基于遥感的榆林地区生态脆弱性研究
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摘要
中国是世界上生态脆弱区分布面积最大、脆弱生态类型最多、生态脆弱性表现明显的国家之一北方农牧交错带是我国面积最大、空间跨度最长、农牧交错特征最典型的生态脆弱区,是我国华北地区重要的生态屏障。陕西省榆林地区是我国北方农牧交错带的典型地区。本文以榆林地区为研究区,采用遥感(RS)和地理信息系统(GIS)相结合的手段,以景观生态学、气候学、数理统计等学科为理论指导,选取气候因子、土地覆盖、多时相遥感数据以及经济和人口压力等因素,综合分析了研究区生态环境时空变化及其脆弱性状况。利用趋势分析、突变分析、小波分析和景观格局指数等方法,定量分析了研究区气候因子、土地覆盖与景观格局和植被覆盖度的时空变化特征,构建了生态脆弱性评价指标体系,并利用信息集成模型定量评价了研究区的生态脆弱性状况,为我国干旱半干旱地区生态研究和环境评价提供理论基础和科学依据。得到以下结论：
(1)1970-2010年,榆林地区气候转暖,降水量季节和年际波动较大,太阳辐射量下降明显,干旱现象日益明显,气候变化所引起的生态脆弱性增加。近40年来,榆林地区年际气温波动上升,增幅范围在1.4-1.8℃之间,高于全国平均水平,冬季和春季的增温对气温增幅贡献较大。春、秋和冬季的气温指标趋于活跃。年降水量波动较大,变化趋势不明显。夏季降水量减少明显,春季降水量略微增加。春季降水量周期性变化频率减少,其他三个季节的频率增加。太阳辐射下降,且周期变化不明显。
(2)1985-2010年,榆林地区土地覆盖与景观格局变化所引起的生态脆弱性的空间差异增大。随着退耕还林(草)工程的实施,榆林地区东南部的林地面积增加,水体面积增加,耕地和草地面积减少；未利用土地和建设用地保持持续增长的趋势,主要分布在研究区的西北部,土地退化和城市化进程加剧。因此,土地覆盖引起的生态脆弱性在西北部是增加的,在东南部是减少的。景观格局变化以]995年为转折点。1995年前,景观的破碎程度逐渐减小,平均斑块面积逐渐增大,斑块间连通性逐渐增加,空间异质性和景观斑块结构的复杂性减小；1995年后,景观格局呈现相反的趋势。与2000年相比,2010年榆林地区景观格局较复杂,破碎程度较大,异质性和边缘效应较明显,连通性较差,易受到外界干扰和胁迫作用,生态环境比较脆弱。
(3)2000-2011年,榆林地区植被覆盖所引起的生态脆弱性在东南部是在减少的,在西北部的部分地区是增大的。2000-2011年榆林地区植被覆盖在时间尺度上呈现波动增长的趋势,极高覆盖度(Pv>0.70)、高覆盖度(0.7>Pv>0.50)和中等覆盖度(0.50>Pv>0.30)的面积明显增加,其他等级覆盖度的面积呈现出不同程度的减少。从空间尺度上,2000-201]年榆林地区植被覆盖度呈现“东南高、西北低”的态势。近12年来,植被覆盖度在东南部增加明显,而西北部增加不显著,且植被退化现象依然存在。
(4)2000年和2010年榆林地区的生态脆弱性时空分布上呈“西北部趋于脆弱,东南部趋于稳定”的态势。与2000年相比,2010年榆林东南部6个县市的生态脆弱性降低,中部2个市县的生态脆弱性基本不变,西北部毛乌素沙漠边缘地带4个县市的生态脆弱性增加。2000年榆林地区气候较干旱,植被覆盖比较低,耕地和未利用土地的面积比较大,致使整个地区生态环境较脆弱,但因经济发展水平在空间上差异不明显,人为胁迫或干扰作用较小,因而生态脆弱性空间差异不明显。2010年人为因素作用在空间上体现得相对明显。在退耕还林(草)工程推动下,东南部林地面积增加,植被覆盖度明显提高,气候比西北部相对湿润,经济发展相对缓慢,人类活动的负面影响相对较小,因而生态脆弱性水平比较低,且有改善的趋势。西北部地区,植被覆盖度增加不明显,且未利用土地面积增加,经济发展迅速,城市化进程加剧,人类活动影响远远超出了其他生态脆弱性驱动因子的变化幅度,导致生态脆弱性程度增加。
复杂的地理环境和社会经济条件决定了榆林地区生态环境的敏感性和脆弱性,导致了生态脆弱性的时空差异。通过定量地评价和分析榆林地区生态脆弱性的驱动因素和脆弱性程度及其时空分布规律,为区域生态环境的恢复和治理供理论基础和决策依据,为我国北方农牧交错带生态环境调查和监测提供技术支持。本文创新点体现在：定量地分析了榆林地区气候、土地覆盖与景观格局和植被覆盖度的时空变化特征,揭示了各生态脆弱性的驱动因素和表征的时空变化特征,并结合其他生态脆弱性驱动要素(如地形地貌、人类社会经济发展状况等)来构建生态脆弱性评价指标体系。采用相同的数据处理方法和具有可扩展特性的信息集成模型评价了榆林地区生态脆弱性空间分布规律,为不同学科(如遥感、地理信息系统、景观生态学等)开展生态环境研究提供了切入点和思路,实现了不同学科在生态环境脆弱性研究中的综合应用。
China is one of country with the largest ecological area, most ecological types, and obvious ecological vulnerability in the world. Argo-pastoral transitional zone is typical ecological vulnerable zone, with the biggest area, the longest spatial span and special agro-pastoral transitional character in China, and is also an important ecological shelter for North China. Yulin region in Shaanxi province is a typical vulnerable area in agro-pastoral transitional zone. In our study, Yulin region was taken as study area. We combined the methods of Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information System, made several disciplines as theoretical guidance, such as landscape ecology, climatology, statistics, and son on, further selected some ecological factors, for example, climate factors, land cover, multi-temporal remote sensing data, economy, pressure, and quantitatively analyzed spatial-temporal variation of ecological environment and the status of its' vulnerability. By using of trend analysis, abrupt analysis, wavelet analysis, landscape indexes, the spatial and temporal characteristic of climate factors, land cover and landscape, and vegetation fractional cover were quantitatively analyzed. The evaluation index system of ecological vulnerability was built based on analysis above. The ecological vulnerability of Yulin region was quantitatively evaluated by using of the information integration model. With the study, it can be provide the theoretical foundation and scientific basis for arid and semi-arid region in China. Through the above study, some conclusions were acquired as following:
(1) During1970-2010, Climate in Yulin region gradually turn warm, precipitation fluctuate very much, and solar radiation descend obviously. The ecological vulnerability resulted form climate change gradually ascend. In past40years, the annual temperature indicators showed obvious fluctuation trend, and increased with the range of1.4-1.8℃, which was higher than the national average level. The increasing of temperature in spring and winter had much contribution to the ascend of temperature in the study region. The indexes of temperature in spring, autumn and winter become active. Annual precipitation fluctuates very much and the tendency was not obvious. Precipitation in summer and winter decreased, while increased slightly in spring. The frequency of periodic changes of precipitation in spring ascends, and descends in other three seasons. Solar radiation showed a down trend, and periodic changes of them were not obvious. Thus, ecological vulnerability caused by climate change increased in Yulin region.
(2) During1985-2010, the spatial difference of ecological vulnerability resulted by the change of land cover and landscape ascend.under the development of returning farmland to woodland project, woodland and water body gradually increased, farmland and grassland decreased in the southeastern part of Yulin region. Unused land and settlement keep a sustained growth trend, and this phenomenon mainly distributed in the northwestern part of the region. Land degradation and urbanization also intensified in this part. Thus, ecological vulnerability caused by land cover change increased in the northwestern part, and decreased in the southeastern part of Yulin region. The landscape changes in1995in Yulin region marked as a turning point. Before1995, the degree of landscape fragmentation reduced gradually. The average area and connectivity of patch increased gradually. Spatial heterogeneity and the complexity of landscape structure also reduced. After1995, the landscape pattern present opposite tendency. Compared with2000, the landscape pattern in2010was relatively complex, with poor connectivity, and obvious fragmentation. Thus, the ecological vulnerability caused by landscape change was relatively obvious.
(3) The ecological vulnerability caused by vegetation cover increased in the northwestern part and decreased in the southwestern part in Yulin region. From temporal scale, vegetation fractional cover presented a fluctuant increasing trend in Yulin region during2000-2011. The area of extreme coverage (Pv≥0.70), high coverage (0.7>Pv≥0.50) and medium coverage (0.50>Pv≥0.30) increased obviously. The other levels of coverage area showed difference degree of reduction. From spatial scale, vegetation cover gradually decreased from southeast to northwest during2000-2011. In recent12years, vegetation cover in the southeast of Yulin region increased obviously, but increased insignificantly, and degradation of vegetation still exists in the northwest of the region.
(4) From2000to2010, the temporal-spatial distribution of ecological vulnerability was much difference in Yulin region. Ecological vulnerability gradually became vulnerable in the northwestern part and stable in the southeastern part. Compared to2000, ecological vulnerability in six counties in the southeastern part of the region decreased, basically unchanged in two counties in the central region, and increased in fourth counties on the edge of Mu Us land in the northwestern part. In2000, the climate in Yulin region was very arid, which lead that vegetation fractional cover was very low. Farmland, grassland and unuseland took up most area of Yulin region. The overall level of economic development in the region didn't show much different in space. Thus, ecological environment in Yulin region was very vulnerable, and didn't present much difference in space scale. In2010, the effect of human factors was much obvious in space scale. Under the driven of eco-environment protection measures, the area of woodland increased in the southeastern part of the region. Vegetation cover improved obviously. Climate was more humid than that in the northwestern part. The development of economic was relatively slow. The negative effect of human activity was much slight. Thus, the ecological vulnerability was low, and have an trend of improvement in the southeastern part. But in the northwestern part, vegetation cover increased insignificantly, unused land increased;the economic develop quickly, the urbanization gradually accelerated. The effects on ecological environment from human activity exceed the change speed of other driving factors of ecological vulnerability. Thus, ecological vulnerability in the northwest of Yulin region increased.
The complex geographical conditions and socio-economic conditions determine the sensitivity and vulnerability of ecological environment in Yulin region, resulting in a temporal-spatial difference of ecological vulnerability. Through quantitative evaluation and analysis of driving factors, the degree of ecological vulnerability and its'temporal-spatial distribution, it can provide foundation and basis for decision making for the restoration and improvement of regional ecological environment, and provide technical support for survey and monitoring of ecological environment in the agro-pastoral transitional zone in North China. The innovation in our study can be seen as follows:we quantitatively analyzed the characteristics of spatial-temporal change of climate, land cover and landscape, and vegetation cover, revealed the characteristics of spatial-temporal change of driving factors and characterization of ecological vulnerability, and combined with other driving factors of ecological vulnerability to set up the assessment indexes system of ecological vulnerability. We also used the same processing method and the scalable information integration model to evaluate the spatial-temporal distribution of ecological vulnerability, provided a starting point and ideas for different disciplines to study on ecological environment, such as Remote Sensing, Geographic Information System,Landscape Ecology, and so on, and realized comprehensive application from different disciplines on the study of ecological vulnerability.
(1)1970-2010年,榆林地区气候转暖,降水量季节和年际波动较大,太阳辐射量下降明显,干旱现象日益明显,气候变化所引起的生态脆弱性增加。近40年来,榆林地区年际气温波动上升,增幅范围在1.4-1.8℃之间,高于全国平均水平,冬季和春季的增温对气温增幅贡献较大。春、秋和冬季的气温指标趋于活跃。年降水量波动较大,变化趋势不明显。夏季降水量减少明显,春季降水量略微增加。春季降水量周期性变化频率减少,其他三个季节的频率增加。太阳辐射下降,且周期变化不明显。
(2)1985-2010年,榆林地区土地覆盖与景观格局变化所引起的生态脆弱性的空间差异增大。随着退耕还林(草)工程的实施,榆林地区东南部的林地面积增加,水体面积增加,耕地和草地面积减少；未利用土地和建设用地保持持续增长的趋势,主要分布在研究区的西北部,土地退化和城市化进程加剧。因此,土地覆盖引起的生态脆弱性在西北部是增加的,在东南部是减少的。景观格局变化以]995年为转折点。1995年前,景观的破碎程度逐渐减小,平均斑块面积逐渐增大,斑块间连通性逐渐增加,空间异质性和景观斑块结构的复杂性减小；1995年后,景观格局呈现相反的趋势。与2000年相比,2010年榆林地区景观格局较复杂,破碎程度较大,异质性和边缘效应较明显,连通性较差,易受到外界干扰和胁迫作用,生态环境比较脆弱。
(3)2000-2011年,榆林地区植被覆盖所引起的生态脆弱性在东南部是在减少的,在西北部的部分地区是增大的。2000-2011年榆林地区植被覆盖在时间尺度上呈现波动增长的趋势,极高覆盖度(Pv>0.70)、高覆盖度(0.7>Pv>0.50)和中等覆盖度(0.50>Pv>0.30)的面积明显增加,其他等级覆盖度的面积呈现出不同程度的减少。从空间尺度上,2000-201]年榆林地区植被覆盖度呈现“东南高、西北低”的态势。近12年来,植被覆盖度在东南部增加明显,而西北部增加不显著,且植被退化现象依然存在。
(4)2000年和2010年榆林地区的生态脆弱性时空分布上呈“西北部趋于脆弱,东南部趋于稳定”的态势。与2000年相比,2010年榆林东南部6个县市的生态脆弱性降低,中部2个市县的生态脆弱性基本不变,西北部毛乌素沙漠边缘地带4个县市的生态脆弱性增加。2000年榆林地区气候较干旱,植被覆盖比较低,耕地和未利用土地的面积比较大,致使整个地区生态环境较脆弱,但因经济发展水平在空间上差异不明显,人为胁迫或干扰作用较小,因而生态脆弱性空间差异不明显。2010年人为因素作用在空间上体现得相对明显。在退耕还林(草)工程推动下,东南部林地面积增加,植被覆盖度明显提高,气候比西北部相对湿润,经济发展相对缓慢,人类活动的负面影响相对较小,因而生态脆弱性水平比较低,且有改善的趋势。西北部地区,植被覆盖度增加不明显,且未利用土地面积增加,经济发展迅速,城市化进程加剧,人类活动影响远远超出了其他生态脆弱性驱动因子的变化幅度,导致生态脆弱性程度增加。
复杂的地理环境和社会经济条件决定了榆林地区生态环境的敏感性和脆弱性,导致了生态脆弱性的时空差异。通过定量地评价和分析榆林地区生态脆弱性的驱动因素和脆弱性程度及其时空分布规律,为区域生态环境的恢复和治理供理论基础和决策依据,为我国北方农牧交错带生态环境调查和监测提供技术支持。本文创新点体现在：定量地分析了榆林地区气候、土地覆盖与景观格局和植被覆盖度的时空变化特征,揭示了各生态脆弱性的驱动因素和表征的时空变化特征,并结合其他生态脆弱性驱动要素(如地形地貌、人类社会经济发展状况等)来构建生态脆弱性评价指标体系。采用相同的数据处理方法和具有可扩展特性的信息集成模型评价了榆林地区生态脆弱性空间分布规律,为不同学科(如遥感、地理信息系统、景观生态学等)开展生态环境研究提供了切入点和思路,实现了不同学科在生态环境脆弱性研究中的综合应用。
China is one of country with the largest ecological area, most ecological types, and obvious ecological vulnerability in the world. Argo-pastoral transitional zone is typical ecological vulnerable zone, with the biggest area, the longest spatial span and special agro-pastoral transitional character in China, and is also an important ecological shelter for North China. Yulin region in Shaanxi province is a typical vulnerable area in agro-pastoral transitional zone. In our study, Yulin region was taken as study area. We combined the methods of Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information System, made several disciplines as theoretical guidance, such as landscape ecology, climatology, statistics, and son on, further selected some ecological factors, for example, climate factors, land cover, multi-temporal remote sensing data, economy, pressure, and quantitatively analyzed spatial-temporal variation of ecological environment and the status of its' vulnerability. By using of trend analysis, abrupt analysis, wavelet analysis, landscape indexes, the spatial and temporal characteristic of climate factors, land cover and landscape, and vegetation fractional cover were quantitatively analyzed. The evaluation index system of ecological vulnerability was built based on analysis above. The ecological vulnerability of Yulin region was quantitatively evaluated by using of the information integration model. With the study, it can be provide the theoretical foundation and scientific basis for arid and semi-arid region in China. Through the above study, some conclusions were acquired as following:
(1) During1970-2010, Climate in Yulin region gradually turn warm, precipitation fluctuate very much, and solar radiation descend obviously. The ecological vulnerability resulted form climate change gradually ascend. In past40years, the annual temperature indicators showed obvious fluctuation trend, and increased with the range of1.4-1.8℃, which was higher than the national average level. The increasing of temperature in spring and winter had much contribution to the ascend of temperature in the study region. The indexes of temperature in spring, autumn and winter become active. Annual precipitation fluctuates very much and the tendency was not obvious. Precipitation in summer and winter decreased, while increased slightly in spring. The frequency of periodic changes of precipitation in spring ascends, and descends in other three seasons. Solar radiation showed a down trend, and periodic changes of them were not obvious. Thus, ecological vulnerability caused by climate change increased in Yulin region.
(2) During1985-2010, the spatial difference of ecological vulnerability resulted by the change of land cover and landscape ascend.under the development of returning farmland to woodland project, woodland and water body gradually increased, farmland and grassland decreased in the southeastern part of Yulin region. Unused land and settlement keep a sustained growth trend, and this phenomenon mainly distributed in the northwestern part of the region. Land degradation and urbanization also intensified in this part. Thus, ecological vulnerability caused by land cover change increased in the northwestern part, and decreased in the southeastern part of Yulin region. The landscape changes in1995in Yulin region marked as a turning point. Before1995, the degree of landscape fragmentation reduced gradually. The average area and connectivity of patch increased gradually. Spatial heterogeneity and the complexity of landscape structure also reduced. After1995, the landscape pattern present opposite tendency. Compared with2000, the landscape pattern in2010was relatively complex, with poor connectivity, and obvious fragmentation. Thus, the ecological vulnerability caused by landscape change was relatively obvious.
(3) The ecological vulnerability caused by vegetation cover increased in the northwestern part and decreased in the southwestern part in Yulin region. From temporal scale, vegetation fractional cover presented a fluctuant increasing trend in Yulin region during2000-2011. The area of extreme coverage (Pv≥0.70), high coverage (0.7>Pv≥0.50) and medium coverage (0.50>Pv≥0.30) increased obviously. The other levels of coverage area showed difference degree of reduction. From spatial scale, vegetation cover gradually decreased from southeast to northwest during2000-2011. In recent12years, vegetation cover in the southeast of Yulin region increased obviously, but increased insignificantly, and degradation of vegetation still exists in the northwest of the region.
(4) From2000to2010, the temporal-spatial distribution of ecological vulnerability was much difference in Yulin region. Ecological vulnerability gradually became vulnerable in the northwestern part and stable in the southeastern part. Compared to2000, ecological vulnerability in six counties in the southeastern part of the region decreased, basically unchanged in two counties in the central region, and increased in fourth counties on the edge of Mu Us land in the northwestern part. In2000, the climate in Yulin region was very arid, which lead that vegetation fractional cover was very low. Farmland, grassland and unuseland took up most area of Yulin region. The overall level of economic development in the region didn't show much different in space. Thus, ecological environment in Yulin region was very vulnerable, and didn't present much difference in space scale. In2010, the effect of human factors was much obvious in space scale. Under the driven of eco-environment protection measures, the area of woodland increased in the southeastern part of the region. Vegetation cover improved obviously. Climate was more humid than that in the northwestern part. The development of economic was relatively slow. The negative effect of human activity was much slight. Thus, the ecological vulnerability was low, and have an trend of improvement in the southeastern part. But in the northwestern part, vegetation cover increased insignificantly, unused land increased;the economic develop quickly, the urbanization gradually accelerated. The effects on ecological environment from human activity exceed the change speed of other driving factors of ecological vulnerability. Thus, ecological vulnerability in the northwest of Yulin region increased.
The complex geographical conditions and socio-economic conditions determine the sensitivity and vulnerability of ecological environment in Yulin region, resulting in a temporal-spatial difference of ecological vulnerability. Through quantitative evaluation and analysis of driving factors, the degree of ecological vulnerability and its'temporal-spatial distribution, it can provide foundation and basis for decision making for the restoration and improvement of regional ecological environment, and provide technical support for survey and monitoring of ecological environment in the agro-pastoral transitional zone in North China. The innovation in our study can be seen as follows:we quantitatively analyzed the characteristics of spatial-temporal change of climate, land cover and landscape, and vegetation cover, revealed the characteristics of spatial-temporal change of driving factors and characterization of ecological vulnerability, and combined with other driving factors of ecological vulnerability to set up the assessment indexes system of ecological vulnerability. We also used the same processing method and the scalable information integration model to evaluate the spatial-temporal distribution of ecological vulnerability, provided a starting point and ideas for different disciplines to study on ecological environment, such as Remote Sensing, Geographic Information System,Landscape Ecology, and so on, and realized comprehensive application from different disciplines on the study of ecological vulnerability.
引文
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