瘤胃原虫对牛饲料降解率和日粮消化率的影响
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摘要
本研究以两头装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的本地黄牛为实验动物，研究瘤胃原虫在不同日粮蛋白质水平条件下，(1)对稻草的干物质(DM)、粗蛋白(CP)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)的瘤胃降解率的影响；(2)对精料1、精料2、鱼粉、豆粕、菜粕、棉粕的干物质(DM)、粗蛋白(CP)瘤胃降解率的影响；(3)对瘤胃pH和氨态氮的浓度的影响；(4)对全消化道消化率的影响。同时以这两头黄牛为实验动物初步研究了饲喂稻草的本地黄牛瘤胃中纤毛虫的形态及种类。
实验共分四期：
第一期：日粮1蛋白质水平为12.7％，净能为4.63MJ／Kg，去原虫；
第二期：日粮2蛋白质水平为8.9％，净能为4.72MJ／Kg，去原虫；
第三期：日粮1蛋白质水平为12.7％，净能为4.63MJ／Kg，恢复原虫；
第四期：日粮2蛋白质水平为8.9％，净能为4.72MJ／Kg，恢复原虫
其中日粮1中的精料部分称为精料1(CP％18.9％)；日粮2中的精料部分称为精料2(CP％12.35％)。
研究结果如下：
(1) 去原虫对稻草的干物质降解率影响不大(P=0.195)。日粮1可显著提高稻草干物质降解率(P＜0.05)；日粮和原虫之间对稻草的干物质降解率无交互作用(P=0.802)。
去原虫有提高稻草粗蛋白的降解率的趋势(P-0.158)；日粮因素可影响稻草的粗蛋白降解率(P=0.084)；日粮和原虫之间无交互作用(P＞0.05)。
原虫、两种日粮水平对稻草的中性洗涤纤维降解率、酸性洗涤纤维降解率均无影响(P＞0.05)，且二者之间不存在交互作用(P＞0.05)。
(2) 去原虫可提高精料1的干物质降解率(P＜0.05)，两种不同日粮对精料1的干物质降解率影响显著(P＜0.05)，且原虫和日粮之间存在着交互作用(P＜0.05)。日粮中蛋白质水平较高时，去原虫可明显提高精料1的干物质降解率。对于精料2的干物质降解率来说，去原虫对其无影响(P＞0.05)；但日粮中蛋白质水平高时，精料2的干物质降解率要显著增加(P＜0.05)。
去原虫对不同精料的粗蛋白降解率影响不同。去原虫、日粮l均可提
高精料1的粗蛋白降解率少<0 .05)，但二者之间并不存在交互作用。去原
虫对精料2粗蛋白降解率影响不显著(P>0.OS)。日粮因素可影响精料2的
粗蛋白降解率(P<0 .05)。
(3)不管日粮中蛋白质水平如何，去原虫对鱼粉的干物质降解率均无
影响(P>0.05)。但去原虫有降低鱼粉粗蛋白的降解率的趋势(P=0 .059).
(4)既有原虫、日粮中粗蛋白含量又低的情况下，豆粕干物质的降解
率最小。去原虫后，不管日粮中蛋白质水平如何，菜粕中的干物质在瘤胃
中的降解增加极显著(P<0.01)。原虫、日粮因素对棉粕的干物质降解率
影响显著(P<0 .05)，且二者之间存在交互作用。
原虫对豆粕、菜粕的粗蛋白降解率影响不大伊>0.05);去原虫后可提
高棉粕的粗蛋白降解率伊<0 .05).
(5)去原虫使日粮中的干物质(DM)、粗蛋白(CP)、中性洗涤纤维
伽DF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)的总消化率降低，但差异不显著(卜0.05).
(6)日粮蛋白质水平相同条件下，是否去原虫对PH的影响不大
(卜0.05);日粮蛋白质水平不同的条件下，去原虫对pH影响不显著
(P>0.05):恢复原虫对pH的影响也不显著(卜0.05)。
(7)日粮蛋白质水平相同条件下，去原虫后瘤胃氨态氮的浓度极显著
低于恢复原虫后瘤胃的氨态氮浓度(P<0 .01);日粮蛋白质水平不同的条件
下，去原虫对氨态氮浓度的影响显著;日粮中蛋白水平较高时，瘤胃中氨
态氮的浓度也高(P>0.05).
(8)饲喂稻草时，瘤胃内的纤毛虫主要为:双毛属口ipfod面帅)、等
毛属Gsotricha)、内毛属伍ntodli云姗)。
An experiment was conducted to study the in situ degradation and the digestion of the whole digestive tract between the defaunation or refaunation on two different diet protein level .Two adult yellow cattle fitted with rumen cannulas were defaunted by intro-ruminal infusion of sodium dodecybenzene sulfonic acid 100ml/d.
The experiment is divided into four periods: (1)Defaunation with diet crude protein level 12.7% and net energy level 4,63MJ/Kg (2)Defaunation with diet crude protein level 8.9% and net energy level 4.72MJ/Kg (3)Refaunation with diet crude protein level 12.7% and net level 4.63MJ/Kg (4)Refaunation with diet crude protein level 8.9% and net energy level 4.72MJ/Kg.
The results show that:
(1) Crude protein potential degradability of rice straw remained unchanged (P=0.158); Dry matter(DM) potential degradability of the rice straw increased after defaunation(P=0.195) ,Biit the difference is not significant.
(2) The potential degradability of neutral detergent fiber (NDF),acid detergent fiber(ADF) in straw remained unchanged after defaunation(P>0.05).
(3) Defaunation increased significantly the potential degradability of DM,CP in concentrate l(P<0.05);Defaunation increased the CP potential degradability of concentrate 2. (P=0.079).,but the difference is not significant.
(4) The potential degradability of crude protein in fish meal decreased after defaunation(P=0.059).No difference was observed in DM of fish meal.
(P>0.05).
(5) The potential degradability of crude protein in cotton seed meal (CSM) increased after defaunation(P<0.05);but no significant difference was measured in the CP potential degradabilty of soybean meal (SBM)and rape seed meal. (RSM)(P>0.05).
(6) After defaunation the potential degradability of DM in cotton seed meal, rape seed meal enhanced significantly both.(P<0.05).
(7) The potential degradability of DM in rice straw, concentrate 1, concentrate2; RSM, CSM increased significantly with diet 1(P<0.05), and also in CP of concentrate1 (P<0.05); The diet protein level affect the potential degradability of CP in rice straw (P=0.084), concentrate2 (P=0.079).
(8) The digestibility in the whole digestive tract of dietary dry matter, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber increased after refaunation but no significant difference was observed. (P>0.05)
(9) No difference in pH was measured between defaunation and refaunation, and also it was between two diets(P>0.05).
(10)The concentration of NH3-N in the rumen was significantly increased (P<0.01) after refaunation, and it enhenced significantly (P<0.01)with the diet protein level increasing.
实验共分四期：
第一期：日粮1蛋白质水平为12.7％，净能为4.63MJ／Kg，去原虫；
第二期：日粮2蛋白质水平为8.9％，净能为4.72MJ／Kg，去原虫；
第三期：日粮1蛋白质水平为12.7％，净能为4.63MJ／Kg，恢复原虫；
第四期：日粮2蛋白质水平为8.9％，净能为4.72MJ／Kg，恢复原虫
其中日粮1中的精料部分称为精料1(CP％18.9％)；日粮2中的精料部分称为精料2(CP％12.35％)。
研究结果如下：
(1) 去原虫对稻草的干物质降解率影响不大(P=0.195)。日粮1可显著提高稻草干物质降解率(P＜0.05)；日粮和原虫之间对稻草的干物质降解率无交互作用(P=0.802)。
去原虫有提高稻草粗蛋白的降解率的趋势(P-0.158)；日粮因素可影响稻草的粗蛋白降解率(P=0.084)；日粮和原虫之间无交互作用(P＞0.05)。
原虫、两种日粮水平对稻草的中性洗涤纤维降解率、酸性洗涤纤维降解率均无影响(P＞0.05)，且二者之间不存在交互作用(P＞0.05)。
(2) 去原虫可提高精料1的干物质降解率(P＜0.05)，两种不同日粮对精料1的干物质降解率影响显著(P＜0.05)，且原虫和日粮之间存在着交互作用(P＜0.05)。日粮中蛋白质水平较高时，去原虫可明显提高精料1的干物质降解率。对于精料2的干物质降解率来说，去原虫对其无影响(P＞0.05)；但日粮中蛋白质水平高时，精料2的干物质降解率要显著增加(P＜0.05)。
去原虫对不同精料的粗蛋白降解率影响不同。去原虫、日粮l均可提
高精料1的粗蛋白降解率少<0 .05)，但二者之间并不存在交互作用。去原
虫对精料2粗蛋白降解率影响不显著(P>0.OS)。日粮因素可影响精料2的
粗蛋白降解率(P<0 .05)。
(3)不管日粮中蛋白质水平如何，去原虫对鱼粉的干物质降解率均无
影响(P>0.05)。但去原虫有降低鱼粉粗蛋白的降解率的趋势(P=0 .059).
(4)既有原虫、日粮中粗蛋白含量又低的情况下，豆粕干物质的降解
率最小。去原虫后，不管日粮中蛋白质水平如何，菜粕中的干物质在瘤胃
中的降解增加极显著(P<0.01)。原虫、日粮因素对棉粕的干物质降解率
影响显著(P<0 .05)，且二者之间存在交互作用。
原虫对豆粕、菜粕的粗蛋白降解率影响不大伊>0.05);去原虫后可提
高棉粕的粗蛋白降解率伊<0 .05).
(5)去原虫使日粮中的干物质(DM)、粗蛋白(CP)、中性洗涤纤维
伽DF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)的总消化率降低，但差异不显著(卜0.05).
(6)日粮蛋白质水平相同条件下，是否去原虫对PH的影响不大
(卜0.05);日粮蛋白质水平不同的条件下，去原虫对pH影响不显著
(P>0.05):恢复原虫对pH的影响也不显著(卜0.05)。
(7)日粮蛋白质水平相同条件下，去原虫后瘤胃氨态氮的浓度极显著
低于恢复原虫后瘤胃的氨态氮浓度(P<0 .01);日粮蛋白质水平不同的条件
下，去原虫对氨态氮浓度的影响显著;日粮中蛋白水平较高时，瘤胃中氨
态氮的浓度也高(P>0.05).
(8)饲喂稻草时，瘤胃内的纤毛虫主要为:双毛属口ipfod面帅)、等
毛属Gsotricha)、内毛属伍ntodli云姗)。
An experiment was conducted to study the in situ degradation and the digestion of the whole digestive tract between the defaunation or refaunation on two different diet protein level .Two adult yellow cattle fitted with rumen cannulas were defaunted by intro-ruminal infusion of sodium dodecybenzene sulfonic acid 100ml/d.
The experiment is divided into four periods: (1)Defaunation with diet crude protein level 12.7% and net energy level 4,63MJ/Kg (2)Defaunation with diet crude protein level 8.9% and net energy level 4.72MJ/Kg (3)Refaunation with diet crude protein level 12.7% and net level 4.63MJ/Kg (4)Refaunation with diet crude protein level 8.9% and net energy level 4.72MJ/Kg.
The results show that:
(1) Crude protein potential degradability of rice straw remained unchanged (P=0.158); Dry matter(DM) potential degradability of the rice straw increased after defaunation(P=0.195) ,Biit the difference is not significant.
(2) The potential degradability of neutral detergent fiber (NDF),acid detergent fiber(ADF) in straw remained unchanged after defaunation(P>0.05).
(3) Defaunation increased significantly the potential degradability of DM,CP in concentrate l(P<0.05);Defaunation increased the CP potential degradability of concentrate 2. (P=0.079).,but the difference is not significant.
(4) The potential degradability of crude protein in fish meal decreased after defaunation(P=0.059).No difference was observed in DM of fish meal.
(P>0.05).
(5) The potential degradability of crude protein in cotton seed meal (CSM) increased after defaunation(P<0.05);but no significant difference was measured in the CP potential degradabilty of soybean meal (SBM)and rape seed meal. (RSM)(P>0.05).
(6) After defaunation the potential degradability of DM in cotton seed meal, rape seed meal enhanced significantly both.(P<0.05).
(7) The potential degradability of DM in rice straw, concentrate 1, concentrate2; RSM, CSM increased significantly with diet 1(P<0.05), and also in CP of concentrate1 (P<0.05); The diet protein level affect the potential degradability of CP in rice straw (P=0.084), concentrate2 (P=0.079).
(8) The digestibility in the whole digestive tract of dietary dry matter, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber increased after refaunation but no significant difference was observed. (P>0.05)
(9) No difference in pH was measured between defaunation and refaunation, and also it was between two diets(P>0.05).
(10)The concentration of NH3-N in the rumen was significantly increased (P<0.01) after refaunation, and it enhenced significantly (P<0.01)with the diet protein level increasing.
引文
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40. G.D.Mendoza,R.A.Britton,and R.A.Stock Influence of ruminal protozoa on site and extent of starch digestion and ruminal fermentation J.Anim.Sci. 1993.71:1572-1578
41. Guedes-CM; Dias-da-Silva-A Effects of fish-meal supplementation on the digestion and rumen degradation of ammoniated wheat straw.Annales-de-Zootechnie. 1994, 43: 4, 333-340; 24 ref.
42. H.E.M.Kamel,A Elwaziry and J.Sekine A rapid technique for determination of total disappearance of dietary nitrogen in the digestive tract using washed fecal sample after freezing and thawing Asian-Aus,J.Anim.Sci.2000.Vol. 13,no 3:313-316
43. H.Itabashi, T.Kobayashi,M＞Matsumoto and A.Takenaka Effect of unfaunation on plasma free amino acids,gastrin and insulin and duodenal nitrogen flow in ruminants AJAS1989 VOL. 2(NO.3) 489-490.
44. Hancock-KR; Ealing-PM; White-DWR Identification of sulphur-rich proteins which resist rumen degradation and are hydrolysed rapidly by intestinal proteases.British-Journal-of-Nutrition. 1994, 72: 6, 855-863; 22
45. Hindle-VA; Steg-A; Vuuren-AM-van; Vroons-de-Bruin-J; Van-Vuuren-AM Rumen degradation and post-ruminal digestion of palm kernel by-products in dairy cows.Animal-Feed-Science-and-Technology. 1995, 51: 1-2, 103-121; 26
46. J.A.Huntington and D.i.Givens The in situ teshnique for studying the rumen degradation of feeds:a review of the procedure Nutrition abstracts and reviews(series B).
47. J.H.F.Meyer and S.I.van der Walt and H.m.schwartz,The influence of diet and protozoa numbers on the breakdown and synthesis of protein in the rumen of sheep,
48. J.P.Jouanjy ,F.Mathieu et al Effect of saccharomyces cerevisiae and asperfillus oryzae on the digestion of nitrogen in the rumen of defaunated and refaunated sheep.Animal feed Sci and Technology 75(1998)1-13
49. J.P.Jouany and K.Ushida Inra, Srnh, Center de clermont-theix,63122 St Genes Champanelle. france The role of protozoa in feed digestion review AJAS1999VOL.12(NO.1)113-128.
50. J.P.Jouany, M.Ivan,Y.Papon.andB.LassalasEffectof cha ,Eudiplodinium,Epidimium+Entodinium and a mixed popolation of rumen protozoa on the in vitro degradation of fish meal,soybean meal and casein. Can.J.Sci,72,871-880(Dec. 1992)
51. Jean-Pierre Jouany ,Frederique Matieu, et al .The effect of Saccharomyces cervisiae and Sspergillus oryzae on the digestion of the cell wall fraction of a mixed diet in defaunated and refaunated sheep rumen. Reprod.Nutr.Dev.38(1998)401-416
52. JP. Jouany ,Jsenaud ,SToilon et,al .Effect of ruminal inoculation of Isotricha alone or a mixed B-type fauna in a defaunated rumen on the digestion of a hay-maize diet in sheep.Reprod Nutr (1195)35:11-25
53. K.M.Koenig,C.J.Newbold, F.M.Mcintosh,and L.M.Rode Effects pfrotozoa on bacterial nitrogen recycling in the rumen J. Anim. sci.200. 78: 2431-2445.
54. L.Broudiscou,Sylvie Pochet,C.Poncet Effect of linseed oil supplementation on feed degrdation and refaunated sheep .Animal
feed science and Technology 49(1994)189-202
55. L.C.caudhary and A.Srivastava digestion of starch and nitrogenin different part of the alimention canal of defaunated murrah buffalo(bubulis bublais)calves AJAS 1996 VOL.(NO.6)667-670.
56. L.C.Chaudhary ,Arun Srivastava,K.K.Singh Rumen fermentation pattern and digestion of structural carbohydrates in buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)calves as affected by cilliate protozoa Animal feed and science technology 56 (1995) 111-117
57. Lopez-S; Hovell-FD-DeB; Manyuchi-B; Smart-RI Comparison of sample preparation methods for the determination of the rumen degradation characteristics of fresh and ensiled forages by the nylon bag technique.Animal-Science. 1995, 60: 3,439-450; 41 refs.
58. M.Ivan,M.de S.dayrell,S.J.Senaud ,JP Jouany,BLassalas,JBohatier Digestion of a dehydrated lucerne/barely diet(70:30)in defaunated, isotrcha-monoinoculated and mixed-fauna-inoculated rumen in sheep Reprod Nutr Dev(1995)35,249-266.
59. M.vermorel and J.P.Jouany Effects of rumen protozoa on energy utilization by wethers of two diets based on ammonia-treated straw supplemented or not with maize AJAS1989VOL.2(NO.3)475-476.
60. M.Wanapat and O.Pimpa Effect of ruminal NH3-N levels on ruminal fermentation ,purine derivatives ,digestibility and rice straw intake in swamp buffaloes J.Anim Sci,1999,Vol. 12.No.6:904-907
61. Mohamed-Emad A.nasser Purification and some properties of 2,6-diaminopimelate decarboxylase from rumen protozoa .entodinium caudaturn Anim.Sci.Technol.(jpn)69(11): 1012-1019
62. Neill,L.Dayrell,M.de S Procedure for analysis of phosphatidylcholine as a protozoal marker in ruminants Can. J.Anim. Sci. 72: 717-719(Sept.1992)
63. Nguyen Thi Hong N-han ,Nguyen Van Hon,Nguyen Trong Tien
Von,T.R.Preston andR.A.Leng practical applocation of defaunation of cattle on faems in Vietnam:response of young cattle fed rice straw and grass to a single drench of groundnut oil asian-Aust. J.Anim. sci.2001 .Vol. 14, No4:485-490.
64. Nippon-Sochi-Gakkaishi-=-Journal-of-Japanese-Society-of-Grassland-Science. 1994, 39: 4, 437-445; 24 ref.
65. Nishino-N; Uchida-S; Ohshima-M Effect of sodium hydroxide or ammonia treatment on digestion and rumen degradation of alfalfa silage in goats.
66. O.P.Nangia and P.N.Shivastava Effect of presence orabsence of protozoa on rumen digestive functions in buffaloes on straw-based diets AJAS 1989VOL.2(NO.3)493-496.
67. O.P.Nangia and Rita Sharma ,rumen digestive functions in the absence of ciliate protozoa by using cotten seed oil as defaunating agent in buffaloes.India J.Dairy Sci,47,11,1996
68. O.P.Nangia and Rita Sharma, Effect of defaunation of rumen function in buffaloes fed high concentrate diet. India Journal of animal science 64(11):1254-1258
69. R.J.Wallace Laury arthaud,and c.j newbold Influence of Yucca shidigera extract on ruminal Ammomia Concentration and ruminal Microorganisms Applied and Environmental Microbiology. June 1994,p. 1762-1767
70. R.N.Corley, M.R.Murphy et al Technical Note :A device for obtaining time-integrated samples of ruminal fluid J.Anim.Sci. 1999. 77:2540-2544
71. R.S.Hegarty ,J.V.Nolan and R.A.Leng The effects of protozoa and of supplementation with Nitrogen and Sulfur on digestion and micrbial metabolism in the rumen on sheep Aust. J.Agric.res., 1994, 45, 1215-27.
72. Reddy-DV Effect of supplementation of caged poultry droppings and wheat bran on rumen degradation kinetics and nutrient utilization in buffalo calves fed rice straw.Indian-Journal-of-Animal-Sciences. 1994, 64: 12, 1388-1389; 12 Huntingdon-JA; Givens-DIThe in situ technique for studying the rumen degradation of feeds: a review of the procedure.Nutrition-Abstracts-and-Reviews.-Series-B,-Livestock-Feed s-and-Feeding. 1995, 65: 2, 63-93; 146 ref.
73. S.C.Angelesc.,G.D.MendozaM.et al Comparison of two commercial yeast cultures on ruminal fermentation and digestion in sheep fed on com-stover diet Small Ruminal Research 31(1998)45-50
74. S.H.Bird ,B Romulo,et al Effect of lucerne supplementation and defaunation on feed intake ,digestibility ,N retention productivity of sheep fed straw based diets.Animal Feed science and technology 45(1994)119-129
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29. A. Marcin ,S.Kisidayova,V.Kmet Wheat protein proteolysis in the
monoculture of rumen protozoa Entodinium caudatum, Livestock Production Sciences 53(1998) 183-190
30. Akio Takenaka and Hisao itabashi Changes in the population of some functional groups of rumen bacreria by changing the rumen ciliates in calves J.Gen.Appl.microbiol,41,377-387(1995).
31. Autumn-cut grass silage as roughage component in dairy cow rations. 2. Rumen degradation, fermentation and kinetics. Netherlands-Journal-of-Agricultural-Science. 1993, 41: 3, 221-234; 27 ref.
32. B. S. Punia, J. Leibhoz and G. j. Faichney Rate of production of protoza in the rumen and the flow of protozal nitrogen to the duodenum in sheep and cattle given a pelleted diet of lucerne hay and barley Agricutural Science,cambridge(1992),118,229-236.Print in Great Britain.
33. By A.B.Mcallan The degradation of nucleic acids in,and the romoval of breakdown products from the small intestines of steers 0007-1145/80/3453-28011980 the nutrition scciety
34. BY C J.Newbold,S.M.El Hassan,Influence of foliage from African multipurpose trees on activity of rumen protozoa and bacteria British J. of Nutritional (1997), 78, 237-239
35. C. J. Newbold, B. Lassalas and JP.Jouany The important of methanogens associated with ciliate protozoa in ruminal methane production in vitro Letters in Applied Microbiology 1995.21,230-234
36. Chaudhary-LC; Kamra-DN; Agrawal-N; Singh-R; Pathak-NN Effect of defaunation on enzyme profile and degradability of oat hay in buffalo calf rumen. Indian-Journal-of-Microbiology. 1995, 35: 2, 103-107; 21 ref.
37. Cushnahan-A; Gordon-FJ The effects of grass preservation on intake, apparent digestibility and rumen degradation characteristics. Animal-Science. 1995, 60: 3, 429-438; 22 ref.
38. E.Enev, aA.Petkov ,N.oblakov and N.Todorov Some aspects of carbohydrate metaolism in defaunated sheep AJA1989 VOL. 2(NO.3)471-472.
39. F.Mathieu ,JP Jouany ,JSenaud ,J Bohatier,et al The effect of Saccaromyces cerevisiae and Aspergillus oryzae on fermentations in the rumen of faunated and defaunated sheep;protozoal and probiotic interactions.Reprod Nutr Dev(1996),36,271-287
40. G.D.Mendoza,R.A.Britton,and R.A.Stock Influence of ruminal protozoa on site and extent of starch digestion and ruminal fermentation J.Anim.Sci. 1993.71:1572-1578
41. Guedes-CM; Dias-da-Silva-A Effects of fish-meal supplementation on the digestion and rumen degradation of ammoniated wheat straw.Annales-de-Zootechnie. 1994, 43: 4, 333-340; 24 ref.
42. H.E.M.Kamel,A Elwaziry and J.Sekine A rapid technique for determination of total disappearance of dietary nitrogen in the digestive tract using washed fecal sample after freezing and thawing Asian-Aus,J.Anim.Sci.2000.Vol. 13,no 3:313-316
43. H.Itabashi, T.Kobayashi,M＞Matsumoto and A.Takenaka Effect of unfaunation on plasma free amino acids,gastrin and insulin and duodenal nitrogen flow in ruminants AJAS1989 VOL. 2(NO.3) 489-490.
44. Hancock-KR; Ealing-PM; White-DWR Identification of sulphur-rich proteins which resist rumen degradation and are hydrolysed rapidly by intestinal proteases.British-Journal-of-Nutrition. 1994, 72: 6, 855-863; 22
45. Hindle-VA; Steg-A; Vuuren-AM-van; Vroons-de-Bruin-J; Van-Vuuren-AM Rumen degradation and post-ruminal digestion of palm kernel by-products in dairy cows.Animal-Feed-Science-and-Technology. 1995, 51: 1-2, 103-121; 26
46. J.A.Huntington and D.i.Givens The in situ teshnique for studying the rumen degradation of feeds:a review of the procedure Nutrition abstracts and reviews(series B).
47. J.H.F.Meyer and S.I.van der Walt and H.m.schwartz,The influence of diet and protozoa numbers on the breakdown and synthesis of protein in the rumen of sheep,
48. J.P.Jouanjy ,F.Mathieu et al Effect of saccharomyces cerevisiae and asperfillus oryzae on the digestion of nitrogen in the rumen of defaunated and refaunated sheep.Animal feed Sci and Technology 75(1998)1-13
49. J.P.Jouany and K.Ushida Inra, Srnh, Center de clermont-theix,63122 St Genes Champanelle. france The role of protozoa in feed digestion review AJAS1999VOL.12(NO.1)113-128.
50. J.P.Jouany, M.Ivan,Y.Papon.andB.LassalasEffectof cha ,Eudiplodinium,Epidimium+Entodinium and a mixed popolation of rumen protozoa on the in vitro degradation of fish meal,soybean meal and casein. Can.J.Sci,72,871-880(Dec. 1992)
51. Jean-Pierre Jouany ,Frederique Matieu, et al .The effect of Saccharomyces cervisiae and Sspergillus oryzae on the digestion of the cell wall fraction of a mixed diet in defaunated and refaunated sheep rumen. Reprod.Nutr.Dev.38(1998)401-416
52. JP. Jouany ,Jsenaud ,SToilon et,al .Effect of ruminal inoculation of Isotricha alone or a mixed B-type fauna in a defaunated rumen on the digestion of a hay-maize diet in sheep.Reprod Nutr (1195)35:11-25
53. K.M.Koenig,C.J.Newbold, F.M.Mcintosh,and L.M.Rode Effects pfrotozoa on bacterial nitrogen recycling in the rumen J. Anim. sci.200. 78: 2431-2445.
54. L.Broudiscou,Sylvie Pochet,C.Poncet Effect of linseed oil supplementation on feed degrdation and refaunated sheep .Animal
feed science and Technology 49(1994)189-202
55. L.C.caudhary and A.Srivastava digestion of starch and nitrogenin different part of the alimention canal of defaunated murrah buffalo(bubulis bublais)calves AJAS 1996 VOL.(NO.6)667-670.
56. L.C.Chaudhary ,Arun Srivastava,K.K.Singh Rumen fermentation pattern and digestion of structural carbohydrates in buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)calves as affected by cilliate protozoa Animal feed and science technology 56 (1995) 111-117
57. Lopez-S; Hovell-FD-DeB; Manyuchi-B; Smart-RI Comparison of sample preparation methods for the determination of the rumen degradation characteristics of fresh and ensiled forages by the nylon bag technique.Animal-Science. 1995, 60: 3,439-450; 41 refs.
58. M.Ivan,M.de S.dayrell,S.J.Senaud ,JP Jouany,BLassalas,JBohatier Digestion of a dehydrated lucerne/barely diet(70:30)in defaunated, isotrcha-monoinoculated and mixed-fauna-inoculated rumen in sheep Reprod Nutr Dev(1995)35,249-266.
59. M.vermorel and J.P.Jouany Effects of rumen protozoa on energy utilization by wethers of two diets based on ammonia-treated straw supplemented or not with maize AJAS1989VOL.2(NO.3)475-476.
60. M.Wanapat and O.Pimpa Effect of ruminal NH3-N levels on ruminal fermentation ,purine derivatives ,digestibility and rice straw intake in swamp buffaloes J.Anim Sci,1999,Vol. 12.No.6:904-907
61. Mohamed-Emad A.nasser Purification and some properties of 2,6-diaminopimelate decarboxylase from rumen protozoa .entodinium caudaturn Anim.Sci.Technol.(jpn)69(11): 1012-1019
62. Neill,L.Dayrell,M.de S Procedure for analysis of phosphatidylcholine as a protozoal marker in ruminants Can. J.Anim. Sci. 72: 717-719(Sept.1992)
63. Nguyen Thi Hong N-han ,Nguyen Van Hon,Nguyen Trong Tien
Von,T.R.Preston andR.A.Leng practical applocation of defaunation of cattle on faems in Vietnam:response of young cattle fed rice straw and grass to a single drench of groundnut oil asian-Aust. J.Anim. sci.2001 .Vol. 14, No4:485-490.
64. Nippon-Sochi-Gakkaishi-=-Journal-of-Japanese-Society-of-Grassland-Science. 1994, 39: 4, 437-445; 24 ref.
65. Nishino-N; Uchida-S; Ohshima-M Effect of sodium hydroxide or ammonia treatment on digestion and rumen degradation of alfalfa silage in goats.
66. O.P.Nangia and P.N.Shivastava Effect of presence orabsence of protozoa on rumen digestive functions in buffaloes on straw-based diets AJAS 1989VOL.2(NO.3)493-496.
67. O.P.Nangia and Rita Sharma ,rumen digestive functions in the absence of ciliate protozoa by using cotten seed oil as defaunating agent in buffaloes.India J.Dairy Sci,47,11,1996
68. O.P.Nangia and Rita Sharma, Effect of defaunation of rumen function in buffaloes fed high concentrate diet. India Journal of animal science 64(11):1254-1258
69. R.J.Wallace Laury arthaud,and c.j newbold Influence of Yucca shidigera extract on ruminal Ammomia Concentration and ruminal Microorganisms Applied and Environmental Microbiology. June 1994,p. 1762-1767
70. R.N.Corley, M.R.Murphy et al Technical Note :A device for obtaining time-integrated samples of ruminal fluid J.Anim.Sci. 1999. 77:2540-2544
71. R.S.Hegarty ,J.V.Nolan and R.A.Leng The effects of protozoa and of supplementation with Nitrogen and Sulfur on digestion and micrbial metabolism in the rumen on sheep Aust. J.Agric.res., 1994, 45, 1215-27.
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