深长隧道充填型致灾构造渗透失稳突涌水机理与风险控制及工程应用
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摘要
我国是世界上隧道与地下工程建设规模、数量和难度最大的国家,交通、水电等国家基础设施建设重心正向地质条件极端复杂的山区和岩溶地区转移,施工中遭遇的“强突发、高水压、大流量、多类型”突涌水灾害治理堪称世界级工程难题。本文以三峡库区翻坝高速公路、宜巴高速公路等深长隧道为依托工程,通过理论分析、数值模拟、室内实验、大型流固耦合模型试验、软件开发和现场试验等手段,深入研究充填型致灾构造的突涌水机理和风险控制,取得了一系列有理论价值和工程意义的研究成果,主要研究成果如下：
(1)通过大量国内外突水突泥案例资料的系统收集与整理分析,划分了四种典型突水突泥灾害类型,提出了突水突泥灾害的典型地质模式：灾害源、突水通道和阻水隔泥构造,揭示了典型突涌水灾害源的赋存特征,建立了突涌水灾害源孕灾性判识指标体系和属性识别模型。
(2)通过引入充填体内部可动颗粒转化为移动颗粒的源汇项概念,根据阿基米德原理与达西定律,建立了充填体颗粒渗流基本模型,推导了充填体内部可动颗粒流失量的表达式,揭示了孔隙流速与孔隙率和渗透系数的表征关系；研制了大直径充填型致灾构造固流耦合试验装置,通过试验揭示了充填物不同加载速率情况下渗透流速、颗粒流失速量等参数变化规律。
(3)基于充填介质内部泥水两相混合体的非牛顿流体特性,建立了宾汉型泥水混合流体的本构方程,揭示了其在管道内流速分布规律和压降流量关系；基于基于赫斯特罗姆(Hedstrom)准数推导了泥水两相混合流体的临界流速,建立了泥水混合流体从层流向过渡的流态判别准则。
(4)针对季家坡隧道高陡倾充填型裂隙突涌水灾害,开展了隧道围岩和充填物基本物理力学性质测试,并基于测试结果研制了流固耦合围岩相似材料和充填物相似材料,采用研制的三维可视化突水突泥模型试验系统开展了充填型裂隙蓄水构造渗透失稳模型试验,揭示了充填物渗透失稳的灾变演化机制,真实模拟了充填物渗透失稳诱发突水突泥灾害的全过程。
(5)通过对我国近50年百余例岩溶隧道突涌水案例资料的系统收集与整理,分析了隧道突涌水的孕险环境和致险因子,遴选出突涌水的典型影响因素,建立了贯穿勘察、施工前和施工阶段的全过程渐进式风险动态评估模型与方法,充分利用施工过程实时信息对突涌水风险进行动态修正。
(6)开发了界面友好、操作简单、人机交互的全过程渐进式风险动态评估专家系统,提出了一种全新的风险管理运行机制—施工许可机制,充分发挥建设单位、施工单位、监理单位、勘察单位、预报单位和工程专家等各方面的作用,进行风险动态调控、及时反馈现场信息,针对高风险段落全程信息化许可施工。
(7)提出了深长岩溶隧道突水防治技术体系,其基本原则为“岩溶地质观测与分析,风险动态评估与控制,含水构造定位与定量,质量方案优选与保质”；主要包括区域岩溶发育特征,岩溶水补给条件,风险动态评估,含导水构造探测,治理方案优选,治理质量控制等六方面内容,研究成果在鸡公岭隧道、季家坡隧道等三峡库区典型深长岩溶隧道中得到成功应用。
The tunnel and underground engineering construction in China has larger-scale, more quantity and difficulties than in the other countries. The nation infrastructure construction tends to the mountain area and karst area with complex geological conditions. Accordingly, the water inrush disaster comes out. The water inrush always bursts accidentally, presses hugely, flows massively, and shows multiple types. This problem is world-class project difficulty.
In this paper, based on the deep long tunnels of Three Gorges reservoir area expressway and Yiba expressway, the water inrush mechanism and risk control of filling type disaster-causing structure was researched, using theoretical analysis, numerical simulation, laboratory experiment, large fluid-solid coupling model test, software development, and field test. Some research results of important theoretical value and project significance were summarized, listed as follows:
(1) Four classical water inrush and mud inrush types were divided, according to lots of water inrush and mud inrush cases at home and abroad. The corresponding classical geological model was proposed:the disaster source, water inrush channel, and water inrush prevention structure. The typically water inrush disaster source occurrence characteristic was summed up. The index system and attribute recognition model of water inrush disaster source disaster-pregnant judgment was set up.
(2) By introducing the source term concept "the movable particles in the filling body translate into moved particles, the filling body particles seepage model was established, according to Archimedes principle and Darcy law. The movable particle in the filling body loss amount expression was deduced, the relationship of pore water velocity, porosity, permeability coefficient was expressed. Large diameter filled-type disaster structure solid-fluid coupling device was manufactured. This device showed the change law of velocity, seepage gradient, particle drop-out rate, porosity.
(3) Based on mud water two-phase mixture in the filling body non Newtonian fluid characteristic, Bingham slurry mixed fluid constitutive equation showed the relationship of velocity in tunnel distribution regularity and pressure flow. The mud water two-phase mixture critical flow velocity was deduced based on Hedstrom. The distinguishing flow regime of mud fluid from laminar flow to turbulence was established.
(4) According to Jijiapo Tunnel fracture water inrush disaster, which was high steep and declining, the basic physical and mechanical properties of tunnel surrounding rock and filling body was tested. Based on the test results, new similar solid-fluid coupling material to the surrounding rock and filling body were developed. Filling body seepage failure Evolution was revealed, using3D visual water inrush model test system to test filled-type fracture retaining water to seepage failure. This experiment simulated the whole process of the filling body seepage failure causing to water inrush and mud inrush.
(5) According to hundreds of karst tunnel water inrush cases in recent50years, the tunnel water inrush environment and factors were analyzed. Choosing typical impact factor, gradual risk dynamic evaluation model and methods from investigation to construction were established. The water inrush risk could be modified according to the real-time information in the construction.
(6) The program was interface friendly, operated easily, evaluated dynamic and throughout. A new risk management mechanism-construction permission mechanism was proposed. So the construction could be regulated according to the risk dynamic information, it realized the whole part informatization permission construction.
(7) The karst tunnel water inrush prevention and control technology system was proposed, its basic principle was karst geology observation and analysis, risk dynamic evaluation and control, water bearing structure positioning and quantitative, quality plan optimization and quality assurance. It included the development characteristics of karst area, the karst water recharge condition, and risk dynamic evaluation, the water containing structure detection, treatment plan optimization, and management quality control. This research was applied in Jigongling Tunnel, Jijiapo Tunnel and so no.
(1)通过大量国内外突水突泥案例资料的系统收集与整理分析,划分了四种典型突水突泥灾害类型,提出了突水突泥灾害的典型地质模式：灾害源、突水通道和阻水隔泥构造,揭示了典型突涌水灾害源的赋存特征,建立了突涌水灾害源孕灾性判识指标体系和属性识别模型。
(2)通过引入充填体内部可动颗粒转化为移动颗粒的源汇项概念,根据阿基米德原理与达西定律,建立了充填体颗粒渗流基本模型,推导了充填体内部可动颗粒流失量的表达式,揭示了孔隙流速与孔隙率和渗透系数的表征关系；研制了大直径充填型致灾构造固流耦合试验装置,通过试验揭示了充填物不同加载速率情况下渗透流速、颗粒流失速量等参数变化规律。
(3)基于充填介质内部泥水两相混合体的非牛顿流体特性,建立了宾汉型泥水混合流体的本构方程,揭示了其在管道内流速分布规律和压降流量关系；基于基于赫斯特罗姆(Hedstrom)准数推导了泥水两相混合流体的临界流速,建立了泥水混合流体从层流向过渡的流态判别准则。
(4)针对季家坡隧道高陡倾充填型裂隙突涌水灾害,开展了隧道围岩和充填物基本物理力学性质测试,并基于测试结果研制了流固耦合围岩相似材料和充填物相似材料,采用研制的三维可视化突水突泥模型试验系统开展了充填型裂隙蓄水构造渗透失稳模型试验,揭示了充填物渗透失稳的灾变演化机制,真实模拟了充填物渗透失稳诱发突水突泥灾害的全过程。
(5)通过对我国近50年百余例岩溶隧道突涌水案例资料的系统收集与整理,分析了隧道突涌水的孕险环境和致险因子,遴选出突涌水的典型影响因素,建立了贯穿勘察、施工前和施工阶段的全过程渐进式风险动态评估模型与方法,充分利用施工过程实时信息对突涌水风险进行动态修正。
(6)开发了界面友好、操作简单、人机交互的全过程渐进式风险动态评估专家系统,提出了一种全新的风险管理运行机制—施工许可机制,充分发挥建设单位、施工单位、监理单位、勘察单位、预报单位和工程专家等各方面的作用,进行风险动态调控、及时反馈现场信息,针对高风险段落全程信息化许可施工。
(7)提出了深长岩溶隧道突水防治技术体系,其基本原则为“岩溶地质观测与分析,风险动态评估与控制,含水构造定位与定量,质量方案优选与保质”；主要包括区域岩溶发育特征,岩溶水补给条件,风险动态评估,含导水构造探测,治理方案优选,治理质量控制等六方面内容,研究成果在鸡公岭隧道、季家坡隧道等三峡库区典型深长岩溶隧道中得到成功应用。
The tunnel and underground engineering construction in China has larger-scale, more quantity and difficulties than in the other countries. The nation infrastructure construction tends to the mountain area and karst area with complex geological conditions. Accordingly, the water inrush disaster comes out. The water inrush always bursts accidentally, presses hugely, flows massively, and shows multiple types. This problem is world-class project difficulty.
In this paper, based on the deep long tunnels of Three Gorges reservoir area expressway and Yiba expressway, the water inrush mechanism and risk control of filling type disaster-causing structure was researched, using theoretical analysis, numerical simulation, laboratory experiment, large fluid-solid coupling model test, software development, and field test. Some research results of important theoretical value and project significance were summarized, listed as follows:
(1) Four classical water inrush and mud inrush types were divided, according to lots of water inrush and mud inrush cases at home and abroad. The corresponding classical geological model was proposed:the disaster source, water inrush channel, and water inrush prevention structure. The typically water inrush disaster source occurrence characteristic was summed up. The index system and attribute recognition model of water inrush disaster source disaster-pregnant judgment was set up.
(2) By introducing the source term concept "the movable particles in the filling body translate into moved particles, the filling body particles seepage model was established, according to Archimedes principle and Darcy law. The movable particle in the filling body loss amount expression was deduced, the relationship of pore water velocity, porosity, permeability coefficient was expressed. Large diameter filled-type disaster structure solid-fluid coupling device was manufactured. This device showed the change law of velocity, seepage gradient, particle drop-out rate, porosity.
(3) Based on mud water two-phase mixture in the filling body non Newtonian fluid characteristic, Bingham slurry mixed fluid constitutive equation showed the relationship of velocity in tunnel distribution regularity and pressure flow. The mud water two-phase mixture critical flow velocity was deduced based on Hedstrom. The distinguishing flow regime of mud fluid from laminar flow to turbulence was established.
(4) According to Jijiapo Tunnel fracture water inrush disaster, which was high steep and declining, the basic physical and mechanical properties of tunnel surrounding rock and filling body was tested. Based on the test results, new similar solid-fluid coupling material to the surrounding rock and filling body were developed. Filling body seepage failure Evolution was revealed, using3D visual water inrush model test system to test filled-type fracture retaining water to seepage failure. This experiment simulated the whole process of the filling body seepage failure causing to water inrush and mud inrush.
(5) According to hundreds of karst tunnel water inrush cases in recent50years, the tunnel water inrush environment and factors were analyzed. Choosing typical impact factor, gradual risk dynamic evaluation model and methods from investigation to construction were established. The water inrush risk could be modified according to the real-time information in the construction.
(6) The program was interface friendly, operated easily, evaluated dynamic and throughout. A new risk management mechanism-construction permission mechanism was proposed. So the construction could be regulated according to the risk dynamic information, it realized the whole part informatization permission construction.
(7) The karst tunnel water inrush prevention and control technology system was proposed, its basic principle was karst geology observation and analysis, risk dynamic evaluation and control, water bearing structure positioning and quantitative, quality plan optimization and quality assurance. It included the development characteristics of karst area, the karst water recharge condition, and risk dynamic evaluation, the water containing structure detection, treatment plan optimization, and management quality control. This research was applied in Jigongling Tunnel, Jijiapo Tunnel and so no.
引文
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