基于遥感影像的城市景观格局及其热环境效应研究
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摘要
当前,以发展中国家为主体的城市化浪潮不断掀起,城市化所伴生的大规模土地利用/覆盖变化已经成为一种典型的人地系统相互作用过程。从景观角度看,城市化过程伴随着一系列自然景观被人工景观所取代,景观格局的这种时空演变潜在着重要的自然与社会文化方面的生态过程。本文选择中国最大的城市—上海为典型案例,通过遥感定量方法获取城市内部各种景观信息,揭示城市化过程中各种城市景观的时空演变格局特征;在各种景观格局和热环境效应关系分析的基础上,综合研究城市热环境形成机制,为寻求城市内部人地系统的协调与均衡发展、最大限度地减少人类活动对城市生态环境的影响与破坏提供基本思路。利用GIS、RS方法,研究城市尺度上景观时空演变格局及其热环境效应,在理论上提供一种城市景观生态或者城市生态环境研究的基本范式,完善和促进景观生态学方法和理论体系的发展;在实践上对当前上海市的城市规划、城市建设、环境保护和区域可持续发展提供有效的决策支持。
第一章首先分析了研究背景和意义,通过对国内外相关研究进展的评述,发现景观生态学是目前生态学领域发展最为活跃的学科。城市景观是景观生态学一直关注的重点领域,但由于强烈的人为色彩导致城市景观格局—生态学过程的研究范式具有一定局限性。城市生态环境是目前普遍关注的问题,相关的研究成果具有重要的实践价值。因此,选择城市景观下潜在的能量流(热环境)作为城市景观格局的生态学过程,从而将城市景观生态与环境问题相结合,成功的将景观生态学的研究范式引入城市生态环境研究,具有重要的理论和实践意义。
第二章,在分析所借鉴的理论和方法的基础上,重点阐述了在方法上的两点改进或者创新:混合像元线性光谱分解技术的改进和基于地图代数的多变量综合分析模式的提出。通过在端元选取上的几点改进,提高了混合像元分解技术在城市生态环境信息获取中的可用性;针对城市生态要素的多维性,建立一种基于栅格的多变量综合分析模式,为城市生态环境研究提供一种一般性的技术框架。还对研究区域和研究内容进行简单概括,最后给出了研究的总体思路。
第三章通过尺度推绎发现,各种景观随着尺度变化具有明显的格局特点。上海市土地利用景观格局的粒度变化揭示40m的粒度比较接近本征尺度的分辨率;针对具体的研究目的,选择外环线为总体上研究幅度;对景观格局指数的空间异质性对幅度的响应特征分析,1km幅度是一个相对较好的空间样本选择。
第四章根据VIS模型原理和光谱分解方法,得到了上海市不透面空间分布特征:中心城区几个区明显高于浦东等其它几个区,但相互之间的差异并不明显。各个街镇不透水面的分布规律较明显,高值区主要集中在浦西的内环以内,次高值区总体上在浦西沿内环两侧分布并北延到宝山区的外环附近,更小的值在其外部呈环状扩展。
第五章,对上海市城市绿色空间进行评价。从植被指数评价结果来看,所有植被指数对于植被和非植被的区分都比较好;但把植被再细分的效果不是太好。综合分析
At present, world urbanization accelerates greatly, especially in developing countries, which has already become one of the major manners for human to change the Earth and the land use/cover. From the viewpoint of landscape, urbanization was followed with series of physical ecology landscapes replaced by human ones, which implies an important physical and social ecology process. This thesis, selecting Shanghai city as an example area, firstly discloses the evolving characters of spatio-temporal pattern of all kinds of urban landscapes with quantificational information obtained by remote sensing methods. Based on the relationship analysis between landscape pattern and thermal environment effect, the paper studies synthetically the mechanism of urban thermal environment developing, which can provide basic ideas for reducing farthest all the destruction to natural environment and seeking balanced development between human and Earth of urban, Studying the landscape spatio-temporal pattern and its thermal environment effect at urban scale by GIS&RS methods firstly provides a new paradigm for the study of urban landscape ecology or urban ecology environment in theory, at the same time can perfect or promote the methods and system info of landscape ecology, can also support the decisions for urban planning, urban constructing, environment protecting and regional sustainable development in Shanghai city.Chapter 1 is "Introduction", puts forward the study value. According to the relative study background at home and abroad, the landscape ecology is the most active subject in Ecology field. Urban landscape is paid more attention in landscape ecology studying. But the pattern-process paradigm of urban landscape has been restricted for strong factitious character of landscapes. Ecology environment is more and more important in urban area, studies on which are of great value. Therefore selecting the latent energy flow (thermal environment) behind urban landscapes as ecology process of landscape pattern, which link the urban landscape ecology with urban environment problems and introduce the study paradigm of landscape ecology into urban ecology environment successfully, has important signification in theory and practice.In chapter 2, based on the analysis of referenced theories and methods, the paper emphasizes two improved or innovated methods: linear spectral unmixing for mixing pixels and multivariable synthesis analysis model based on map algebra. Through changing endmember select methods, the precision of linear spectral unmixing in urban ecology environment is a lot improved. Through using map algebra, converting data format, scaling and combining GIS, RS with multivariable analysis, the paper provides a new multivariable synthesis analysis model based on grid, which provides a general technology frame for urban ecology environment study. The chapter also introduces the research area and content simply, at last gives the research flow map.In chapter 3, through scaling (upscaling and downscaling), all kinds of landscape take on distinct variation pattern to the scale changing. Though the study we can know that 40-meter grain compared with other grains in Shanghai city is more close to intrinsic scale of urban landscape. Aimed to the given study object, outline highway is chosen as a whole. According to analyzing the response characters of spatial heterogeneity of landscape
indices to extent changing, 1km extent is a perfect choice.In chapter 4, the spatial distribution of impervious surface in Shanghai city was obtained by improved linear spectral unmixing method based on vegetation-impervious surface-soil model principle. The values scattered in the districts in urban center are higher than the ones in Pudong new area, but the discrepancy among them is not distinct. The spatial distribution rule for impervious at the scale of street or town is more distinct. High values are mainly distributed in the interior of inner ring road on the west of Huangpu River. From the inner of downtown center to the outer, the values decrease gra
第一章首先分析了研究背景和意义,通过对国内外相关研究进展的评述,发现景观生态学是目前生态学领域发展最为活跃的学科。城市景观是景观生态学一直关注的重点领域,但由于强烈的人为色彩导致城市景观格局—生态学过程的研究范式具有一定局限性。城市生态环境是目前普遍关注的问题,相关的研究成果具有重要的实践价值。因此,选择城市景观下潜在的能量流(热环境)作为城市景观格局的生态学过程,从而将城市景观生态与环境问题相结合,成功的将景观生态学的研究范式引入城市生态环境研究,具有重要的理论和实践意义。
第二章,在分析所借鉴的理论和方法的基础上,重点阐述了在方法上的两点改进或者创新:混合像元线性光谱分解技术的改进和基于地图代数的多变量综合分析模式的提出。通过在端元选取上的几点改进,提高了混合像元分解技术在城市生态环境信息获取中的可用性;针对城市生态要素的多维性,建立一种基于栅格的多变量综合分析模式,为城市生态环境研究提供一种一般性的技术框架。还对研究区域和研究内容进行简单概括,最后给出了研究的总体思路。
第三章通过尺度推绎发现,各种景观随着尺度变化具有明显的格局特点。上海市土地利用景观格局的粒度变化揭示40m的粒度比较接近本征尺度的分辨率;针对具体的研究目的,选择外环线为总体上研究幅度;对景观格局指数的空间异质性对幅度的响应特征分析,1km幅度是一个相对较好的空间样本选择。
第四章根据VIS模型原理和光谱分解方法,得到了上海市不透面空间分布特征:中心城区几个区明显高于浦东等其它几个区,但相互之间的差异并不明显。各个街镇不透水面的分布规律较明显,高值区主要集中在浦西的内环以内,次高值区总体上在浦西沿内环两侧分布并北延到宝山区的外环附近,更小的值在其外部呈环状扩展。
第五章,对上海市城市绿色空间进行评价。从植被指数评价结果来看,所有植被指数对于植被和非植被的区分都比较好;但把植被再细分的效果不是太好。综合分析
At present, world urbanization accelerates greatly, especially in developing countries, which has already become one of the major manners for human to change the Earth and the land use/cover. From the viewpoint of landscape, urbanization was followed with series of physical ecology landscapes replaced by human ones, which implies an important physical and social ecology process. This thesis, selecting Shanghai city as an example area, firstly discloses the evolving characters of spatio-temporal pattern of all kinds of urban landscapes with quantificational information obtained by remote sensing methods. Based on the relationship analysis between landscape pattern and thermal environment effect, the paper studies synthetically the mechanism of urban thermal environment developing, which can provide basic ideas for reducing farthest all the destruction to natural environment and seeking balanced development between human and Earth of urban, Studying the landscape spatio-temporal pattern and its thermal environment effect at urban scale by GIS&RS methods firstly provides a new paradigm for the study of urban landscape ecology or urban ecology environment in theory, at the same time can perfect or promote the methods and system info of landscape ecology, can also support the decisions for urban planning, urban constructing, environment protecting and regional sustainable development in Shanghai city.Chapter 1 is "Introduction", puts forward the study value. According to the relative study background at home and abroad, the landscape ecology is the most active subject in Ecology field. Urban landscape is paid more attention in landscape ecology studying. But the pattern-process paradigm of urban landscape has been restricted for strong factitious character of landscapes. Ecology environment is more and more important in urban area, studies on which are of great value. Therefore selecting the latent energy flow (thermal environment) behind urban landscapes as ecology process of landscape pattern, which link the urban landscape ecology with urban environment problems and introduce the study paradigm of landscape ecology into urban ecology environment successfully, has important signification in theory and practice.In chapter 2, based on the analysis of referenced theories and methods, the paper emphasizes two improved or innovated methods: linear spectral unmixing for mixing pixels and multivariable synthesis analysis model based on map algebra. Through changing endmember select methods, the precision of linear spectral unmixing in urban ecology environment is a lot improved. Through using map algebra, converting data format, scaling and combining GIS, RS with multivariable analysis, the paper provides a new multivariable synthesis analysis model based on grid, which provides a general technology frame for urban ecology environment study. The chapter also introduces the research area and content simply, at last gives the research flow map.In chapter 3, through scaling (upscaling and downscaling), all kinds of landscape take on distinct variation pattern to the scale changing. Though the study we can know that 40-meter grain compared with other grains in Shanghai city is more close to intrinsic scale of urban landscape. Aimed to the given study object, outline highway is chosen as a whole. According to analyzing the response characters of spatial heterogeneity of landscape
indices to extent changing, 1km extent is a perfect choice.In chapter 4, the spatial distribution of impervious surface in Shanghai city was obtained by improved linear spectral unmixing method based on vegetation-impervious surface-soil model principle. The values scattered in the districts in urban center are higher than the ones in Pudong new area, but the discrepancy among them is not distinct. The spatial distribution rule for impervious at the scale of street or town is more distinct. High values are mainly distributed in the interior of inner ring road on the west of Huangpu River. From the inner of downtown center to the outer, the values decrease gra
引文
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