建筑集成光伏系统的能量变换与控制技术研究
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摘要
随着人们对能源危机与环境问题的日益关注,以清洁、可再生的太阳能为能源的建筑集成光伏(BIPV)系统的开发和应用吸引了世界各国广泛的兴趣。BIPV将光伏发电系统与建筑物有机集成为一体,能有效降低光伏发电系统成本,缩短能量回收期,提高建筑物能效,是解决世界能源与环境问题,实现可持续发展的关键策略之一。本文从电力电子学角度对BIPV的能量变换与控制系统的基本分析理论和设计方法进行了研究,包括BIPV系统的能量变换结构、变换拓扑、控制技术和能量管理。
在BIPV系统中,光伏组件作为具有发电能力的表面建筑材料,通常有不同的安装方向和角度,且易受到周围建筑物等形成的局部阴影的影响,基于常规的集中式、串式和多串式等能量变换结构的系统存在能量转换效率低、抗阴影和光伏组件电气参数失配能力差等问题难于满足高性能BIPV的需求。为了解决上述问题,本文提出了一种由光伏直流建筑模块和集中逆变模块构成的直流模块式BIPV系统,建立了具有不同能量变换结构的BIPV系统的能效计算与评估模型,定量评估了直流模块式BIPV系统与已有的系统在局部阴影和光伏组件电气参数失配条件下的能量转换效率,比较了各种系统的综合性能。
光伏直流建筑模块是将光伏组件、表面建筑材料和具有最大功率点跟踪(MPPT)及电力线载波通信功能的高增益DC-DC变换器集成为一体构成的新型光伏建筑材料,是直流模块式BIPV系统的核心。本文深入研究了满足光伏直流建筑模块集成需求的DC-DC变换拓扑的选择、设计和分析方法,针对光伏直流建筑模块在建筑环境应用中面临的局部阴影问题,提出了一种基于光伏组件有源P-V特性校正(APVC)的主动最大功率点跟踪(AMPPT)技术,将多极值点条件下光伏组件P-V特性校正为单极值点特性,利用常规的MPPT算法即可获得优异的跟踪性能,并给出了导纳增量法关键参数的工程化设计方法。
在直流模块式BIPV系统的集中逆变模块中存在对地漏电流、低频纹波电流以及光伏直流建筑模块与集中逆变模块的协调控制三个关键问题。本文提出了一种能有效抑制漏电流的单相混合桥式三电平逆变拓扑及其调制策略,给出了能满足并网/独立双模式运行要求的输出滤波器的设计方法;建立了低频纹波电流在直流模块式BIPV系统中的传输模型,定量分析了其对光伏组件利用率的影响,并从抑制低频纹波电流,提高MPPT效率角度给出了集中逆变模块输入滤波电容的设计方法;揭示了直流模块式BIPV系统协调控制的本质,建立了直流母线电压控制的精确模型,研究了系统的协调控制策略。
为了满足部分建筑负荷对供电质量和可靠性的要求,将直流模块式BIPV系统的概念扩展为可高效整合风力机、燃料电池和蓄电池等其它发电和储能单元的多能源复合型BIPV系统,提出了三种能满足高质量可靠供电要求的多能源复合型BIPV系统的能量变换结构,分析了系统的能量流及独立运行模式下的供需能量平衡问题,讨论了多能源复合型BIPV系统能量管理的定义、系统构成及目标,分析了系统能量平衡控制的基本原理及并网和独立运行模式下能量管理的基本策略,研究了多能源复合型BIPV系统能量管理建模方法,分析了系统的时域稳定性。
Growing concerns about energy crisis and environmental issues have attracted a great deal of interest in the development and application of the building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) system using the nonpolluting renewable solar energy. The BIPV, as an important policy to mitigate energy and environmental issues and implement sustainable development, integrates organically photovoltaic power system into buildings, and can reduce the investment costs, shorten energy pay-back time, and improve the energy efficiency of buildings. The basic analysis theory and design method of energy conversion and control for building integrated photovoltaic system are investigated from the sight on power electronics, including energy conversion configuration, converter topology, control and energy management of the BIPV system.
The photovoltaic modules acting as facade elements with generating electricity function in the BIPV system generally have different installation orientations and angles, moreover these modules are easy to be affected by partial shadows created by the surrounding buildings. The conventional energy conversion configurations based on centralized, string and multi-string technology have the problem of low energy efficiency and bad performance under the partial shading and mismatch condition, therefore they are difficulty to sever as high performance BIPV system. In order to improve these problem, the dc-module-based BIPV system consisting of photovoltaic dc building module and centralized inverter module is proposed in this paper. The calculation and evaluation models of energy efficiency for the BIPV systems with different energy conversion configurations are set up firstly, and then the energy efficiencies of these system is evaluated quantificationally under different partial shading and mismatch conditions, finally their comprehensive performances are compared.
Photovoltaic dc building module as the core of the dc-module-based BIPV system integrates photovoltaic module, facade element and high performance dc-dc converter with the functions of maximum power point tracking (MPPT) and power line carrier communication into a whole constituting a novel photovoltaic building materials. The selection, design and analysis methods of the suitable dc-dc converter are researched. An active maximum power point tracking (AMPPT) technique based on the active P-V characteristic correction (APVC) of photovoltaic module is proposed. The proposed technique corrects the P-V characteristic with multi-maximum point to a single maximum point characteristic firstly, secondly the conventional MPPT algorithm can be used to achieve excellent tracking performance, finally an engineering design method of the key parameters of incremental conductance algorithm is presented.
The leakage current suppression, low frequency ripple current suppression and the coordinate control of the photovoltaic dc building modules and centralized inverter module are the important issues in the centralized inverter module of the dc-module-base BIPV system. A single-phase hybrid bridge three-level inverter topology and its modulating strategy are proposed to suppress the leakage current in this paper, and its output filter design method is given to satisfy the need of the double-mode inverter with grid-connection and stand-alone. The propagation model of the low frequency ripple current in dc-module-based BIPV system is derived, and its effect to the utility efficiency of the photovoltaic module is analyzed. The design method of the input filter capacitor considering to suppress low frequency ripple current and improve the photovoltaic module utility efficiency is given. At first, the essence of coordinate control for the dc-module-based BIPV system is opened out, the second the accurate model for the dc bus voltage control is established, at last its control strategy is investigated.
In order to satisfy the need of some building loads on the power quality and reliability, the concept of dc-module-base BIPV system is extended to multi-energy hybrid BIPV system, which can integrate effectively the other generation and storage unit based on wind turbine, fuel cell, battery and so on. Three energy conversion configurations are presented to response the demand for some building loads, then the problems of energy flow and energy balance under stand alone operation mode are analyzed. The definition, constitution and object of energy management for multi-energy hybrid BIPV system are discussed. The basic principle of energy balance control and energy management strategy under the grid-connection and stand-alone mode are analyzed firstly, and then the modeling method of energy management for multi-energy hybrid BIPV system is researched, finally its time-domain stability analysis is performed.
在BIPV系统中,光伏组件作为具有发电能力的表面建筑材料,通常有不同的安装方向和角度,且易受到周围建筑物等形成的局部阴影的影响,基于常规的集中式、串式和多串式等能量变换结构的系统存在能量转换效率低、抗阴影和光伏组件电气参数失配能力差等问题难于满足高性能BIPV的需求。为了解决上述问题,本文提出了一种由光伏直流建筑模块和集中逆变模块构成的直流模块式BIPV系统,建立了具有不同能量变换结构的BIPV系统的能效计算与评估模型,定量评估了直流模块式BIPV系统与已有的系统在局部阴影和光伏组件电气参数失配条件下的能量转换效率,比较了各种系统的综合性能。
光伏直流建筑模块是将光伏组件、表面建筑材料和具有最大功率点跟踪(MPPT)及电力线载波通信功能的高增益DC-DC变换器集成为一体构成的新型光伏建筑材料,是直流模块式BIPV系统的核心。本文深入研究了满足光伏直流建筑模块集成需求的DC-DC变换拓扑的选择、设计和分析方法,针对光伏直流建筑模块在建筑环境应用中面临的局部阴影问题,提出了一种基于光伏组件有源P-V特性校正(APVC)的主动最大功率点跟踪(AMPPT)技术,将多极值点条件下光伏组件P-V特性校正为单极值点特性,利用常规的MPPT算法即可获得优异的跟踪性能,并给出了导纳增量法关键参数的工程化设计方法。
在直流模块式BIPV系统的集中逆变模块中存在对地漏电流、低频纹波电流以及光伏直流建筑模块与集中逆变模块的协调控制三个关键问题。本文提出了一种能有效抑制漏电流的单相混合桥式三电平逆变拓扑及其调制策略,给出了能满足并网/独立双模式运行要求的输出滤波器的设计方法;建立了低频纹波电流在直流模块式BIPV系统中的传输模型,定量分析了其对光伏组件利用率的影响,并从抑制低频纹波电流,提高MPPT效率角度给出了集中逆变模块输入滤波电容的设计方法;揭示了直流模块式BIPV系统协调控制的本质,建立了直流母线电压控制的精确模型,研究了系统的协调控制策略。
为了满足部分建筑负荷对供电质量和可靠性的要求,将直流模块式BIPV系统的概念扩展为可高效整合风力机、燃料电池和蓄电池等其它发电和储能单元的多能源复合型BIPV系统,提出了三种能满足高质量可靠供电要求的多能源复合型BIPV系统的能量变换结构,分析了系统的能量流及独立运行模式下的供需能量平衡问题,讨论了多能源复合型BIPV系统能量管理的定义、系统构成及目标,分析了系统能量平衡控制的基本原理及并网和独立运行模式下能量管理的基本策略,研究了多能源复合型BIPV系统能量管理建模方法,分析了系统的时域稳定性。
Growing concerns about energy crisis and environmental issues have attracted a great deal of interest in the development and application of the building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) system using the nonpolluting renewable solar energy. The BIPV, as an important policy to mitigate energy and environmental issues and implement sustainable development, integrates organically photovoltaic power system into buildings, and can reduce the investment costs, shorten energy pay-back time, and improve the energy efficiency of buildings. The basic analysis theory and design method of energy conversion and control for building integrated photovoltaic system are investigated from the sight on power electronics, including energy conversion configuration, converter topology, control and energy management of the BIPV system.
The photovoltaic modules acting as facade elements with generating electricity function in the BIPV system generally have different installation orientations and angles, moreover these modules are easy to be affected by partial shadows created by the surrounding buildings. The conventional energy conversion configurations based on centralized, string and multi-string technology have the problem of low energy efficiency and bad performance under the partial shading and mismatch condition, therefore they are difficulty to sever as high performance BIPV system. In order to improve these problem, the dc-module-based BIPV system consisting of photovoltaic dc building module and centralized inverter module is proposed in this paper. The calculation and evaluation models of energy efficiency for the BIPV systems with different energy conversion configurations are set up firstly, and then the energy efficiencies of these system is evaluated quantificationally under different partial shading and mismatch conditions, finally their comprehensive performances are compared.
Photovoltaic dc building module as the core of the dc-module-based BIPV system integrates photovoltaic module, facade element and high performance dc-dc converter with the functions of maximum power point tracking (MPPT) and power line carrier communication into a whole constituting a novel photovoltaic building materials. The selection, design and analysis methods of the suitable dc-dc converter are researched. An active maximum power point tracking (AMPPT) technique based on the active P-V characteristic correction (APVC) of photovoltaic module is proposed. The proposed technique corrects the P-V characteristic with multi-maximum point to a single maximum point characteristic firstly, secondly the conventional MPPT algorithm can be used to achieve excellent tracking performance, finally an engineering design method of the key parameters of incremental conductance algorithm is presented.
The leakage current suppression, low frequency ripple current suppression and the coordinate control of the photovoltaic dc building modules and centralized inverter module are the important issues in the centralized inverter module of the dc-module-base BIPV system. A single-phase hybrid bridge three-level inverter topology and its modulating strategy are proposed to suppress the leakage current in this paper, and its output filter design method is given to satisfy the need of the double-mode inverter with grid-connection and stand-alone. The propagation model of the low frequency ripple current in dc-module-based BIPV system is derived, and its effect to the utility efficiency of the photovoltaic module is analyzed. The design method of the input filter capacitor considering to suppress low frequency ripple current and improve the photovoltaic module utility efficiency is given. At first, the essence of coordinate control for the dc-module-based BIPV system is opened out, the second the accurate model for the dc bus voltage control is established, at last its control strategy is investigated.
In order to satisfy the need of some building loads on the power quality and reliability, the concept of dc-module-base BIPV system is extended to multi-energy hybrid BIPV system, which can integrate effectively the other generation and storage unit based on wind turbine, fuel cell, battery and so on. Three energy conversion configurations are presented to response the demand for some building loads, then the problems of energy flow and energy balance under stand alone operation mode are analyzed. The definition, constitution and object of energy management for multi-energy hybrid BIPV system are discussed. The basic principle of energy balance control and energy management strategy under the grid-connection and stand-alone mode are analyzed firstly, and then the modeling method of energy management for multi-energy hybrid BIPV system is researched, finally its time-domain stability analysis is performed.
引文
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