知识溢出视角下产业集群创新能力提升研究
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摘要
产业集群是指大量的企业以及相关支撑机构在某一特定地理区域内柔性集聚,并形成区内企业之间柔性专业化分工、结成紧密的合作网络、根植于当地不断创新的社会文化环境的空间产业组织体系。
在过去近半个世纪里,产业集群已经成为国际上最重要的经济现象之一,越来越多的国家把产业集群视为提高区域竞争力的重要手段,当作拉动区域经济增长的战略方式。但现实告诉我们,产业集群并不是万灵丹,并不可能长久地保持竞争优势,它们会由于来源于外部或内部的种种因素而导致其丧失竞争地位,甚至最终集聚瓦解。一个地区的产业集群的持续竞争优势来自于集群创新能力的高低。因此认真研究哪些因素会影响以及如何影响产业集群的创新能力,并据此给出产业集群创新能力的培育、提升等相应政策建议成为本文研究的核心问题。
首先,本文围绕上述问题从知识的角度对产业集群进行了解构,然后对产业集群内部的知识溢出机制进行理论分析与研究。文章指出,产业集群分工网络的背后是密集知识分工网络。产业集群中知识溢出实质上就是产业集群作为一个整体对知识吸收、获取、流动、消化和转化的过程,也是一个多元主体参与、共同演进的复杂过程。知识溢出源、知识溢出渠道、集群社会资本是集群中知识溢出效应有效发挥的不可或缺的因素。
其次,本文对我国台湾地区自行车产业集群案例进行分析,尝试探索、归纳出一些现有理论尚未发现的机理。论文指出,台湾自行车产业协会(A-Team)的成立之所以使得台湾自行车产业集群的创新能力与在全球产业网络中的地位大大提升,根本原因在于A-Team对台湾自行车产业集群在知识获取、消化、转化和利用等四个方面的进行了有效扩展、强化,进而使得产业集群内的知识溢出效应充分发挥,产业集群知识吸收能力大大提高,最终提升了产业创新能力。基于此,结合之前的理论分析,我们随后提出了7项理论假说。
再次,文章以中国31个省(市、自治区)的5大高技术产业为研究对象,设定了10个计量经济模型,对上述7个理论假说进行了实证检验。我们发现(1)产业集群的集聚度对集群的创新绩效有积极作用；(2)产业集群的集聚度对集群创新投入(包括研发资金投入、研发人员投入)与创新绩效之间的正向关系有积极的调节作用；(3)产业集群内社会信任程度对于集群创新绩效有积极作用；(4)产业集群嵌入全球生产网络的程度对产业集群规模与创新绩效之间的积极作用有正向的调节作用；(5)产业集群外部所在地区市场化程度对于集群创新绩效有积极作用；(6)产业集群外部所在地区产业多样化程度对于集群创新绩效有积极作用。
最后,论文结合理论与实证分析的相关结论,对政府提升产业集群创新能力的角色、作用进行了分析,并给出了如下四点建议：(1)要提升产业集群的创新能力,必须坚持“市场为基础,政府为补充”的基本原则；(2)要提升产业集群的创新能力,必须发挥政府秩序规范的作用；(3)要提升集群创新能力,政府应着力推进区域产业集群融入全球产业价值链体系的同时重视鼓励自主创新能力的培育；(4)要提升集群创新能力,政府应着力推进多产业共生并存,融合发展。
Industry cluster is a dimensional industrial organization system which refers to the flexible accumulation of a large number of enterprises as well as the relevant support agencies in a specific geographical area. This system, rooted in the local socio-cultural environment of continuous innovation, forms a close network of cooperation and flexible specialization among businesses in the region.
In the past half century, industrial cluster has become one of the most important economic phenomenons in the world. More and more countries reckon industrial clusters as an important way to improve regional competitiveness and a strategic approach to stimulate regional economic growth. But the reality tells us that industrial cluster is not a cure-all---it can't maintain a competitive edge for long time. They may lose their competitive position for factors from external or internal and even collapse finally. The sustainable competitiveness of industrial clusters in one area subjects to its innovation level. Therefore, it is the core issue of this paper that studies what factors effect and how they affect the innovative capacity of industrial clusters, and accordingly give the corresponding policy recommendations of cultivating and upgrading industry cluster innovation capability.
Around the above-mentioned problems, this article firstly deconstructs industrial clusters from the perspective of knowledge, and then has a theoretical analysis and research to knowledge-spillover Mechanism within the industrial clusters. The paper points out; behind the network of industrial cluster division is the network of intensive knowledge division. The knowledge spillover in industrial clusters is essentially a process of industrial cluster as a whole on the absorption of knowledge----acquisition, movement, digestion and transformation, and also a complex process of multi-subject participation and co-evolution. The source of knowledge spillover, knowledge spillover channels and social capital for industrial cluster are indispensable factors for effective work of knowledge-spillover effect.
Secondly, this article makes analysis on cases of specific industry clusters, trying to explore and summarize some mechanism that the existing theory has not yet discovered. This paper pointed out why the establishment of Taiwan's bicycle industry Association (A-Team) led to the innovative capabilities and the position in the global industrial network's of Taiwan's bicycle industry cluster greatly enhanced. One fundamental reason is that A-Team has effectively expanded and strengthened four areas of the Taiwan bicycle industry cluster in knowledge acquisition, assimilation, conversion and utilization, thus making the knowledge spillover effect in the industrial cluster fully developed and the knowledge absorptive capacity of the industrial cluster greatly increased. Based on this, combined with the previous theoretical analysis, we put forward seven hypotheses thereafter.
Again, the article makes the five major high-tech industries of China's 31 provinces as the research object, setting 10 econometric models to have empirical test of the seven above-mentioned hypotheses. We found that (1) The concentration degree of the cluster has a positive effect on innovation performance of the cluster; (2) the accumulation degree of industrial cluster plays a positive regulatory role on the positive relationship between the cluster innovation inputs (including R& D funding, R& D investment) and the innovation performance; (3) the degree of social trust within the industry cluster has a positive effect on the cluster innovation performance; (4) the degree of industrial cluster embedded in global production networks acts a positive mediation role on the positive effect between the scale of industrial cluster and innovation performance; (5) The degree of marketization in the external region of the industry cluster has a positive effect on the innovative performance of the cluster; (6)the degree of the diversification of the industry in the outside area of the industrial cluster has a positive effect on the innovation performance of the cluster.
Finally, combined with the relevant conclusions of theoretical and empirical analysis, the paper makes some analysis about the role and the effect of the government in enhancing the innovative capability of the industrial cluster, and gives the following four proposals:(1) to enhance the innovation capability of the industry cluster, we must adhere to the " market-based, the Government added" basic principle; (2) to enhance the innovation capability of the industry cluster, we must guarantee the full play of the order normalization role of the government; (3) to enhance the innovative capability of the cluster, government should focus on promoting the integration of regional industry cluster into the global industrial value chain system, and focusing on encouraging the cultivation of independent innovation ability; (4) to enhance the innovation capability of the cluster, government should focus on promoting the symbiotic co-existence and integrative development of different industries.
在过去近半个世纪里,产业集群已经成为国际上最重要的经济现象之一,越来越多的国家把产业集群视为提高区域竞争力的重要手段,当作拉动区域经济增长的战略方式。但现实告诉我们,产业集群并不是万灵丹,并不可能长久地保持竞争优势,它们会由于来源于外部或内部的种种因素而导致其丧失竞争地位,甚至最终集聚瓦解。一个地区的产业集群的持续竞争优势来自于集群创新能力的高低。因此认真研究哪些因素会影响以及如何影响产业集群的创新能力,并据此给出产业集群创新能力的培育、提升等相应政策建议成为本文研究的核心问题。
首先,本文围绕上述问题从知识的角度对产业集群进行了解构,然后对产业集群内部的知识溢出机制进行理论分析与研究。文章指出,产业集群分工网络的背后是密集知识分工网络。产业集群中知识溢出实质上就是产业集群作为一个整体对知识吸收、获取、流动、消化和转化的过程,也是一个多元主体参与、共同演进的复杂过程。知识溢出源、知识溢出渠道、集群社会资本是集群中知识溢出效应有效发挥的不可或缺的因素。
其次,本文对我国台湾地区自行车产业集群案例进行分析,尝试探索、归纳出一些现有理论尚未发现的机理。论文指出,台湾自行车产业协会(A-Team)的成立之所以使得台湾自行车产业集群的创新能力与在全球产业网络中的地位大大提升,根本原因在于A-Team对台湾自行车产业集群在知识获取、消化、转化和利用等四个方面的进行了有效扩展、强化,进而使得产业集群内的知识溢出效应充分发挥,产业集群知识吸收能力大大提高,最终提升了产业创新能力。基于此,结合之前的理论分析,我们随后提出了7项理论假说。
再次,文章以中国31个省(市、自治区)的5大高技术产业为研究对象,设定了10个计量经济模型,对上述7个理论假说进行了实证检验。我们发现(1)产业集群的集聚度对集群的创新绩效有积极作用；(2)产业集群的集聚度对集群创新投入(包括研发资金投入、研发人员投入)与创新绩效之间的正向关系有积极的调节作用；(3)产业集群内社会信任程度对于集群创新绩效有积极作用；(4)产业集群嵌入全球生产网络的程度对产业集群规模与创新绩效之间的积极作用有正向的调节作用；(5)产业集群外部所在地区市场化程度对于集群创新绩效有积极作用；(6)产业集群外部所在地区产业多样化程度对于集群创新绩效有积极作用。
最后,论文结合理论与实证分析的相关结论,对政府提升产业集群创新能力的角色、作用进行了分析,并给出了如下四点建议：(1)要提升产业集群的创新能力,必须坚持“市场为基础,政府为补充”的基本原则；(2)要提升产业集群的创新能力,必须发挥政府秩序规范的作用；(3)要提升集群创新能力,政府应着力推进区域产业集群融入全球产业价值链体系的同时重视鼓励自主创新能力的培育；(4)要提升集群创新能力,政府应着力推进多产业共生并存,融合发展。
Industry cluster is a dimensional industrial organization system which refers to the flexible accumulation of a large number of enterprises as well as the relevant support agencies in a specific geographical area. This system, rooted in the local socio-cultural environment of continuous innovation, forms a close network of cooperation and flexible specialization among businesses in the region.
In the past half century, industrial cluster has become one of the most important economic phenomenons in the world. More and more countries reckon industrial clusters as an important way to improve regional competitiveness and a strategic approach to stimulate regional economic growth. But the reality tells us that industrial cluster is not a cure-all---it can't maintain a competitive edge for long time. They may lose their competitive position for factors from external or internal and even collapse finally. The sustainable competitiveness of industrial clusters in one area subjects to its innovation level. Therefore, it is the core issue of this paper that studies what factors effect and how they affect the innovative capacity of industrial clusters, and accordingly give the corresponding policy recommendations of cultivating and upgrading industry cluster innovation capability.
Around the above-mentioned problems, this article firstly deconstructs industrial clusters from the perspective of knowledge, and then has a theoretical analysis and research to knowledge-spillover Mechanism within the industrial clusters. The paper points out; behind the network of industrial cluster division is the network of intensive knowledge division. The knowledge spillover in industrial clusters is essentially a process of industrial cluster as a whole on the absorption of knowledge----acquisition, movement, digestion and transformation, and also a complex process of multi-subject participation and co-evolution. The source of knowledge spillover, knowledge spillover channels and social capital for industrial cluster are indispensable factors for effective work of knowledge-spillover effect.
Secondly, this article makes analysis on cases of specific industry clusters, trying to explore and summarize some mechanism that the existing theory has not yet discovered. This paper pointed out why the establishment of Taiwan's bicycle industry Association (A-Team) led to the innovative capabilities and the position in the global industrial network's of Taiwan's bicycle industry cluster greatly enhanced. One fundamental reason is that A-Team has effectively expanded and strengthened four areas of the Taiwan bicycle industry cluster in knowledge acquisition, assimilation, conversion and utilization, thus making the knowledge spillover effect in the industrial cluster fully developed and the knowledge absorptive capacity of the industrial cluster greatly increased. Based on this, combined with the previous theoretical analysis, we put forward seven hypotheses thereafter.
Again, the article makes the five major high-tech industries of China's 31 provinces as the research object, setting 10 econometric models to have empirical test of the seven above-mentioned hypotheses. We found that (1) The concentration degree of the cluster has a positive effect on innovation performance of the cluster; (2) the accumulation degree of industrial cluster plays a positive regulatory role on the positive relationship between the cluster innovation inputs (including R& D funding, R& D investment) and the innovation performance; (3) the degree of social trust within the industry cluster has a positive effect on the cluster innovation performance; (4) the degree of industrial cluster embedded in global production networks acts a positive mediation role on the positive effect between the scale of industrial cluster and innovation performance; (5) The degree of marketization in the external region of the industry cluster has a positive effect on the innovative performance of the cluster; (6)the degree of the diversification of the industry in the outside area of the industrial cluster has a positive effect on the innovation performance of the cluster.
Finally, combined with the relevant conclusions of theoretical and empirical analysis, the paper makes some analysis about the role and the effect of the government in enhancing the innovative capability of the industrial cluster, and gives the following four proposals:(1) to enhance the innovation capability of the industry cluster, we must adhere to the " market-based, the Government added" basic principle; (2) to enhance the innovation capability of the industry cluster, we must guarantee the full play of the order normalization role of the government; (3) to enhance the innovative capability of the cluster, government should focus on promoting the integration of regional industry cluster into the global industrial value chain system, and focusing on encouraging the cultivation of independent innovation ability; (4) to enhance the innovation capability of the cluster, government should focus on promoting the symbiotic co-existence and integrative development of different industries.
引文
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②这里的三维数据是指,时间、行业、地区等三个维度构成的数据。具体可参见第六章研究设计中的有关说明。
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