼎.汽车驾驶员动态视认性的实验研究:[长安大学硕士论文].西安:长安大学,2005,9-16
[26] 赵 新 灿 , 左 洪 福 , 任 勇 军 . 动 仪 与 视 线 跟 踪 技 术 综 述 . 计 算 机 工 程 与 应用,2006,34(12):118-120
[27] 中国人民大学舆论研究所传播心理实验工作室.读者阅读中文报纸版面视觉轨迹及其规律——一项基于眼动仪的实验研究.国际新闻界,2007,4(8):5-19
[28] 韩玉昌.眼动仪和眼动实验法的发展历程.心理科学,2000,23(4):454-457
[29] 刘伟,袁修干.人的视觉—眼动系统的研究.人类工效学,2000,6(4):41-44
[30] 陈军.公路线形连续性设计方法的研究:[长安大学硕士学位论文].西安长:安大学,2003,6-10
[31] 张森,李京诚,徐守森等.眼动仪的开发现状及其在运动心理领域的应用.首都体育学院学报,2007,19(2):43-45
[32] 马勇.基于眼动分析的汽车驾驶员视觉搜索模式研究:[长安大学硕士学位论文].西安:长安大学,2006,1-9
[33] 李德慧 ,胡江碧 ,荣建等 .驾驶行为研究模拟舱实验整体方案 .交通与计算机,2006,24(5):9-15
[34] 史小丽.基于交通安全的西部公路线形设计标准研究:[长安大学硕士学位论文].西安:长安大学,2005,40-41
[35] 温 希 伟 , 许 延 刚 . 关 于 高 等 级 公 路 的 纵 坡 长 度 的 探 讨 . 黑 龙 江 交 通 科技,2004,27(4):12-12
[36] 祝蓓里.运动心理学原理与应用.上海:华东化工学院出版社,1992,5
[37] 邓岚,何存道,沈玮.安全驾驶员与事故驾驶员视觉选择性注意的比较研究.人类工效学,1995,1(2):35-38
[38] Kay Fitzpatrick, Mark D Wooldridge, Omer Tsimhoni. Alternative Design Consistency Rating Methods for Two-Lane Rural Highways. Texas: The Texas A&M University System College Station, 1999,129-135
[39] 郑柯.纵坡对高速公路直线段行车速度和驾驶员心律的影响分析.见:国际公路安全研讨会论文集.北京:人民交通出版社,2005,362-365
[40] 中华人民共和国交通部.公路路线设计规范(JTG D20—2006).北京:人民交通出版社.2006,29-29
[41] Chapman P R, Undrwood G. Visual Search of Dynamic Scenes: Event Types and the Role of Experience in Viewing Driving Situations. In: Eye Guidance in Reading and Scene Perception. England, 1998,369-394
[2] 周 荣 贵 , 孙 家 凤 . 高 速 公 路 纵 坡 坡 度 与 运 行 速 度 的 关 系 . 公 路 交 通 科技,2003,20(4):34-37
[3] 任福田.交通工程心理学.北京:北京工业大学出版社,1993,3
[4] Rockwell T. Skills, judgment, and information acquisition in driving. In: Human factors in highway traffic safety research. New York, 1972,133-164
[5] Mourant R R, Ge Z. Measuring attentional demand in a virtual environments driving simulator. In: Proc, 41st Annual Meeting, Human Factors and Ergonomics Society. Santa Monica Calif, 1997,1268-1272
[6] Hassan Y, Easa S M. Effect of vertical alignment on driver perception of horizontal curves. J Transp Eng, 2003,129(4):399-407
[7] G Johanssen. Workload and Workload Measurements in N Moray (ed) Mental Workload. New York: Plenum Publishing, 1979,3-12
[8] Blaauw G J. Vehicle guidance by delineation system at night. Ergonomics, 1985, 28(12),1601-1615
[9] J W Senders, A B Kristofferson, W H Levison. The Attentional Demand of Automobile Driving. In: HRR 195, Road User Characteristics. New York, 1967,15-33
[10] Hicks T G, Wierwille W W. Comparison of five mental workload assessment procedures in a moving base driving simulation. Hum Factors, 1979,21(2):129-144
[11] Easa S M, Ganguly C. Evaluation of driver mental workload on complex highway alignments. J Transp Eng, 2005,131(8):583-590
[12] Messer C J. Methodology for evaluating geometric design consistency. In: Transportation Research Record 757, Transportation Research Board. Washington D C, 1980,7-14
[13] 闫国利,田宏杰,张仙峰.汽车驾驶行为的眼动研究.心理科学,2005,28(5):1211-1212
[14] 闫国利.眼动分析法在心理学中的应用.天津:天津教育出版社,1998,31-49
[15] Ratliff F A, Riggs L A. Involuntary motions of the eye during monocularfixation. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 1950,40(6):687
[16] Shackel B. Note on mobile eye viewpoint recording. Journal of the Optical Society of America, 1960,50(8):763
[17] Dishart D C, Land M F. The development of the eye movement strategies of learner drivers. In: Eye Guidance in Reading and Scene Perception. England , 1998,419-430
[18] 彭晓武,王正伦,杨磊.VDT 阅读作业脑力负荷的评价.工业卫生与职业病, 2006,32(6):321-325
[19] 彭晓武,贺奇才,籍涛.视觉显示终端心算作业脑力负荷的评价.中华劳动卫生职业病,2006,24(12):726-729
[20] 康卫勇,袁修干,柳忠起等.瞳孔的变化与脑力负荷关系的试验分析.航天医学与医学工程,2007,20(5):364-366
[21] 李勇,阴国恩,陈燕丽.阅读中疲劳、心理负荷因素对瞳孔大小的调节作用.心理与行为研究,2004,2(3):545-548
[22] 闫 国 利 , 白 学 军 , 陈 向 阳 . 阅 读 过 程 的 眼 动 理 论 综 述 . 心 理 与 行 为 研究,2003,1(2):156-160
[23] 闰 国 利 , 白 学 军 . 广 告 心 理 学 中 的 眼 动 研 究 和 发 展 趋 势 . 心 理 科学,2004,27(2):459-461
[24] 大塚胜美,木仓正美.公路线形设计.北京:人民交通出版社,1981,3
[25] 方鼎.汽车驾驶员动态视认性的实验研究:[长安大学硕士论文].西安:长安大学,2005,9-16
[26] 赵 新 灿 , 左 洪 福 , 任 勇 军 . 动 仪 与 视 线 跟 踪 技 术 综 述 . 计 算 机 工 程 与 应用,2006,34(12):118-120
[27] 中国人民大学舆论研究所传播心理实验工作室.读者阅读中文报纸版面视觉轨迹及其规律——一项基于眼动仪的实验研究.国际新闻界,2007,4(8):5-19
[28] 韩玉昌.眼动仪和眼动实验法的发展历程.心理科学,2000,23(4):454-457
[29] 刘伟,袁修干.人的视觉—眼动系统的研究.人类工效学,2000,6(4):41-44
[30] 陈军.公路线形连续性设计方法的研究:[长安大学硕士学位论文].西安长:安大学,2003,6-10
[31] 张森,李京诚,徐守森等.眼动仪的开发现状及其在运动心理领域的应用.首都体育学院学报,2007,19(2):43-45
[32] 马勇.基于眼动分析的汽车驾驶员视觉搜索模式研究:[长安大学硕士学位论文].西安:长安大学,2006,1-9
[33] 李德慧 ,胡江碧 ,荣建等 .驾驶行为研究模拟舱实验整体方案 .交通与计算机,2006,24(5):9-15
[34] 史小丽.基于交通安全的西部公路线形设计标准研究:[长安大学硕士学位论文].西安:长安大学,2005,40-41
[35] 温 希 伟 , 许 延 刚 . 关 于 高 等 级 公 路 的 纵 坡 长 度 的 探 讨 . 黑 龙 江 交 通 科技,2004,27(4):12-12
[36] 祝蓓里.运动心理学原理与应用.上海:华东化工学院出版社,1992,5
[37] 邓岚,何存道,沈玮.安全驾驶员与事故驾驶员视觉选择性注意的比较研究.人类工效学,1995,1(2):35-38
[38] Kay Fitzpatrick, Mark D Wooldridge, Omer Tsimhoni. Alternative Design Consistency Rating Methods for Two-Lane Rural Highways. Texas: The Texas A&M University System College Station, 1999,129-135
[39] 郑柯.纵坡对高速公路直线段行车速度和驾驶员心律的影响分析.见:国际公路安全研讨会论文集.北京:人民交通出版社,2005,362-365
[40] 中华人民共和国交通部.公路路线设计规范(JTG D20—2006).北京:人民交通出版社.2006,29-29
[41] Chapman P R, Undrwood G. Visual Search of Dynamic Scenes: Event Types and the Role of Experience in Viewing Driving Situations. In: Eye Guidance in Reading and Scene Perception. England, 1998,369-394