宝浪油田异常破裂压力预测及降低破裂压力技术研究
摘要
本文为中国石油化工股份有限公司先导项目“宝浪油田复杂条件压裂技术研究”的部分研究内容。勘探开发历程表明，宝浪油田具有储层渗透率低、水敏性强、油层上下或层内有煤层发育、地层破裂压力异常等特点，由于地层破裂压裂高，多数井压后效果不理想，有的井甚至不能压开地层。针对这种情况，本文在广泛文献调研的基础上，以地应力分析为手段，以岩石力学性能测试为基础，从多方面、多角度详细分析了宝浪油田破裂压裂异常的成因，提出了预测破裂压力的方法和降低破裂压力的技术措施，并开展了相关的定量化研究。
本文完成的主要工作包括：
(1)开展了室内岩心差应变分析、测井曲线分析和水力压裂数据分析求取地应力研究，并将各种方法的结果作了对比，压裂施工曲线解释的地应力远高于岩心差应变分析结果和测井曲线解释结果，压裂测量结果应当是较真实反映施工破裂压力的依据。
(2)根据压裂液摩阻、地应力与破裂压力的关系分析及与其它油田的对比分析，探讨了宝浪油田在水力压裂中表现出的异常破裂压力的成因。沉积特征，构造特征和岩石结构等地质因素，是造成破裂压力异常的根本原因，射孔参数、工作液污染，压裂液性能等也与破裂压力异常有关。宝中区块构造作用更强烈，地层渗透性更低，成分成熟度更低，压实程度更强，因而地应力和破裂压力更高。
(3)模拟油层条件下的拟三轴实验确定了岩石和煤层的杨氏弹性模量。宝浪油田岩石弹性模量偏低，容易引起岩石变形而产生较高地应力。岩石破裂实验表明，岩石破裂压力较高，且部分岩样并不产生明显主裂缝。
(4)利用进口的CAD／CAE／CAM软件Pro／Engineer(pro／E)有限元分析程序分析计算了射孔参数、岩石力学性质参数和地应力对射孔眼附近应力分布的影响，认为采用大孔径、深穿透射孔参数有利于降低破裂压力，对套管强度没有实质影响。
(5)根据地应力、孔隙流体压力、岩石力学性质等，建立了预测宝浪油田破裂压力的经验公式。
(6)提出了降低异常破裂压力技术措施，包括高能气体压裂预处理、酸化预处理、优选射孔参数、减小储层伤害、调整压裂液性能等。
(7)按强度理论和断裂理论分析讨论了高能气体压裂预处理降低的破裂压力的数值；讨论了酸化预处理降低破裂压力的机理和数值。给出了相应的理论计算公式。
(8)建立了隔层评价(是否压窜)的简化模型，能够快速预测人工裂缝穿层状况，为调整压裂参数提供了快速方法。
This paper was prepared for Petrochemical of China LTD's pilot project: Investigation of Fracturing Technology in Complex Situation in Baolang Oil Field . Exploration and development history show low reservoir permeability, intense water sensitivity, coal layer growing in oil formation or above and below oil formation and high fracturing working pressure in Baolang oil field, it is different from other low permeability oil field and shows special technological difficult point and is very complex oil field. Based on extensively investigation and research of literature, Baolang oil field earth stress analysis, rock mechanics performance measurement. Baolang oil field reservoir's major feature and perforated well stress analysis, this paper analyzed the reason of abnormal fracture pressure in waterfrac operating and presented method of predicting fracture pressure and technological measurement of reducing fracture pressure and analyzed quantitatively all method's effect. This can direct not only efficient development of Baolang oil field but development of other region with high abnormal fracture pressure. This paper presented:(1) Based on the core differential strain analysis and interpretation of logs and fracture working pressure, earth stress in Baobei block and Baozhong block is analyzed and the friction drag of fracture fluid is explained. The results indicate that earth stress and friction drag of fracture fluid are high in Baolang oil field.(2) The elastic modulus and poisson's ratio of rocks in Baobei block and restraining barrier (mud shale, coal layer) in Baozhong block are measured under the condition of simulation of Baolang oil field's earth stress (confine pressure 50 Mpa) . In the main, low rock's elastic modulus indicates intense reservoir plastic feature in Baolang oil field. The results of rock-breaking experiments under condition of triaxial stress show that fracture pressure of core samples is very high and beyond 80Mpa, the breakdown of granule roundstone's core of well B2219 is not apparent and major fracture is not observed. These results are identical with pressure operating curve.(3) Based on the analysis of rock composition feature, deposition feature and structural feature in Baolang oil field, tectonic action and anomaly transportation and rapid accumulation of sedimentary derivation and intense rock heterogeneity are regarded as the reason that result in abnormal fracture pressure. In Baozhong block, earth stress and fracture pressure are higher because of more intense tectonic action and lower reservoir permeability and lower compositional maturity and more intense compaction degree . In addition, heavy reservoir damage and high friction drag of fracture fluid in Baozhong block are also important and external cause that result in abnormal fracture pressure in Baolang oil field.(4) The CAD/CAE/CAM software Pro/Engineer (Pro/E) finite element analysis program on workstation are used to calculated the effect of stress distribution near perforating tunnel, which are caused by perforating parameter and low stress, it shows that big aperture and deep penetrating parameter can reduce fracture pressure, do not affect casing strength.(5) The cause of abnormal fracture pressure is diverse in waterfrac of Baolang oil field .It is related to perforating parameter and damage of working fluid to reservoir and high fluid
friction drag caused by bad fracture fluid, but preliminary affecting factors are such geofactor as deposition feature, structural feature and rock structure. This paper presented technological measure to reduce breakdown pressure, it includes high energy gas fracture preliminary processing and acidizing preliminary processing and optimized perforating parameter at the basis of optimized fracture fluid performance.(6) According to kinetic process of high energy gas fracture , rock-breaking function was explained . The degree that high energy gas fracture reduce fracture pressure was determined quantitatively, according to the strength theory and failure mechanism of rock mechanics.(7) Ba
本文完成的主要工作包括：
(1)开展了室内岩心差应变分析、测井曲线分析和水力压裂数据分析求取地应力研究，并将各种方法的结果作了对比，压裂施工曲线解释的地应力远高于岩心差应变分析结果和测井曲线解释结果，压裂测量结果应当是较真实反映施工破裂压力的依据。
(2)根据压裂液摩阻、地应力与破裂压力的关系分析及与其它油田的对比分析，探讨了宝浪油田在水力压裂中表现出的异常破裂压力的成因。沉积特征，构造特征和岩石结构等地质因素，是造成破裂压力异常的根本原因，射孔参数、工作液污染，压裂液性能等也与破裂压力异常有关。宝中区块构造作用更强烈，地层渗透性更低，成分成熟度更低，压实程度更强，因而地应力和破裂压力更高。
(3)模拟油层条件下的拟三轴实验确定了岩石和煤层的杨氏弹性模量。宝浪油田岩石弹性模量偏低，容易引起岩石变形而产生较高地应力。岩石破裂实验表明，岩石破裂压力较高，且部分岩样并不产生明显主裂缝。
(4)利用进口的CAD／CAE／CAM软件Pro／Engineer(pro／E)有限元分析程序分析计算了射孔参数、岩石力学性质参数和地应力对射孔眼附近应力分布的影响，认为采用大孔径、深穿透射孔参数有利于降低破裂压力，对套管强度没有实质影响。
(5)根据地应力、孔隙流体压力、岩石力学性质等，建立了预测宝浪油田破裂压力的经验公式。
(6)提出了降低异常破裂压力技术措施，包括高能气体压裂预处理、酸化预处理、优选射孔参数、减小储层伤害、调整压裂液性能等。
(7)按强度理论和断裂理论分析讨论了高能气体压裂预处理降低的破裂压力的数值；讨论了酸化预处理降低破裂压力的机理和数值。给出了相应的理论计算公式。
(8)建立了隔层评价(是否压窜)的简化模型，能够快速预测人工裂缝穿层状况，为调整压裂参数提供了快速方法。
This paper was prepared for Petrochemical of China LTD's pilot project: Investigation of Fracturing Technology in Complex Situation in Baolang Oil Field . Exploration and development history show low reservoir permeability, intense water sensitivity, coal layer growing in oil formation or above and below oil formation and high fracturing working pressure in Baolang oil field, it is different from other low permeability oil field and shows special technological difficult point and is very complex oil field. Based on extensively investigation and research of literature, Baolang oil field earth stress analysis, rock mechanics performance measurement. Baolang oil field reservoir's major feature and perforated well stress analysis, this paper analyzed the reason of abnormal fracture pressure in waterfrac operating and presented method of predicting fracture pressure and technological measurement of reducing fracture pressure and analyzed quantitatively all method's effect. This can direct not only efficient development of Baolang oil field but development of other region with high abnormal fracture pressure. This paper presented:(1) Based on the core differential strain analysis and interpretation of logs and fracture working pressure, earth stress in Baobei block and Baozhong block is analyzed and the friction drag of fracture fluid is explained. The results indicate that earth stress and friction drag of fracture fluid are high in Baolang oil field.(2) The elastic modulus and poisson's ratio of rocks in Baobei block and restraining barrier (mud shale, coal layer) in Baozhong block are measured under the condition of simulation of Baolang oil field's earth stress (confine pressure 50 Mpa) . In the main, low rock's elastic modulus indicates intense reservoir plastic feature in Baolang oil field. The results of rock-breaking experiments under condition of triaxial stress show that fracture pressure of core samples is very high and beyond 80Mpa, the breakdown of granule roundstone's core of well B2219 is not apparent and major fracture is not observed. These results are identical with pressure operating curve.(3) Based on the analysis of rock composition feature, deposition feature and structural feature in Baolang oil field, tectonic action and anomaly transportation and rapid accumulation of sedimentary derivation and intense rock heterogeneity are regarded as the reason that result in abnormal fracture pressure. In Baozhong block, earth stress and fracture pressure are higher because of more intense tectonic action and lower reservoir permeability and lower compositional maturity and more intense compaction degree . In addition, heavy reservoir damage and high friction drag of fracture fluid in Baozhong block are also important and external cause that result in abnormal fracture pressure in Baolang oil field.(4) The CAD/CAE/CAM software Pro/Engineer (Pro/E) finite element analysis program on workstation are used to calculated the effect of stress distribution near perforating tunnel, which are caused by perforating parameter and low stress, it shows that big aperture and deep penetrating parameter can reduce fracture pressure, do not affect casing strength.(5) The cause of abnormal fracture pressure is diverse in waterfrac of Baolang oil field .It is related to perforating parameter and damage of working fluid to reservoir and high fluid
friction drag caused by bad fracture fluid, but preliminary affecting factors are such geofactor as deposition feature, structural feature and rock structure. This paper presented technological measure to reduce breakdown pressure, it includes high energy gas fracture preliminary processing and acidizing preliminary processing and optimized perforating parameter at the basis of optimized fracture fluid performance.(6) According to kinetic process of high energy gas fracture , rock-breaking function was explained . The degree that high energy gas fracture reduce fracture pressure was determined quantitatively, according to the strength theory and failure mechanism of rock mechanics.(7) Ba
引文
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