外资零售企业区位选择及影响因素分析
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摘要
在西方国家,零售业被称为“选址的产业”,零售业成功的关键因素就是“位置”(Location)。2004年我国零售行业全面对外开放后,外资零售企业开始加速对我国市场的扩张,越来越多的外资零售企业进驻我国长三角区域,不仅带来先进的管理经验,也带来了先进的选址方法。
首先,本文从外资零售行业相关研究、外资零售企业区位选择研究、外资零售企业区位选择实证研究三个角度回顾了有关外资零售企业区位选择及相关影响因素研究的现有文献,为论文接下来的定性和定量分析寻求理论支撑点。
其次,在结合现有零售企业区位选择相关理论和前人研究基础上,对影响外资零售企业区位选择的区位因素进行定性的分析,将影响外资零售企业区位选择的因素归纳为宏观经济因素、成本因素、投资环境因素、制度因素等四大类,具体又细分为经济发展水平、地区消费水平、零售市场规模及市场潜力、劳动力成本、基础设施成本、配套产业、市场开放度、市场竞争、人口及文化因子、政治法律、地区商业政策等11个子因素。
再次,以长三角地区外资零售企业为对象,对外资零售企业在长三角地区的发展历程和特征进行阐述和分析,重点是分析了外资零售企业在长三角地区区位选择情况,为接下来的影响因素实证分析提供了现实依据。
然后,利用2004-2009年的面板数据,采用固定效应变截距模型进行混合数据的GLS加权回归处理的方法,对长三角外资零售企业区位选择行为进行实证研究。在模型没有引入制度因素指标的情况下,实证结果显示,从零售行业全面开放至今(2004-2010年),外资零售企业在长三角地区投资时主要受地区居民消费能力和地区基础设施配套水平、地区开放水平影响较大,存在较强的正向相关性,这些结论与预期相符。与假设不相符的是,实证结果发现地区限额以上零售企业数(RETAIL)与地区外资零售企业数量成较强的正相关,对此本文认为这一时期外资零售企业在长三角地区发展属于迅速占领市场阶段,没有过多考虑地区的商业竞争情况。另外实证研究还发现相对于名义工资水平,投资企业更加注重各地区劳动力的素质。这些都说明我国零售业全面开放后,外资零售企业在长三角地区的投资行为日趋成熟。
最后,就实证研究的基础上,本文对外资零售企业在长三角地区区位选择行为进行总结和预测,同时有针对性的为今后政府和企业应对外资零售行业发展的提出了对策建议。
In western countries, the Retail is called“The industry rely on location”, the key of the success of the Retail is the“location”. Since our country retail industry fully opened in 2004, Foreign-funded retailers began to accelerate the expansion of the market in our country, as more and more foreign-funded retailers into china mainland, it not only bring advanced management experience , but also bring advanced location methods.
Firstly, this article reviewed the existing literature about the location choice of foreign-funded retail enterprises and the related factors of influencing. Mainly from three angles of foreign-funded enterprises retailers、the location choice of foreign-funded enterprises and empirical study. Expected to seeking the support points for the next qualitative and quantitative analysis.
Second,On the basis of the theory about the retail enterprises location choice and previous studies, the article qualitative analysis the factors influential the foreign-funded retailers to choice location. Grouped the factors which influencing the foreign-funded retailers choosing locations into four categories: Macroeconomic factors、Cost factors、Investment environment factors、Institutional factors. Subdivided into eleven sub-factors: Level of economic development、Regional consumption levels、Retail market size and market potential、Labor costs、Infrastructure costs and supporting industries、Market liberalization、Market competition、Demographic and Cultural factors、Political、Legal、Regional business policy.
Again, foreign-funded retail enterprises in the Yangtze River Delta region as object, described and analyzed the characteristics of the development process of the foreign-funded retail enterprises in the Yangtze River Delta region. With emphasis on analysis the location choice of the foreign-funded retail enterprises in the Yangtze River Delta region, provide a realistic basis for the next analysis.
Then, using the panel data of 2004-2009 years, with variable intercept model with fixed effects for GLS weighted regression hybrid data processing method, empirical analysis the foreign-funded retail enterprises in Yangtze River Delta location choice behavior. When the institutional factors in the model without the introduction of index cases, the empirical results show that since the full liberalization of the retail industry (2004-2010), the foreign retailers invest in the Yangtze River Delta region is mainly affected by the spending power of local residents and regional infrastructure facilities level and regional opening up level . there is a strong positive correlation between them, these conclusions are in line with the expectations. Not consistent with the expectations hypothesis is that the empirical results shows the number of retail enterprises and the number of foreign retailers have a strong positive correlation, that means the foreign retail enterprises in the Yangtze River Delta are rapidly seize the market, does not think too much to the local Business competition. Instead consider a performance of a good business climate and the better developed retail market. The study also found that compared to the nominal wage level , the investment companies will pay more attention to the quality of the regional labor. All this shows that since the full liberalization of the retail trade, the foreign-funded retail enterprises investment behavior acts more mature in the Yangtze River Delta.
Finally, on the basis of empirical research, the paper summary and forecast the foreign enterprise location choice behavior in Yangtze River Delta, and this paper give some suggestions for the future development of the foreign retailers in china.
首先,本文从外资零售行业相关研究、外资零售企业区位选择研究、外资零售企业区位选择实证研究三个角度回顾了有关外资零售企业区位选择及相关影响因素研究的现有文献,为论文接下来的定性和定量分析寻求理论支撑点。
其次,在结合现有零售企业区位选择相关理论和前人研究基础上,对影响外资零售企业区位选择的区位因素进行定性的分析,将影响外资零售企业区位选择的因素归纳为宏观经济因素、成本因素、投资环境因素、制度因素等四大类,具体又细分为经济发展水平、地区消费水平、零售市场规模及市场潜力、劳动力成本、基础设施成本、配套产业、市场开放度、市场竞争、人口及文化因子、政治法律、地区商业政策等11个子因素。
再次,以长三角地区外资零售企业为对象,对外资零售企业在长三角地区的发展历程和特征进行阐述和分析,重点是分析了外资零售企业在长三角地区区位选择情况,为接下来的影响因素实证分析提供了现实依据。
然后,利用2004-2009年的面板数据,采用固定效应变截距模型进行混合数据的GLS加权回归处理的方法,对长三角外资零售企业区位选择行为进行实证研究。在模型没有引入制度因素指标的情况下,实证结果显示,从零售行业全面开放至今(2004-2010年),外资零售企业在长三角地区投资时主要受地区居民消费能力和地区基础设施配套水平、地区开放水平影响较大,存在较强的正向相关性,这些结论与预期相符。与假设不相符的是,实证结果发现地区限额以上零售企业数(RETAIL)与地区外资零售企业数量成较强的正相关,对此本文认为这一时期外资零售企业在长三角地区发展属于迅速占领市场阶段,没有过多考虑地区的商业竞争情况。另外实证研究还发现相对于名义工资水平,投资企业更加注重各地区劳动力的素质。这些都说明我国零售业全面开放后,外资零售企业在长三角地区的投资行为日趋成熟。
最后,就实证研究的基础上,本文对外资零售企业在长三角地区区位选择行为进行总结和预测,同时有针对性的为今后政府和企业应对外资零售行业发展的提出了对策建议。
In western countries, the Retail is called“The industry rely on location”, the key of the success of the Retail is the“location”. Since our country retail industry fully opened in 2004, Foreign-funded retailers began to accelerate the expansion of the market in our country, as more and more foreign-funded retailers into china mainland, it not only bring advanced management experience , but also bring advanced location methods.
Firstly, this article reviewed the existing literature about the location choice of foreign-funded retail enterprises and the related factors of influencing. Mainly from three angles of foreign-funded enterprises retailers、the location choice of foreign-funded enterprises and empirical study. Expected to seeking the support points for the next qualitative and quantitative analysis.
Second,On the basis of the theory about the retail enterprises location choice and previous studies, the article qualitative analysis the factors influential the foreign-funded retailers to choice location. Grouped the factors which influencing the foreign-funded retailers choosing locations into four categories: Macroeconomic factors、Cost factors、Investment environment factors、Institutional factors. Subdivided into eleven sub-factors: Level of economic development、Regional consumption levels、Retail market size and market potential、Labor costs、Infrastructure costs and supporting industries、Market liberalization、Market competition、Demographic and Cultural factors、Political、Legal、Regional business policy.
Again, foreign-funded retail enterprises in the Yangtze River Delta region as object, described and analyzed the characteristics of the development process of the foreign-funded retail enterprises in the Yangtze River Delta region. With emphasis on analysis the location choice of the foreign-funded retail enterprises in the Yangtze River Delta region, provide a realistic basis for the next analysis.
Then, using the panel data of 2004-2009 years, with variable intercept model with fixed effects for GLS weighted regression hybrid data processing method, empirical analysis the foreign-funded retail enterprises in Yangtze River Delta location choice behavior. When the institutional factors in the model without the introduction of index cases, the empirical results show that since the full liberalization of the retail industry (2004-2010), the foreign retailers invest in the Yangtze River Delta region is mainly affected by the spending power of local residents and regional infrastructure facilities level and regional opening up level . there is a strong positive correlation between them, these conclusions are in line with the expectations. Not consistent with the expectations hypothesis is that the empirical results shows the number of retail enterprises and the number of foreign retailers have a strong positive correlation, that means the foreign retail enterprises in the Yangtze River Delta are rapidly seize the market, does not think too much to the local Business competition. Instead consider a performance of a good business climate and the better developed retail market. The study also found that compared to the nominal wage level , the investment companies will pay more attention to the quality of the regional labor. All this shows that since the full liberalization of the retail trade, the foreign-funded retail enterprises investment behavior acts more mature in the Yangtze River Delta.
Finally, on the basis of empirical research, the paper summary and forecast the foreign enterprise location choice behavior in Yangtze River Delta, and this paper give some suggestions for the future development of the foreign retailers in china.
引文
③李小建.公司地理论[M].B北京.科学出版社,1999。
⑧汪旭晖,刘勇.零售业外商直接投资区位选择的实证研究[J].中国流通经济.2008(6):57-60.
⑨权立波《城镇居民可支配收入与消费性支出的关系》(2007)回归分析的得出城镇居民可支配收入与消费支出具有显著性相关,其两者回归模型结果的R值为0.981838。
[1] Treadgold A,Dabvies R.The internationalization of Retailing [M].London:Longman,1988:59-98.
[2] Myers H,Alexander N.Direction of international food retail expansion: an empirical study of European retailers[C].Milan: Universita Bocconi,8th International Conference on the Distributive Trades ,1995:1-10.
[3] urt.Temporal Lrends in the internationalization of British Retailing[J].International Review of Retail Distribution and Consumer Resarch,1993,3(4):391-410.
[4] Benoun M. Distribution[M].Paris Acteurse Strategies Economica,1993: 188-210.
[5] Koch A J.Factors influencing Market and Entry Mode Selection: Developing the MEMS Model[J].Marketing Intelligence Planning, 2001,19(5):351-361.
[6]阿尔弗雷德.韦伯.工业区位论[M].北京:商务印书社,1997.
[7]李小建.公司地理论[M].B北京.科学出版社,1999.
[8]鲁明泓.国际直接投资区位决定因素[M].南京:南京大学出版社,2000.
[9]卢晓勇.国际投资理论与发达国家对华直接投资[M].北京:科学出版社,2004.
[10]马龙龙.中国城市流通竞争力报告2009[M].北京:中国经济出版社,2010.
[11]林耿,阎小培,周素红.消费因素影响下广州市大型百货商店的发展[J].热带地理,2002(1):52-56.
[12]刘京文,吕雪菊.外资零售企业在中国的经营战略与应对策略[J].河北职业技师范学院学报(社会科学版),2002(2):30-33.
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[46]张晶.零售业国际化模式研究[D].北京:北京工商大学,2005.
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⑧汪旭晖,刘勇.零售业外商直接投资区位选择的实证研究[J].中国流通经济.2008(6):57-60.
⑨权立波《城镇居民可支配收入与消费性支出的关系》(2007)回归分析的得出城镇居民可支配收入与消费支出具有显著性相关,其两者回归模型结果的R值为0.981838。
[1] Treadgold A,Dabvies R.The internationalization of Retailing [M].London:Longman,1988:59-98.
[2] Myers H,Alexander N.Direction of international food retail expansion: an empirical study of European retailers[C].Milan: Universita Bocconi,8th International Conference on the Distributive Trades ,1995:1-10.
[3] urt.Temporal Lrends in the internationalization of British Retailing[J].International Review of Retail Distribution and Consumer Resarch,1993,3(4):391-410.
[4] Benoun M. Distribution[M].Paris Acteurse Strategies Economica,1993: 188-210.
[5] Koch A J.Factors influencing Market and Entry Mode Selection: Developing the MEMS Model[J].Marketing Intelligence Planning, 2001,19(5):351-361.
[6]阿尔弗雷德.韦伯.工业区位论[M].北京:商务印书社,1997.
[7]李小建.公司地理论[M].B北京.科学出版社,1999.
[8]鲁明泓.国际直接投资区位决定因素[M].南京:南京大学出版社,2000.
[9]卢晓勇.国际投资理论与发达国家对华直接投资[M].北京:科学出版社,2004.
[10]马龙龙.中国城市流通竞争力报告2009[M].北京:中国经济出版社,2010.
[11]林耿,阎小培,周素红.消费因素影响下广州市大型百货商店的发展[J].热带地理,2002(1):52-56.
[12]刘京文,吕雪菊.外资零售企业在中国的经营战略与应对策略[J].河北职业技师范学院学报(社会科学版),2002(2):30-33.
[13]郭崇义,戴学珍.北京市外资零售企业区位选择研究[J].经济地理,2002(6):688-693.
[14]胡永铨.外资零售企业在中国的经营战略探析[J].经济与管理研究,2002(2):71-73.
[15]郭崇义.上海市外资零售企业区位选择研究[J].商业经济与管理,2003(1):13-17.
[16]杨韬,黄立中.成都市外资零售企业区位选择研究[J].市场周刊,商务2004(9):11-12.
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