基于WRF模式的下击暴流数值模拟
摘要
在输电塔倒塔事故中,由下击暴流引发的占有一定比率,对于输电塔安全,下击暴流是一个有必要研究的课题。风工程界提出简化的下击暴流模型,从物理模拟和CFD模拟角度研究,已取得不少科研成果。与大气边界层风不同,下击暴流具有很强的突发性,时域性,属于气象学的强对流范畴,这风工程的简化模型有很大差别,因此从气象角度审视下击暴流是十分必要的。论文主要内容有:
1.介绍了下击暴流的定义,及基本气象特征。从气象学角度介绍了下击暴流基本特征,形成机理,最后提及了下击暴流的危害。
2.介绍了风工程界物理模拟和CFD模拟下击暴流的现状及发展历程。包括了Chay等人物理模拟装置及获取的风剖面,以及物理模拟的发展过程。使用FLUENT流体力学软件进行CFD模拟,并将绘制的风剖面与Chay等人的风剖面进行比较。
3.气象领域积云数值模式控制方程,及下击暴流数值模拟研究历程。下击暴流属于云尺度模式,控制方程是积云数值模式的。国内有不少气象人员从事下击暴流数值模式编写,和模拟研究,已取得不少模拟数据,并推动了模式不断发展完善。下击暴流数值模式还与云和降水物理过程有关。
4.基于中尺度WRF模式的下击暴流数值模拟。气象部门编写的微小尺度数值模式,都是内部程序不对外公开,因此模拟时选用了中尺度WRF模式。模式安装基于LINUX操作系统平台,需要PGI、NETCDF数据库的支持。模式的安装按照硬件软件不同,需要的设置不同,安装中遇到的错误各不相同。使用此模式模拟了2007年发生在武汉的一个下击暴流实例,最后使用matlab绘制风场图。
The Downburst Occupies a certain percentage in the accidents of Power transmission tower collapse.In order to ensure the safety of Power transmission tower,it's necessary to study the Downburst.Wind Engineering proposed simplified downburst model.From the perspective of physical simulation and CFD simulation,a lot of scientific research has been achieved.Different from the atmospheric boundary layer,the Downburst has property of suddenness and time-domain belonged to strong Convective Meteorology.Because of the difference between the downbust and the atmospheric boundary layer,it's essential to consider Downburst from view of Meteorology.The main contents in this paper:
1.Introduce the definition of Downburst and basic meteorological characteristics. This paper recommend meteorological characteristics,Mechanism and disasters concerned of Downburst.
2.Introduce the current situation and the development of physical simulation and CFD simulation in Wind engineering.Including Wind profile simulated by Chay in his physical simulation and the development process of physical simulation.This paper uses FLUENT software to make CFD simulation,and compares the Wind profile obtained with Chay's.
3.Introduce the Cumulus model equations and the development of Downburst Numerical Simulation.Downburst appertains to cloud-scale model,and it's control equations are cumulus model equations.There are a number of meteorological personnel engaged in compiling numerical models and simulation Research.A lot of data has been made,and this promotes the continuous development of Downburst model.
4.The Numerical Simulation of Downburst based on WRF Model.Small-scale the models writed by eteorological departments are internal procedures,so when simulating Downburst,we selected mesoscale WRF model.The Mode's install operating system platform is based on LINUX OS,and Need the support of PGI, NETCDF database.We use WRF model to simulate a real DOwnburst Case Occurred in 2007 in Wuhan.
1.介绍了下击暴流的定义,及基本气象特征。从气象学角度介绍了下击暴流基本特征,形成机理,最后提及了下击暴流的危害。
2.介绍了风工程界物理模拟和CFD模拟下击暴流的现状及发展历程。包括了Chay等人物理模拟装置及获取的风剖面,以及物理模拟的发展过程。使用FLUENT流体力学软件进行CFD模拟,并将绘制的风剖面与Chay等人的风剖面进行比较。
3.气象领域积云数值模式控制方程,及下击暴流数值模拟研究历程。下击暴流属于云尺度模式,控制方程是积云数值模式的。国内有不少气象人员从事下击暴流数值模式编写,和模拟研究,已取得不少模拟数据,并推动了模式不断发展完善。下击暴流数值模式还与云和降水物理过程有关。
4.基于中尺度WRF模式的下击暴流数值模拟。气象部门编写的微小尺度数值模式,都是内部程序不对外公开,因此模拟时选用了中尺度WRF模式。模式安装基于LINUX操作系统平台,需要PGI、NETCDF数据库的支持。模式的安装按照硬件软件不同,需要的设置不同,安装中遇到的错误各不相同。使用此模式模拟了2007年发生在武汉的一个下击暴流实例,最后使用matlab绘制风场图。
The Downburst Occupies a certain percentage in the accidents of Power transmission tower collapse.In order to ensure the safety of Power transmission tower,it's necessary to study the Downburst.Wind Engineering proposed simplified downburst model.From the perspective of physical simulation and CFD simulation,a lot of scientific research has been achieved.Different from the atmospheric boundary layer,the Downburst has property of suddenness and time-domain belonged to strong Convective Meteorology.Because of the difference between the downbust and the atmospheric boundary layer,it's essential to consider Downburst from view of Meteorology.The main contents in this paper:
1.Introduce the definition of Downburst and basic meteorological characteristics. This paper recommend meteorological characteristics,Mechanism and disasters concerned of Downburst.
2.Introduce the current situation and the development of physical simulation and CFD simulation in Wind engineering.Including Wind profile simulated by Chay in his physical simulation and the development process of physical simulation.This paper uses FLUENT software to make CFD simulation,and compares the Wind profile obtained with Chay's.
3.Introduce the Cumulus model equations and the development of Downburst Numerical Simulation.Downburst appertains to cloud-scale model,and it's control equations are cumulus model equations.There are a number of meteorological personnel engaged in compiling numerical models and simulation Research.A lot of data has been made,and this promotes the continuous development of Downburst model.
4.The Numerical Simulation of Downburst based on WRF Model.Small-scale the models writed by eteorological departments are internal procedures,so when simulating Downburst,we selected mesoscale WRF model.The Mode's install operating system platform is based on LINUX OS,and Need the support of PGI, NETCDF database.We use WRF model to simulate a real DOwnburst Case Occurred in 2007 in Wuhan.
引文
[1]陆汉城.中尺度天气原理和预报.北京:气象出版社,2000
[2]广东省农业厅,广东省气象局.广东省农业气象灾害及其防灾减灾对策.北京:气象出版社,2000-5-1。
[3]Fujita T T.The downburst.the Press of University of Chicago.1985.
[4]邹波.下击暴流的特征及研究.中国民航学院学报,2002 20(3)28-31
[5]谢强,张勇,李杰.华东电网500 kV任上5237线下击暴流致倒塔事故调查分析[J].电网技术,2006,(10).
[6]Shehata,A.Y.,El Damatty,A.A.Assessment of the failure of an electrical transmission line due to a downburst event.Structural Reliability in a Changing World-Proceedings of the 2006 Electrical Transmission Conference,2006,p 27-38
[7]Eric Savory*,Gerard A.R.Parke,Mostafa Zeinoddini,Norman Toy,Peter Disney.Modeling of tornado and microburst-induced wind loading and failure of a lattice transmission tower.Engineering Structures 23(2001) 365-375
[8]C.W.Letchford,M.T.Chay.Pressure distributions on a cube in a simulated thunderstorm downburst.Part A:moving downburst observations.Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 90(2002) 733-753
[9]C.W.Letchford,M.T.Chay.Pressure distributions on a cube in a simulated thunderstorm downburst.Part B:moving downburst observations.Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 90(2002) 733-753
[10]Lizhong Chen,Chris W.Letchford.A deterministic-stochastic hybrid model of downbursts and its impact on a cantilevered structure.Engineering Structures 26(2004) 619-629
[11]F.H.Proctor,Numerical simulations of an isolated microburst.Part 1:dynamics and structure.Atmos.Sci.45(1988) 3137-3159.
[12]R.E.Selvam,J.D.Holmes,Numerical simulation of thunderstorm downdrafts,J.Wind Eng.Ind.Aerodyn.41-44(1992) 2817-2825.
[13]J.D.Holmes,Physical modelling of thunderstorm downdrafts by wind tunnel jet,Second AWES Workshop,Monash University,21-22 February 1992,pp.29-32.
[14]R.Cassar,Simulation of a thunderstorm downdraft by a wind tunnel jet,summer vacation report,DBCE 92/22(M) CSIRO,Australia,February 1992.
[15]G.S.Wood,K.C.S.Kwok,N.A.Motteram,D.F.Fletcher,Physical and numerical modelling of thunderstorm downbursts,J.Wind Eng.Ind.Aerodyn.89(2001) 535-552.
[16]A.Sengupta,P.P.Sarkar,G.Rajagopalan,Numerical and physical simulation of thunderstorm downdraft winds and their effects on buildings,First American Conference on Wind Engineering,4-6 June 2001,Clemson,SC.
[17]C.W.Letchford,G.Illidge,Turbulence and topographic effects in simulated thunderstorm downdrafts by wind tunnel jet,in:Larsen,Larose,Livesey(Eds.),Wind Engineering into the 21stCentury,Balkema,Rotterdam,1999.
[18]C.W.Letchford,C.Mans,Translation effects in modeling thunderstorm downbursts,Fourth International Colloquium on Bluff Body Aerodynamics and Applications,11-14 September 2000,Bochum,Germany,pp.175-178.
[19]M.S.Mason,C.W.Letchford,D.L.James.Pulsed wall jet simulation of a stationaryhunderstorm downburst,Part A:Physical structure and flow field characterization Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 93(2005)557-580
[20]M.T.Chay,C.W.Letchford,Pressure measurements on a building model in a simulated downburst flow,First American Conference on Wind Engineering,4-6 June 2001,Clemson,SC.
[21]M.T.Chay,Physical Modeling of thunderstorm downbursts for Wind Engineering applications,ME Thesis,Texas Tech University,July 2001.
[22]胡向军,陶健红,郑飞,王娜,张铁军,刘世祥,尚大成,WRF模式物理过程参数化方案简介,甘肃科技,2008,24(20):73-75
[23]刘峰,刘式达,文丹青,广州白云机场“721”低空风切变天气过程综合分析,北京大学学报(自然科学版),2007,43(1):23-29
[24]瞿伟廉,吉柏锋,李健群,王锦文,下击暴流风的数值仿真研究,地震工程与工程振动,2008,28(5):133-139
[25]OsegueraRM,BowlesR L.A simple analytic 32 dimensional downburstmodelbased on boundary layer stagnation flow.[S.1]:Langley Research Center,1988.
[26]VicroyD D.Assessment ofmicroburstmodels for downdraft estimation.Journal of Aircraft,1992,29(6):1043-1048.
[27]JongdaeKim,HoriaHangan.Numerical simulations of impinging jetswith application to downdrafts.Journalof W ind Engineering and Indus-triaiAerodynamics,2007,95(4):279-298.
[28]Selvam RP,Holmes JD.Numerical simulations of thunderstorm downdrafts.Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics1992;41-44:2817-2825.
[29]G.S.Wood,K.C.S.Kwok,N.A.Motteram,D.F.Fletcher,Physical and numerical modeling of thunderstorm downbursts,J.Wind Eng.Ind.Aerodyn.89(2001) 535-552.
[30]H.Nangan,D.Roberts,Z.Xu,J.Kim,Downburst simulation,Experimental and numerical challenges,in:Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Wind Engineering,Lubbock,Texas,Electronic Version,2003.
[31]Chay,M.T.,Albermani,F.and Wilson,R.(2006).Numerical and analytical simulation of downburst wind loads,Engineering Structures,28,240-254.
[32]H.Hangan,J.D.Kim and Z.Xu Structures Congress 2004.May 22-26,2004,Nashville,Tennessee,USA
[33]于华英.多普勒雷达探测资料的云模式数值模拟试验:[硕士学位论文].南京:南京信息工程大学大气物理学与大气环境学专业,2005
[34]孙凌峰,郭学良,孙立潭,付丹红.武汉“6·22”空难下击暴流的三维数值模拟研究.大气科学,2003,27(6):1077-1092
[35]孔凡铀、黄美元、馀华英,微下击暴流的数值模拟,大气科学,1994,18(1),11-21·
[36]许焕斌、魏绍远,下击暴流的数值模拟研究,气象学报,1995,53(2),168-175·
[37]刘洪恩,微下击暴流的特征及其数值模拟,气象学报,2001,59(2),183-195·
[38]Mesoscale&Microscale Meteorology Division,National Center for Atmospheric Research.ARWUsersGuide.
[39]李健群,Red Hat9.0系统下WRF模式配置安装及运行,科技论文在线,2009
[40]邱明宇,林建兴,王尚荣,Fedore Core 4.0下WRF模式系统的配置安装及运行.贵州气象,2008,32(3):37-39.
[41]李建华,崔宜少,张灿等,WRF模式系统在PC机上的安装及运行.山东气象,2006,26(3):8-10.
[42]邓莲堂,王建捷,新一代中尺度天气预报模式——WRF模式简介.天气与气候,2003.
[43]黄美元,徐华英,云和降水物理.科学出版社,1999.
[44]巢纪平,周晓平,积云动力学.科学出版社,1964.
[45]闫之辉,邓莲堂,WRF模式中的微物理过程及其预报对比试验.沙漠与绿洲气象,2007,1(6):1-6.
[46]朱乾根,林锦瑞等,天气学原理和方法(第三版),气象出版社.
[47]张培昌等,雷达气象学.北京:气象出版社,1992
[48]陈明,李细生,WRF模式对“圣帕”台风暴雨过程的数值模拟分析,中国气象学会2008年年会天气预报准确率与公共气象服务分会场论文集,878-884.
[49]王欢,倪允琪,2003年淮河汛期一次中尺度强暴雨过程的诊断分析和数值模拟研究.气象学报,2006,64(6).
[50]陶健红,张新荣等,WRF模式对一次河西暴雪的数值模拟分析.高原气象,2008,27(1).
[51]许焕斌等,三维可压缩大气中的云尺度模式.气象学报,1990,48(1):80-90.
[52]崔讲学,张家国,王仁乔,王平.武汉一次下击暴流天气的成因分析.暴雨灾害,2007,26(4):369-371
[2]广东省农业厅,广东省气象局.广东省农业气象灾害及其防灾减灾对策.北京:气象出版社,2000-5-1。
[3]Fujita T T.The downburst.the Press of University of Chicago.1985.
[4]邹波.下击暴流的特征及研究.中国民航学院学报,2002 20(3)28-31
[5]谢强,张勇,李杰.华东电网500 kV任上5237线下击暴流致倒塔事故调查分析[J].电网技术,2006,(10).
[6]Shehata,A.Y.,El Damatty,A.A.Assessment of the failure of an electrical transmission line due to a downburst event.Structural Reliability in a Changing World-Proceedings of the 2006 Electrical Transmission Conference,2006,p 27-38
[7]Eric Savory*,Gerard A.R.Parke,Mostafa Zeinoddini,Norman Toy,Peter Disney.Modeling of tornado and microburst-induced wind loading and failure of a lattice transmission tower.Engineering Structures 23(2001) 365-375
[8]C.W.Letchford,M.T.Chay.Pressure distributions on a cube in a simulated thunderstorm downburst.Part A:moving downburst observations.Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 90(2002) 733-753
[9]C.W.Letchford,M.T.Chay.Pressure distributions on a cube in a simulated thunderstorm downburst.Part B:moving downburst observations.Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 90(2002) 733-753
[10]Lizhong Chen,Chris W.Letchford.A deterministic-stochastic hybrid model of downbursts and its impact on a cantilevered structure.Engineering Structures 26(2004) 619-629
[11]F.H.Proctor,Numerical simulations of an isolated microburst.Part 1:dynamics and structure.Atmos.Sci.45(1988) 3137-3159.
[12]R.E.Selvam,J.D.Holmes,Numerical simulation of thunderstorm downdrafts,J.Wind Eng.Ind.Aerodyn.41-44(1992) 2817-2825.
[13]J.D.Holmes,Physical modelling of thunderstorm downdrafts by wind tunnel jet,Second AWES Workshop,Monash University,21-22 February 1992,pp.29-32.
[14]R.Cassar,Simulation of a thunderstorm downdraft by a wind tunnel jet,summer vacation report,DBCE 92/22(M) CSIRO,Australia,February 1992.
[15]G.S.Wood,K.C.S.Kwok,N.A.Motteram,D.F.Fletcher,Physical and numerical modelling of thunderstorm downbursts,J.Wind Eng.Ind.Aerodyn.89(2001) 535-552.
[16]A.Sengupta,P.P.Sarkar,G.Rajagopalan,Numerical and physical simulation of thunderstorm downdraft winds and their effects on buildings,First American Conference on Wind Engineering,4-6 June 2001,Clemson,SC.
[17]C.W.Letchford,G.Illidge,Turbulence and topographic effects in simulated thunderstorm downdrafts by wind tunnel jet,in:Larsen,Larose,Livesey(Eds.),Wind Engineering into the 21stCentury,Balkema,Rotterdam,1999.
[18]C.W.Letchford,C.Mans,Translation effects in modeling thunderstorm downbursts,Fourth International Colloquium on Bluff Body Aerodynamics and Applications,11-14 September 2000,Bochum,Germany,pp.175-178.
[19]M.S.Mason,C.W.Letchford,D.L.James.Pulsed wall jet simulation of a stationaryhunderstorm downburst,Part A:Physical structure and flow field characterization Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 93(2005)557-580
[20]M.T.Chay,C.W.Letchford,Pressure measurements on a building model in a simulated downburst flow,First American Conference on Wind Engineering,4-6 June 2001,Clemson,SC.
[21]M.T.Chay,Physical Modeling of thunderstorm downbursts for Wind Engineering applications,ME Thesis,Texas Tech University,July 2001.
[22]胡向军,陶健红,郑飞,王娜,张铁军,刘世祥,尚大成,WRF模式物理过程参数化方案简介,甘肃科技,2008,24(20):73-75
[23]刘峰,刘式达,文丹青,广州白云机场“721”低空风切变天气过程综合分析,北京大学学报(自然科学版),2007,43(1):23-29
[24]瞿伟廉,吉柏锋,李健群,王锦文,下击暴流风的数值仿真研究,地震工程与工程振动,2008,28(5):133-139
[25]OsegueraRM,BowlesR L.A simple analytic 32 dimensional downburstmodelbased on boundary layer stagnation flow.[S.1]:Langley Research Center,1988.
[26]VicroyD D.Assessment ofmicroburstmodels for downdraft estimation.Journal of Aircraft,1992,29(6):1043-1048.
[27]JongdaeKim,HoriaHangan.Numerical simulations of impinging jetswith application to downdrafts.Journalof W ind Engineering and Indus-triaiAerodynamics,2007,95(4):279-298.
[28]Selvam RP,Holmes JD.Numerical simulations of thunderstorm downdrafts.Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics1992;41-44:2817-2825.
[29]G.S.Wood,K.C.S.Kwok,N.A.Motteram,D.F.Fletcher,Physical and numerical modeling of thunderstorm downbursts,J.Wind Eng.Ind.Aerodyn.89(2001) 535-552.
[30]H.Nangan,D.Roberts,Z.Xu,J.Kim,Downburst simulation,Experimental and numerical challenges,in:Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Wind Engineering,Lubbock,Texas,Electronic Version,2003.
[31]Chay,M.T.,Albermani,F.and Wilson,R.(2006).Numerical and analytical simulation of downburst wind loads,Engineering Structures,28,240-254.
[32]H.Hangan,J.D.Kim and Z.Xu Structures Congress 2004.May 22-26,2004,Nashville,Tennessee,USA
[33]于华英.多普勒雷达探测资料的云模式数值模拟试验:[硕士学位论文].南京:南京信息工程大学大气物理学与大气环境学专业,2005
[34]孙凌峰,郭学良,孙立潭,付丹红.武汉“6·22”空难下击暴流的三维数值模拟研究.大气科学,2003,27(6):1077-1092
[35]孔凡铀、黄美元、馀华英,微下击暴流的数值模拟,大气科学,1994,18(1),11-21·
[36]许焕斌、魏绍远,下击暴流的数值模拟研究,气象学报,1995,53(2),168-175·
[37]刘洪恩,微下击暴流的特征及其数值模拟,气象学报,2001,59(2),183-195·
[38]Mesoscale&Microscale Meteorology Division,National Center for Atmospheric Research.ARWUsersGuide.
[39]李健群,Red Hat9.0系统下WRF模式配置安装及运行,科技论文在线,2009
[40]邱明宇,林建兴,王尚荣,Fedore Core 4.0下WRF模式系统的配置安装及运行.贵州气象,2008,32(3):37-39.
[41]李建华,崔宜少,张灿等,WRF模式系统在PC机上的安装及运行.山东气象,2006,26(3):8-10.
[42]邓莲堂,王建捷,新一代中尺度天气预报模式——WRF模式简介.天气与气候,2003.
[43]黄美元,徐华英,云和降水物理.科学出版社,1999.
[44]巢纪平,周晓平,积云动力学.科学出版社,1964.
[45]闫之辉,邓莲堂,WRF模式中的微物理过程及其预报对比试验.沙漠与绿洲气象,2007,1(6):1-6.
[46]朱乾根,林锦瑞等,天气学原理和方法(第三版),气象出版社.
[47]张培昌等,雷达气象学.北京:气象出版社,1992
[48]陈明,李细生,WRF模式对“圣帕”台风暴雨过程的数值模拟分析,中国气象学会2008年年会天气预报准确率与公共气象服务分会场论文集,878-884.
[49]王欢,倪允琪,2003年淮河汛期一次中尺度强暴雨过程的诊断分析和数值模拟研究.气象学报,2006,64(6).
[50]陶健红,张新荣等,WRF模式对一次河西暴雪的数值模拟分析.高原气象,2008,27(1).
[51]许焕斌等,三维可压缩大气中的云尺度模式.气象学报,1990,48(1):80-90.
[52]崔讲学,张家国,王仁乔,王平.武汉一次下击暴流天气的成因分析.暴雨灾害,2007,26(4):369-371
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