语义化Web的关键技术及其应用研究
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摘要
Web已经到了向语义化发展的一个转折点：XML提供了通用的表示语法，是Web向语义化方向发展的种子技术；RDF提供了语义上描述知识的数据模型和一组基本的描述原语，是语义化Web在语义上的技术基础。在传统的Web向语义化Web发展的过程中，KE技术和计算机软件工程中成熟的方法，特别是Ontology技术和OO技术，起到了关键的作用。这种发展过程在解决目前Web面临问题的同时，Ontology成熟技术和其他传统技术如何成功地融入到Web计算模式中至关重要。除了一些关键的标准和技术外，如何在语义化Web中表示形式化的知识、表示查询公式实现查询乃至推理功能、为提高查询效率与准确性进行Ontology学习等都是Web语义化过程中的主要问题。
在传统的应用向Web计算环境迁移的同时，KE技术应用于语义化Web最具前景的是智能信息集成和KM。以KM为例，AI中传统的KM和面向语义化Web的KM具有很多不同的内涵，因此，新型的KMS应该从结构和功能实现上进行重新的审视、规划和设计。本文对Web语义化过程中部分关键问题和基于语义化Web的KMS进行了研究，主要的创新性工作包括：
● 定义了逻辑公式及关系公理描述原语的Ontology语义：Web环境中用标记语言描述对象和资源，为了在语义化Web上表示知识、逻辑公式、关系公理和规则，需要定义描述命题逻辑公式、谓词逻辑公式、Horn逻辑的逻辑原语以及描述属性之间关系的关系原语。在现有的Ontology语言中，有的不是面向Web这种标记语言环境的，有的缺乏知识、逻辑公式、公理以及规则表示的通性支持。本文基于RDFS、OIL等有影响的技术对这些逻辑原语和关系原语进行了扩展定义，这样，从语法上采用通用的XML、从语义上采用这些定义的原语，就可以描述知识、规则和公理。语义化Web的应用之间以及对外数据知识交互接口上，采用所定义的原语进行描述，可以最大限度地与语义化Web平台上的应用相兼容，如可以最大限度地兼容RDF解析器和XML解析器等。
● 定义了用户查询推理原语Ontology语义及SOAP封装：现有的查询语言缺乏结构化特性或只是针对XML文档实现XML语法结构级查询，为了实现语义化Web的语义级查询，需要新的查询语言和机制。针对用户的查询推理要求，利用前人已定义的逻辑描述原语和关系公理描述原语，以及基于KE的核心推理技术，
MS
本义定义了描述用户查询推理请求和响应的原语，并对所定义的查询推理原语进
行了 SOAP封装和 HTTP绑定。然后，基于上述查询推理原语定义、SOAP封装
和NTP绑定，本文还设计了面向＊n山1旭／＊＊F数据的查询系统结构，该查询
结构具有一定的推理功能。
．提出了基于 RDF描述的 ontol osv学习聚类算法：为了提高查询的效率和语
义卜的准确性，语义化Web需要进行Ontology学习聚类。在对基于pF和
Ontology的资源描述进行层次分析基础上，为了从资源描述的RDF数据中学习
Ontology，针对pF数据描述模型中的节点和三元组，本文扩充了Ontology学
习的基础理论，提出了“节点之间的语义距离”和“RDF三元组描述的语义距离”
等概念，并据此提出了“语义广度为n的Ontology学习算法”。用形式化的描述
工具着色Petri网CPN建立了该学习算法的CPN模型，验证了该算法的可行性
和完备性。
．提出了基于语义化 Web和 ontol ogy技术的 KMS框架：提出了基于 B／S模式
的口－KMS结构。l。J－KMS基于语义化Web计算环境，LJ－KMS的内部描述语法
采用XML，语义卜采用OfltOOgy技术描述知识、规则、公理和查询。这样，LJ－KMS
将语义化Web计算环境、KE技术特别是Ontology技术以及基于逻辑的知识系统
较奸地结合在一起。基于LJ－KMS结构，为用户的查询推理提供了SOAP封装和
HTTP绑定接口，为应用系统设计了主要功能模块、系统接口的 UML类和 JAVA
程序编码。
．丽江少数民族人文知识管理的 ontol ogy程：丽江少数民族文化遗产是“世
界文化遗产”，丽江作为一个国际性的旅游热点，其丰富的民族文化和亢整的世
后民族特性，不仅需要加强组织管理，加大游客对丽江的民族文化丰富内涵的深
入了解，而且还要在现代文明的冲击中保护和保存这些世界仅存的文化遗产。针
对丽江少数民族人文知识管理，配合丽江相关部门对少数民族人文知识按分类学
进行了分类，完成了部分人文知识的 Ontology程化。这样建立的 Ontology概
念抽象不仅有利于丽江少数民族人文知识信息的保护和保存，而且对采集、挖掘
民间的少数民族人文信息具有指导意义。
The current Web has reached a new milestone called the "Semantic Web", which is characterized by two fundamental techniques: XML (extensible Markup Language) and RDF (Resource Description Framework). XML, as the seed technology within the progress of the Web, is the universal applicable declarative syntax in the future Web, and RDF providing a data model for resource description and a set of primitives at semantic level is the technical foundation of semantic Web. Some matured techniques in KE (Knowledge Engineering) and software engineering, especially ontological techniques and OO (Object-Oriented) techniques, have played important roles in pushing the current Web towards the semantic one. Even today, people are still facing the problems how to elegantly merge and customize these traditional techniques into the Web computing mechanism. In addition, there are other important issues to be addressed, such as how to represent formal knowledge and to markup logic formula for querying and inference in semantic W
eb, and how to improve retrieving efficiency and accuracy of querying via ontology learning, and etc.
As the Web is thought as a popular distributed platform, into which more and more traditional applications are been transitioned, there are other two promising fields for applying and further developing concepts and methods of KE in semantic Web worth paying attention to two fields: III (Intelligent Information Integration) and KM (Knowledge Management) in the context of semantic Web. However, the connotation of these techniques in semantic Web might differ from traditional ones (e.g. KM in Artificial Intelligence), consequently, there is a need for reviewing and ratification to allow them to be deployed in semantic Web.
This dissertation is devoted to some key issues of semantic Web and to KMS (Knowledge Management System) in the context of semantic Web. The author's contributions of presented in this thesis include:
Defining the Ontology Semantics for Description Primitives of Logical Formula and Relational Axioms
Markup languages are employed to describe the objects and resources in a Web environment. In order to represent knowledge, logical formula, relational axioms and rules, there is a need for primitives specifying prepositional formula, predictive formula and Horn clause, and relations between properties and relational axiomx. However, existing ontology languages are either unsuitable for Web with markup
languages, or short of of generic support to representation of knowledge, logical formula, axioms and rules.
The author has made extensions on logical and relational primitives based on some influential techniques, like RDFS (Resource Description Framework Schema) and OIL (Ontology Inference/Interchange Layer), so as to enable knowledge, rules and axioms to be syntactically seriliazed with ordinary XML. Such extension has also enhanced the compatability to a great extent among applications on the semantic Web platform, for example, between an RDF parser and an XML parser.
Defining Ontology Semantics for User Querying/Inference Primitives and Enveloping Query/Inference Formula in SOAP
Query Languages for current Web either lack of structural characteristics, or are restricted to queries of syntactic structure level of XML documents, while in the semantic Web environment, a mechanism for semantic query is essential. The author provides a solution to this problem by defining request/response primitives for query/inference, based on the defined primitives for logic formula and relational axioms and the key inferring technologies in KE inference engines. The query/inference primitives are enveloped into SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol) messages and bound to HTTP (Hyper-Text Transfer Protocol) transfer protocol. All these works result in a querying system structure, suitable for ontology/RDF data and possessing simple inference function.
Proposing an RDF-Annotation-based Algorithm for Ontology Learning
To improve query efficiency and semantic accuracy, semantic Web needs to learn
在传统的应用向Web计算环境迁移的同时，KE技术应用于语义化Web最具前景的是智能信息集成和KM。以KM为例，AI中传统的KM和面向语义化Web的KM具有很多不同的内涵，因此，新型的KMS应该从结构和功能实现上进行重新的审视、规划和设计。本文对Web语义化过程中部分关键问题和基于语义化Web的KMS进行了研究，主要的创新性工作包括：
● 定义了逻辑公式及关系公理描述原语的Ontology语义：Web环境中用标记语言描述对象和资源，为了在语义化Web上表示知识、逻辑公式、关系公理和规则，需要定义描述命题逻辑公式、谓词逻辑公式、Horn逻辑的逻辑原语以及描述属性之间关系的关系原语。在现有的Ontology语言中，有的不是面向Web这种标记语言环境的，有的缺乏知识、逻辑公式、公理以及规则表示的通性支持。本文基于RDFS、OIL等有影响的技术对这些逻辑原语和关系原语进行了扩展定义，这样，从语法上采用通用的XML、从语义上采用这些定义的原语，就可以描述知识、规则和公理。语义化Web的应用之间以及对外数据知识交互接口上，采用所定义的原语进行描述，可以最大限度地与语义化Web平台上的应用相兼容，如可以最大限度地兼容RDF解析器和XML解析器等。
● 定义了用户查询推理原语Ontology语义及SOAP封装：现有的查询语言缺乏结构化特性或只是针对XML文档实现XML语法结构级查询，为了实现语义化Web的语义级查询，需要新的查询语言和机制。针对用户的查询推理要求，利用前人已定义的逻辑描述原语和关系公理描述原语，以及基于KE的核心推理技术，
MS
本义定义了描述用户查询推理请求和响应的原语，并对所定义的查询推理原语进
行了 SOAP封装和 HTTP绑定。然后，基于上述查询推理原语定义、SOAP封装
和NTP绑定，本文还设计了面向＊n山1旭／＊＊F数据的查询系统结构，该查询
结构具有一定的推理功能。
．提出了基于 RDF描述的 ontol osv学习聚类算法：为了提高查询的效率和语
义卜的准确性，语义化Web需要进行Ontology学习聚类。在对基于pF和
Ontology的资源描述进行层次分析基础上，为了从资源描述的RDF数据中学习
Ontology，针对pF数据描述模型中的节点和三元组，本文扩充了Ontology学
习的基础理论，提出了“节点之间的语义距离”和“RDF三元组描述的语义距离”
等概念，并据此提出了“语义广度为n的Ontology学习算法”。用形式化的描述
工具着色Petri网CPN建立了该学习算法的CPN模型，验证了该算法的可行性
和完备性。
．提出了基于语义化 Web和 ontol ogy技术的 KMS框架：提出了基于 B／S模式
的口－KMS结构。l。J－KMS基于语义化Web计算环境，LJ－KMS的内部描述语法
采用XML，语义卜采用OfltOOgy技术描述知识、规则、公理和查询。这样，LJ－KMS
将语义化Web计算环境、KE技术特别是Ontology技术以及基于逻辑的知识系统
较奸地结合在一起。基于LJ－KMS结构，为用户的查询推理提供了SOAP封装和
HTTP绑定接口，为应用系统设计了主要功能模块、系统接口的 UML类和 JAVA
程序编码。
．丽江少数民族人文知识管理的 ontol ogy程：丽江少数民族文化遗产是“世
界文化遗产”，丽江作为一个国际性的旅游热点，其丰富的民族文化和亢整的世
后民族特性，不仅需要加强组织管理，加大游客对丽江的民族文化丰富内涵的深
入了解，而且还要在现代文明的冲击中保护和保存这些世界仅存的文化遗产。针
对丽江少数民族人文知识管理，配合丽江相关部门对少数民族人文知识按分类学
进行了分类，完成了部分人文知识的 Ontology程化。这样建立的 Ontology概
念抽象不仅有利于丽江少数民族人文知识信息的保护和保存，而且对采集、挖掘
民间的少数民族人文信息具有指导意义。
The current Web has reached a new milestone called the "Semantic Web", which is characterized by two fundamental techniques: XML (extensible Markup Language) and RDF (Resource Description Framework). XML, as the seed technology within the progress of the Web, is the universal applicable declarative syntax in the future Web, and RDF providing a data model for resource description and a set of primitives at semantic level is the technical foundation of semantic Web. Some matured techniques in KE (Knowledge Engineering) and software engineering, especially ontological techniques and OO (Object-Oriented) techniques, have played important roles in pushing the current Web towards the semantic one. Even today, people are still facing the problems how to elegantly merge and customize these traditional techniques into the Web computing mechanism. In addition, there are other important issues to be addressed, such as how to represent formal knowledge and to markup logic formula for querying and inference in semantic W
eb, and how to improve retrieving efficiency and accuracy of querying via ontology learning, and etc.
As the Web is thought as a popular distributed platform, into which more and more traditional applications are been transitioned, there are other two promising fields for applying and further developing concepts and methods of KE in semantic Web worth paying attention to two fields: III (Intelligent Information Integration) and KM (Knowledge Management) in the context of semantic Web. However, the connotation of these techniques in semantic Web might differ from traditional ones (e.g. KM in Artificial Intelligence), consequently, there is a need for reviewing and ratification to allow them to be deployed in semantic Web.
This dissertation is devoted to some key issues of semantic Web and to KMS (Knowledge Management System) in the context of semantic Web. The author's contributions of presented in this thesis include:
Defining the Ontology Semantics for Description Primitives of Logical Formula and Relational Axioms
Markup languages are employed to describe the objects and resources in a Web environment. In order to represent knowledge, logical formula, relational axioms and rules, there is a need for primitives specifying prepositional formula, predictive formula and Horn clause, and relations between properties and relational axiomx. However, existing ontology languages are either unsuitable for Web with markup
languages, or short of of generic support to representation of knowledge, logical formula, axioms and rules.
The author has made extensions on logical and relational primitives based on some influential techniques, like RDFS (Resource Description Framework Schema) and OIL (Ontology Inference/Interchange Layer), so as to enable knowledge, rules and axioms to be syntactically seriliazed with ordinary XML. Such extension has also enhanced the compatability to a great extent among applications on the semantic Web platform, for example, between an RDF parser and an XML parser.
Defining Ontology Semantics for User Querying/Inference Primitives and Enveloping Query/Inference Formula in SOAP
Query Languages for current Web either lack of structural characteristics, or are restricted to queries of syntactic structure level of XML documents, while in the semantic Web environment, a mechanism for semantic query is essential. The author provides a solution to this problem by defining request/response primitives for query/inference, based on the defined primitives for logic formula and relational axioms and the key inferring technologies in KE inference engines. The query/inference primitives are enveloped into SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol) messages and bound to HTTP (Hyper-Text Transfer Protocol) transfer protocol. All these works result in a querying system structure, suitable for ontology/RDF data and possessing simple inference function.
Proposing an RDF-Annotation-based Algorithm for Ontology Learning
To improve query efficiency and semantic accuracy, semantic Web needs to learn
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