上扬子地区深部结构与浅部构造关系研究
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摘要
论文选择上扬子地区深部结构与浅部构造关系为研究内容,综合分析利用数字高程模型、重磁资料以及浅部水系、地貌、构造特征,对上扬子地区米仓-汉南隆起、龙门山陆内造山带、大巴山构造带、鄂渝湘和雪峰隆起的结构构造特征进行深入研究,取得如下进展和认识：
1.水系分析结果表明,上扬子及邻区发育树枝状、格状、平行状水系形态,树枝状和格状水系为主要水系形态,平行状水系分布范围有限。四川盆地内部、安康断裂以北地区、米仓山北部地区均发育树枝状水系,大巴山、龙门山、川东及鄂渝湘地区则发育规模和主流方向不同的格状水系,不同区块水系发育特点显著不同,并受深大断裂控制。特别是龙门山和大巴山地区,水系出现直角弯转现象,由北西转为北东方向及北东转为北西方向,即由先前垂直山势的径流水系转为顺山势的纬向水系,反映曾有不同方向的构造应力作用,也说明新生代特别是第三纪以后仍有显著构造活动发生。
2.上扬子及其邻区经历了多期次的构造活动,构造地貌也呈现多元化和显著差异性特点。整个上扬子地区地势大致呈西北高、东南低的楔形斜坡,不同区块的海拔高程差异较大。地形等高线表明龙门山坡度大、海拔高、地势陡峻,呈现由于多次推覆而造成的沟谷纵横型地貌；米仓山和大巴山属中低海拔山体,也形成由于多次逆冲推覆作用而造成的沟谷纵横,但这些沟谷却基本平行,呈现山岭平行排列的带状地貌；四川盆地属低海拔地势,高差变化小且地势平坦；川东与渝鄂湘地区呈现平行山岭排列地貌,是隔槽式、隔档式褶皱构造带在地貌学中的反映。不同地貌单元之间以深大断裂为界,研究区的基本地貌格局被深大断裂控制。
3.布格重力异常的变化主要是深部构造特征的反映,深部构造以隆起和凹陷相间为主要特征。上扬子北部地区为东西走向的隆起和凹陷格局,龙门山、四川盆地及其以东地区为北东走向的基底隆起和沉积凹陷相间格局,显然是受到秦岭造山带、青藏高原和太平洋板块综合影响及多期次构造活动的结果。
4.研究区上地幔顶部(莫霍面)呈东部和东北部高、中部平缓、而西部低的台阶形状,与大地构造区划基本一致。可分为西部幔坡区、北部秦岭幔坡区、东部武陵山幔坡区和中部幔坪区。通过剖面计算,发现莫霍面起伏及其深度变化是造成布格重力异常特征的主要原因。
5.通过对航磁异常特征的分析研究认为,航磁异常主要反映出岩浆岩类和变质结晶基底的构造特征,异常具有多方向性和性质差异大的特点,说明研究区基底由不同性质的地质体组成,由多个块体拼合而成。结合研究区岩石磁性条件,分为川中和川北式、火地垭式、川西南式和湘鄂式四种类型的磁性基底。并推断若干条北西或者近东西走向的隐伏断裂,它们与地表出露断裂呈斜交关系,反映出扬子基底形成过程中的构造活动方向与后期沉积史中的构造活动方向及应力作用存在显著差别。
6.通过对研究区构造变形的分析认为,上部沉积层的构造变形自龙门山陆内造山带向东至四川盆地由厚皮构造向薄皮构造变化,川东北及大巴地区的构造变形则以远距离推覆构造和基底厚皮构造为特点,湘鄂地区以厚皮构造为主,表层构造变形与深部结构构造之间关系复杂。纵向上深部和浅部构造之间存在改造关系、叠加关系和继承性关系；横向上则表现为突变和渐变的关系,这种多元化的关系显然是扬子地块与秦岭造山带和松潘陆块等相邻块体之间相互作用的结果。
This paper focused on the deep and shallow tectonic deformation in the Upper Yangtze region, analyzed structural features of Micang-Hannan terrane, Longmenshan orogenic belt, Dabashan nappe, as well as Er-Yu-Xiang and Xuefeng dome based on Digital Elevation Model, gravity and aeromagnetic, characteristics of water system and geomorphology. According to study results above, following conclusions are obtained.
The water system is mainly characterized as dendritic or latticed within the Upper Yangtze region. Water system was controlled by tectonic activities, especially deep faults. The characters of water system in different tectonic belts are different. Sichuan basin, northern of Ankang fault, and north of Micangshan mainly developed dendritic river, whereas Dabashan, Longmenshan, east of Sichuan basin, and Er-Yu-Xiang area mainly formed latticed river system. It was noticed that river system shown as sharp turns, from NW to NE or reverse, especially in Longmenshan and Dabashan area, indicating that there were multi-stress in different directions existed during Cenozoic.
The study area has experienced multi-phase tectonic activities, and the characteristics of geomorphology were diversified and significant different. Overall the terrain of the study area is characterized as wedge ramp with higher NW and lower SE. Elevation is quite different in the different regions. The Longmanshan and Dabashan, Micangshan slop is steep, gully landform in multiple napping, but valley and mountains are arranged in parallel dabsahan area. The middle of Sichuan basin is a flat area of low elevation. Basic landform pattern of the study area is controlled by the deep fault.
The deep structure features is reflected by the Bugur gravity anomaly. It is primarily characterized by alternation of uplift and depression with morphology of EW structure in the northern region, and NE structure in the Sichuan basin and east area. This tectonic pattern is a result of combined effects of variety factors controlled by Qinling orogenic belt, Tibet plateau and Pacific Plates.
The top of the upper mantle presents a step shape with higher eastern and northeastern, flat central and lower western. It can be divided into several regions of western and eastern Wulingshan and northern Qinling mantles slopes, and middle mantle flat. It is consistent with the tectonic zoning. By calculating the cross-section, it was found that the gravity anomaly was caused by mantle depth difference in the study area.
Anomalies nature is relatively large difference in different regions, and it reflect the distribution of magmatic rocks and the crystalline basement metamorphic, by aeromagnetic data processing. The basement of the study area was consisting of more than one block. Combining the condition of rock magnetism, magnetic basement can be divided into four types. A number of buried faults were inferred that were north-west and nearly east-west trending, which were oblique crossing with near surface faults. It showed that directions of tectonic activity in the formation process of the basement and post-sedimentary history were significant differences in Yangtze region.
The tectonic deformation of upper sediments changed from the thick-skinned structure into the thin-skinned structure, from west to east. Tectonic deformation of the northern regions is characterized by a thick-skinned tectonic and nappe structure with long distance. The relationship between the deep and shallow structure is complexity in Yangtze area, indicated by superimposed, inheritance and transformation in vertical direction, whereas sudden and gradual change relationship in lateral direction. This diversification of relation was the results of collision between the Yangtze plate and adjacent blocks of Qinling orogenic and the Songpan continental segment.
1.水系分析结果表明,上扬子及邻区发育树枝状、格状、平行状水系形态,树枝状和格状水系为主要水系形态,平行状水系分布范围有限。四川盆地内部、安康断裂以北地区、米仓山北部地区均发育树枝状水系,大巴山、龙门山、川东及鄂渝湘地区则发育规模和主流方向不同的格状水系,不同区块水系发育特点显著不同,并受深大断裂控制。特别是龙门山和大巴山地区,水系出现直角弯转现象,由北西转为北东方向及北东转为北西方向,即由先前垂直山势的径流水系转为顺山势的纬向水系,反映曾有不同方向的构造应力作用,也说明新生代特别是第三纪以后仍有显著构造活动发生。
2.上扬子及其邻区经历了多期次的构造活动,构造地貌也呈现多元化和显著差异性特点。整个上扬子地区地势大致呈西北高、东南低的楔形斜坡,不同区块的海拔高程差异较大。地形等高线表明龙门山坡度大、海拔高、地势陡峻,呈现由于多次推覆而造成的沟谷纵横型地貌；米仓山和大巴山属中低海拔山体,也形成由于多次逆冲推覆作用而造成的沟谷纵横,但这些沟谷却基本平行,呈现山岭平行排列的带状地貌；四川盆地属低海拔地势,高差变化小且地势平坦；川东与渝鄂湘地区呈现平行山岭排列地貌,是隔槽式、隔档式褶皱构造带在地貌学中的反映。不同地貌单元之间以深大断裂为界,研究区的基本地貌格局被深大断裂控制。
3.布格重力异常的变化主要是深部构造特征的反映,深部构造以隆起和凹陷相间为主要特征。上扬子北部地区为东西走向的隆起和凹陷格局,龙门山、四川盆地及其以东地区为北东走向的基底隆起和沉积凹陷相间格局,显然是受到秦岭造山带、青藏高原和太平洋板块综合影响及多期次构造活动的结果。
4.研究区上地幔顶部(莫霍面)呈东部和东北部高、中部平缓、而西部低的台阶形状,与大地构造区划基本一致。可分为西部幔坡区、北部秦岭幔坡区、东部武陵山幔坡区和中部幔坪区。通过剖面计算,发现莫霍面起伏及其深度变化是造成布格重力异常特征的主要原因。
5.通过对航磁异常特征的分析研究认为,航磁异常主要反映出岩浆岩类和变质结晶基底的构造特征,异常具有多方向性和性质差异大的特点,说明研究区基底由不同性质的地质体组成,由多个块体拼合而成。结合研究区岩石磁性条件,分为川中和川北式、火地垭式、川西南式和湘鄂式四种类型的磁性基底。并推断若干条北西或者近东西走向的隐伏断裂,它们与地表出露断裂呈斜交关系,反映出扬子基底形成过程中的构造活动方向与后期沉积史中的构造活动方向及应力作用存在显著差别。
6.通过对研究区构造变形的分析认为,上部沉积层的构造变形自龙门山陆内造山带向东至四川盆地由厚皮构造向薄皮构造变化,川东北及大巴地区的构造变形则以远距离推覆构造和基底厚皮构造为特点,湘鄂地区以厚皮构造为主,表层构造变形与深部结构构造之间关系复杂。纵向上深部和浅部构造之间存在改造关系、叠加关系和继承性关系；横向上则表现为突变和渐变的关系,这种多元化的关系显然是扬子地块与秦岭造山带和松潘陆块等相邻块体之间相互作用的结果。
This paper focused on the deep and shallow tectonic deformation in the Upper Yangtze region, analyzed structural features of Micang-Hannan terrane, Longmenshan orogenic belt, Dabashan nappe, as well as Er-Yu-Xiang and Xuefeng dome based on Digital Elevation Model, gravity and aeromagnetic, characteristics of water system and geomorphology. According to study results above, following conclusions are obtained.
The water system is mainly characterized as dendritic or latticed within the Upper Yangtze region. Water system was controlled by tectonic activities, especially deep faults. The characters of water system in different tectonic belts are different. Sichuan basin, northern of Ankang fault, and north of Micangshan mainly developed dendritic river, whereas Dabashan, Longmenshan, east of Sichuan basin, and Er-Yu-Xiang area mainly formed latticed river system. It was noticed that river system shown as sharp turns, from NW to NE or reverse, especially in Longmenshan and Dabashan area, indicating that there were multi-stress in different directions existed during Cenozoic.
The study area has experienced multi-phase tectonic activities, and the characteristics of geomorphology were diversified and significant different. Overall the terrain of the study area is characterized as wedge ramp with higher NW and lower SE. Elevation is quite different in the different regions. The Longmanshan and Dabashan, Micangshan slop is steep, gully landform in multiple napping, but valley and mountains are arranged in parallel dabsahan area. The middle of Sichuan basin is a flat area of low elevation. Basic landform pattern of the study area is controlled by the deep fault.
The deep structure features is reflected by the Bugur gravity anomaly. It is primarily characterized by alternation of uplift and depression with morphology of EW structure in the northern region, and NE structure in the Sichuan basin and east area. This tectonic pattern is a result of combined effects of variety factors controlled by Qinling orogenic belt, Tibet plateau and Pacific Plates.
The top of the upper mantle presents a step shape with higher eastern and northeastern, flat central and lower western. It can be divided into several regions of western and eastern Wulingshan and northern Qinling mantles slopes, and middle mantle flat. It is consistent with the tectonic zoning. By calculating the cross-section, it was found that the gravity anomaly was caused by mantle depth difference in the study area.
Anomalies nature is relatively large difference in different regions, and it reflect the distribution of magmatic rocks and the crystalline basement metamorphic, by aeromagnetic data processing. The basement of the study area was consisting of more than one block. Combining the condition of rock magnetism, magnetic basement can be divided into four types. A number of buried faults were inferred that were north-west and nearly east-west trending, which were oblique crossing with near surface faults. It showed that directions of tectonic activity in the formation process of the basement and post-sedimentary history were significant differences in Yangtze region.
The tectonic deformation of upper sediments changed from the thick-skinned structure into the thin-skinned structure, from west to east. Tectonic deformation of the northern regions is characterized by a thick-skinned tectonic and nappe structure with long distance. The relationship between the deep and shallow structure is complexity in Yangtze area, indicated by superimposed, inheritance and transformation in vertical direction, whereas sudden and gradual change relationship in lateral direction. This diversification of relation was the results of collision between the Yangtze plate and adjacent blocks of Qinling orogenic and the Songpan continental segment.
引文
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