黔东地区新元古代裂谷盆地演化及地层划分对比研究
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摘要
本文在前人资料和研究成果的基础上,通过对黔东新元古代早期沉积盆地沉积序列、沉积体系、沉积岩相古地理、层序地层、事件地层(火山活动的阶段性分析)等研究以及下江群与邻区地层的对比分析,认为黔东新元古代裂谷系早期沉积涵盖了湘黔桂裂谷盆地三个岩群,不仅有典型的板溪群沉积,也有本区域的下江群灰绿色复理石沉积和桂北丹洲群的沉积存在。三个岩群可大致对应于三个不同的沉积相区:滨岸—浅海陆棚、陆棚斜坡、深水盆地,每个相区沉积各具特色。因此,黔东地区是研究新元古代早期裂谷盆地演化的理想地区。
从沉积序列看,黔东新元古代裂谷系充填应是一个相对独立的地层单元。下为武陵(晋宁)运动形成的角度不整合面所限;其上被南华冰期沉积所超覆,在黔北—湘西北可见角度不大的不整合,而且这一界面是两个不同沉积类型或建造之间的一个转换:板溪群为具有复理石韵律的裂谷系充填,其中发育大量火山碎屑沉积,显示较强的地壳活动性;而上覆的南华冰期沉积所代表的是一个具有准盖层性质的、独特气候环境下的稳定沉积。因此,本文认为雪峰运动是存在的,其时代为Sturtian冰期启动前(约750Ma),它不仅具有构造意义,应还有古气候涵义。
本文在总结目前高精度同位素年代学成果的基础上,指出新元古代湘黔桂裂谷盆地演化的不同阶段均与火山—岩浆事件相联系:裂谷盆地的开启与820Ma时期的双模式岩浆侵入事件有关;裂谷盆地的扩张与790Ma～780Ma时期的基性火山作用相关:裂谷盆地的充填消亡与760Ma时期的基性岩浆侵入和酸性火山喷发密切相关。自此以后,扬子东南缘海相盆地演化进入了一个相对平静的时期,即华南新元古代裂谷盆地沉积是南华纪—古生代海相盆地演化的奠基。
层序的发育一般与海平面的升降变化密切相关,但在黔东新元古代裂谷盆地中,海平面变化对层序发育的影响不明显,而主要是受盆地沉积—构造演化阶段的制约。这是由裂谷盆地早期演化特征决定。黔东新元古代裂谷盆地演化可分为两个大阶段:渐进扩张阶段;快速充填阶段。
渐进扩张阶段:是指下江群甲路组和乌叶组沉积期,该时期裂谷盆地沉积速率较低,沉积作用和沉积序列的发育与海平面的升降变化相关,盆地古地理格局分异明显。该阶段发育两个区域性标志层:甲路组沉积晚期的钙质岩系、乌叶组沉积晚期的碳质岩系,均与低沉积速率相关。
快速充填阶段:是指番召组、清水江组及其以后的平略组和隆里组沉积期。该阶段盆地处于快速充填时期,沉积速率大,地层厚度巨大,沉积作用和沉积序列的发育与海平面变化关系较弱,沉积受同生断裂构造控制明显,沉积相分异不明显。
在渐进扩张阶段,总体上为一个持续海进过程,发育退积序列,并在最后(最大扩张期)出现饥饿沉积—碳质板岩(页岩);在快速充填阶段,总体上为一个持续海退过程,发育进积序列,直至盆地被充填消亡。而由渐进扩张到快速充填构成了一个完整的盆地演化过程,形成了一个完整的超层序。
本文在分析黔东新元古代早期沉积时限的基础上,结合前人关于Sturtian冰期、南华系底界、青白口系年代学的最新研究成果,提出了“板溪系”概念,它是以板溪群或与之相当的高涧群、芙蓉溪群、丹洲群、下江群、登山群、历口群等为代表的一套楔状地层。
研究指出“板溪系”的沉积时限为740～820Ma,是南华纪冰期前的非冰成沉积,是Rodinia裂解机制下的填平补齐沉积;而青白口系沉积是与Rodinia形成相关的板块碰撞机制下坳陷盆地沉积,南华系是与国际成冰系相对应的冰期沉积,是华南新元古代裂谷盆地的第一个盖层,因此,将板溪群、下江群等归入南华系或青白口系均是不合理的。“板溪系”的提出不仅将有利于解决长期存在的南华系划分对比问题,同时也必将有利于新元古代早期裂谷盆地演化与Rodinia超大陆裂解、冰期形成等关系的研究和相关重大气候、环境巨变问题的探讨。
This dissertation draw a conclusion that the deposition of rift basin in early Neoproterozoic in eastern Guizhou consisted of three lithostratigraphic units in Xiang-Qian-Gui rift basin, not only developed typical Banxi Group, but also deposited grayish green Xiajiang Group with flysch suite in eastern Guizhou, and Danzhou group like in Northern Guangxi, by studying depositional sequences, sedimentary systems, depositional lithofacies and paleo-geography, sequence stratigraphy, event stratigraphy (analyzing the stages of volcanic events) and the stratigraphic correlation between Xiajiang group and the other Group in adjacent region and so on, on the basis of predecessors' data and achievement in scientific research. The three Groups corresponding to shore-shallow shelf facies, shelf-slope facies and deep-water basin facies respectively, and each Group has its distinguishing depositional feature. Therefore, Eastern Guizhou is an ideal area carrying out the research on rift basin evolution in Neoproterozoic.
Analyzing from the sedimentary sequence, the deposition of Neoproterozoic rift system in Eastern Guizhou is a relatively independent stratigraphic unit. The unit bottom was the unconformity developed by Wuling Movement, and the unit top was overlapped by glacial deposition of Nanhua System. What's more, an unconformity can be found in Northern Guizhou and North-western Hunan. At the same time, this boundary was an important transformation between different deposition types: Banxi Group was rift basin deposition with flysch suite, and bearing a vast amount of pyroclasts, and this suggests that there was strong activity of crust. But the overlapping glacial deposition stood for steady deposition with penecaprock characteristic, and under unique climate environment. For this reason, this thesis thinks that Xuefeng movement exist, its time was before the Sturtian glacial stage (about 750Ma). The movement not only had tectonic significance, but also had climate significance.
This thesis pointed out that its each evolution stage of Xiang-Qian-Gui rift basin in Neoproterozoic accompanied by magmatism on the basis of summing up high precision isotope timing data at present: the onset of rift basin was related intimately to bimodal magma intrusion at 820ma or so; the expansion of rift basin was related to marine basal volcanic eruption at 790~780Ma or so; the quickly filling and withering out of rift basin was related closely to basal magma intrusion and acid volcanic eruption at 760Ma or so. From then on, the evolution of East-southern Yangtze marine basin came into being a corresponding peaceful period, so the deposition of rift basin in Neoproterozoic was a foundation for marine basin evolution from Nanhua to Paleozoic in South China.
General speaking, sequence's developing is closely related to sea level change, but to rift basin in Neoproterozoic in Eastern Guizhou, sea level change had not evident effect on sequence development, the key effect factor was the deposition—tectonic evolution stage, this was determined by early evolution characteristic of rift basin. The rift basin evolution in Neoproterozoic in Eastern Guizhou can be divided into two stages: Gradually Expanding Stage and Quickly Filling Stage.
Gradually Expanding Stage: namely the depositional stage of Jialu Fm and Wuye Fm, during this time, the depositional rate was low, sedimentation and development of depositional sequence were directly related to sea level change, and Paleogeographic distribution was clear. Two guide layer were developed in the stage: calcareous rocks in upper member of Jialu Fm and carbonaceous rocks in upper member of Wuye Fm, they both were related to low depositional rate.
Quickly Filling Stage: namely the depositional stage of Fanshao Fm, Qingshuijiang Fm, Pinglue Fm and Longli Fm, during this time, the basin was quickly filled, the depositional rate was high, the stratigraphic thickness was great, sedimentation and development of depositional sequence were nearly no directly related to sea level change, but obviously controlled by syngenetic faults, and Paleogeographic distribution was obscure.
Generally, gradual expanding stage was a continual transgression, and developed retrogradation sequences, and at last (during largest expansion) developed condensed section—carbonaceous slate (shale). Quick filling stage was a continual regression, and developed progradation sequences, and finally basin was filled completely, and deposition was over. These two stages composed integrated basin evolution, built up complete super-sequence.
At the same time, On the basis of analyzing the depositional ages for rift basin in Eastern Guizhou in early Neoproterozoic, and the new data above the Sturtian glacial epoch, the bottom of Nanhuan System, and the geochronology of Qingbaikouan System, author propose a concept of "Banxi System", which is representative for a set of wedge-shaped strata, such as Banxi Group, Xiajiang Group, Danzhou Group, Gaojian Group, Dengshan Group, Likou Group and so on in South China.
Depositional age of "Banxi System" was 740～820Ma, which was no-glacial deposition, and was the filling deposition under the condition of Rodinia fragmentation before Nanhuan glaciation. But Qingbaikouan System should be the deposition of depression basin under the mechanism of plate collision related to Rodinia formation, and Nanhuan System was the glacial deposition corresponding to Cryogenian, and was the first sedimentary overlay of Neoproterozoic rift basin in South China. Therefore, they both are not reasonable whether Banxi Group, Xiajiang Group and corresponding deposition was labeled as Nanhuan or Qingbaikouan. The proposal of "Banxi System" will not only benefit to strata correlation of Nanhuan, which exists for a long-time, but also benefit to the research about the relationship between Neoproterozoic rift basin evolution and Rodinia fragmentation, glacial epoch formatiom, and the probe into corresponding important problems about climate and environment tremendous changes.
从沉积序列看,黔东新元古代裂谷系充填应是一个相对独立的地层单元。下为武陵(晋宁)运动形成的角度不整合面所限;其上被南华冰期沉积所超覆,在黔北—湘西北可见角度不大的不整合,而且这一界面是两个不同沉积类型或建造之间的一个转换:板溪群为具有复理石韵律的裂谷系充填,其中发育大量火山碎屑沉积,显示较强的地壳活动性;而上覆的南华冰期沉积所代表的是一个具有准盖层性质的、独特气候环境下的稳定沉积。因此,本文认为雪峰运动是存在的,其时代为Sturtian冰期启动前(约750Ma),它不仅具有构造意义,应还有古气候涵义。
本文在总结目前高精度同位素年代学成果的基础上,指出新元古代湘黔桂裂谷盆地演化的不同阶段均与火山—岩浆事件相联系:裂谷盆地的开启与820Ma时期的双模式岩浆侵入事件有关;裂谷盆地的扩张与790Ma～780Ma时期的基性火山作用相关:裂谷盆地的充填消亡与760Ma时期的基性岩浆侵入和酸性火山喷发密切相关。自此以后,扬子东南缘海相盆地演化进入了一个相对平静的时期,即华南新元古代裂谷盆地沉积是南华纪—古生代海相盆地演化的奠基。
层序的发育一般与海平面的升降变化密切相关,但在黔东新元古代裂谷盆地中,海平面变化对层序发育的影响不明显,而主要是受盆地沉积—构造演化阶段的制约。这是由裂谷盆地早期演化特征决定。黔东新元古代裂谷盆地演化可分为两个大阶段:渐进扩张阶段;快速充填阶段。
渐进扩张阶段:是指下江群甲路组和乌叶组沉积期,该时期裂谷盆地沉积速率较低,沉积作用和沉积序列的发育与海平面的升降变化相关,盆地古地理格局分异明显。该阶段发育两个区域性标志层:甲路组沉积晚期的钙质岩系、乌叶组沉积晚期的碳质岩系,均与低沉积速率相关。
快速充填阶段:是指番召组、清水江组及其以后的平略组和隆里组沉积期。该阶段盆地处于快速充填时期,沉积速率大,地层厚度巨大,沉积作用和沉积序列的发育与海平面变化关系较弱,沉积受同生断裂构造控制明显,沉积相分异不明显。
在渐进扩张阶段,总体上为一个持续海进过程,发育退积序列,并在最后(最大扩张期)出现饥饿沉积—碳质板岩(页岩);在快速充填阶段,总体上为一个持续海退过程,发育进积序列,直至盆地被充填消亡。而由渐进扩张到快速充填构成了一个完整的盆地演化过程,形成了一个完整的超层序。
本文在分析黔东新元古代早期沉积时限的基础上,结合前人关于Sturtian冰期、南华系底界、青白口系年代学的最新研究成果,提出了“板溪系”概念,它是以板溪群或与之相当的高涧群、芙蓉溪群、丹洲群、下江群、登山群、历口群等为代表的一套楔状地层。
研究指出“板溪系”的沉积时限为740～820Ma,是南华纪冰期前的非冰成沉积,是Rodinia裂解机制下的填平补齐沉积;而青白口系沉积是与Rodinia形成相关的板块碰撞机制下坳陷盆地沉积,南华系是与国际成冰系相对应的冰期沉积,是华南新元古代裂谷盆地的第一个盖层,因此,将板溪群、下江群等归入南华系或青白口系均是不合理的。“板溪系”的提出不仅将有利于解决长期存在的南华系划分对比问题,同时也必将有利于新元古代早期裂谷盆地演化与Rodinia超大陆裂解、冰期形成等关系的研究和相关重大气候、环境巨变问题的探讨。
This dissertation draw a conclusion that the deposition of rift basin in early Neoproterozoic in eastern Guizhou consisted of three lithostratigraphic units in Xiang-Qian-Gui rift basin, not only developed typical Banxi Group, but also deposited grayish green Xiajiang Group with flysch suite in eastern Guizhou, and Danzhou group like in Northern Guangxi, by studying depositional sequences, sedimentary systems, depositional lithofacies and paleo-geography, sequence stratigraphy, event stratigraphy (analyzing the stages of volcanic events) and the stratigraphic correlation between Xiajiang group and the other Group in adjacent region and so on, on the basis of predecessors' data and achievement in scientific research. The three Groups corresponding to shore-shallow shelf facies, shelf-slope facies and deep-water basin facies respectively, and each Group has its distinguishing depositional feature. Therefore, Eastern Guizhou is an ideal area carrying out the research on rift basin evolution in Neoproterozoic.
Analyzing from the sedimentary sequence, the deposition of Neoproterozoic rift system in Eastern Guizhou is a relatively independent stratigraphic unit. The unit bottom was the unconformity developed by Wuling Movement, and the unit top was overlapped by glacial deposition of Nanhua System. What's more, an unconformity can be found in Northern Guizhou and North-western Hunan. At the same time, this boundary was an important transformation between different deposition types: Banxi Group was rift basin deposition with flysch suite, and bearing a vast amount of pyroclasts, and this suggests that there was strong activity of crust. But the overlapping glacial deposition stood for steady deposition with penecaprock characteristic, and under unique climate environment. For this reason, this thesis thinks that Xuefeng movement exist, its time was before the Sturtian glacial stage (about 750Ma). The movement not only had tectonic significance, but also had climate significance.
This thesis pointed out that its each evolution stage of Xiang-Qian-Gui rift basin in Neoproterozoic accompanied by magmatism on the basis of summing up high precision isotope timing data at present: the onset of rift basin was related intimately to bimodal magma intrusion at 820ma or so; the expansion of rift basin was related to marine basal volcanic eruption at 790~780Ma or so; the quickly filling and withering out of rift basin was related closely to basal magma intrusion and acid volcanic eruption at 760Ma or so. From then on, the evolution of East-southern Yangtze marine basin came into being a corresponding peaceful period, so the deposition of rift basin in Neoproterozoic was a foundation for marine basin evolution from Nanhua to Paleozoic in South China.
General speaking, sequence's developing is closely related to sea level change, but to rift basin in Neoproterozoic in Eastern Guizhou, sea level change had not evident effect on sequence development, the key effect factor was the deposition—tectonic evolution stage, this was determined by early evolution characteristic of rift basin. The rift basin evolution in Neoproterozoic in Eastern Guizhou can be divided into two stages: Gradually Expanding Stage and Quickly Filling Stage.
Gradually Expanding Stage: namely the depositional stage of Jialu Fm and Wuye Fm, during this time, the depositional rate was low, sedimentation and development of depositional sequence were directly related to sea level change, and Paleogeographic distribution was clear. Two guide layer were developed in the stage: calcareous rocks in upper member of Jialu Fm and carbonaceous rocks in upper member of Wuye Fm, they both were related to low depositional rate.
Quickly Filling Stage: namely the depositional stage of Fanshao Fm, Qingshuijiang Fm, Pinglue Fm and Longli Fm, during this time, the basin was quickly filled, the depositional rate was high, the stratigraphic thickness was great, sedimentation and development of depositional sequence were nearly no directly related to sea level change, but obviously controlled by syngenetic faults, and Paleogeographic distribution was obscure.
Generally, gradual expanding stage was a continual transgression, and developed retrogradation sequences, and at last (during largest expansion) developed condensed section—carbonaceous slate (shale). Quick filling stage was a continual regression, and developed progradation sequences, and finally basin was filled completely, and deposition was over. These two stages composed integrated basin evolution, built up complete super-sequence.
At the same time, On the basis of analyzing the depositional ages for rift basin in Eastern Guizhou in early Neoproterozoic, and the new data above the Sturtian glacial epoch, the bottom of Nanhuan System, and the geochronology of Qingbaikouan System, author propose a concept of "Banxi System", which is representative for a set of wedge-shaped strata, such as Banxi Group, Xiajiang Group, Danzhou Group, Gaojian Group, Dengshan Group, Likou Group and so on in South China.
Depositional age of "Banxi System" was 740～820Ma, which was no-glacial deposition, and was the filling deposition under the condition of Rodinia fragmentation before Nanhuan glaciation. But Qingbaikouan System should be the deposition of depression basin under the mechanism of plate collision related to Rodinia formation, and Nanhuan System was the glacial deposition corresponding to Cryogenian, and was the first sedimentary overlay of Neoproterozoic rift basin in South China. Therefore, they both are not reasonable whether Banxi Group, Xiajiang Group and corresponding deposition was labeled as Nanhuan or Qingbaikouan. The proposal of "Banxi System" will not only benefit to strata correlation of Nanhuan, which exists for a long-time, but also benefit to the research about the relationship between Neoproterozoic rift basin evolution and Rodinia fragmentation, glacial epoch formatiom, and the probe into corresponding important problems about climate and environment tremendous changes.
引文
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