行距和密度对冬小麦冠层结构、微环境及碳氮代谢的影响
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摘要
在大田试验条件下,配合十一五国家科技支撑计划“粮食丰产科技工程”小麦超高产攻关研究课题(2006BAD02A07)的实施,连续两年(2005~2007)选用河南省小麦生产上大面积推广应用的大穗型品种兰考矮早八和多穗型品种豫麦49,行距设10 cm(R1)、15 cm(R2)和20 cm(R3)3个水平,密度设150万hm~(-2)(D1)、262.5万hm~(-2)(D2)和375万hm~(-2)(D3)3个水平,每个品种共9个处理组合。研究了行距和密度配置对其冠层结构、微环境、碳氮代谢和产量的影响效应。其主要研究结果有以下几个方面:
1行距和密度对两种穗型冬小麦品种的冠层结构及光辐射特征有一定的调节效应。大穗型品种兰考矮早八生育期间的叶面积指数(LAI)在不同行距间表现为R2>R1>R3;多穗型品种豫麦49的LAI在灌浆中期之前表现为R3>R2>R1,之后各行距处理间差别较小。两品种的叶倾角(MLIA)随种植密度和行距的增加而变大。兰考矮早八的直接辐射透过系数(TCRP)随密度增大逐渐变小,随行距的变大逐渐增加;豫麦49的TCRP随行距和密度的变化规律不太明显。两品种的消光系数(K)随天顶角、密度增大而升高,随行距的增大逐渐减小;两品种的叶片分布(LD)随方位角增大呈先增后减的变化趋势,兰考矮早八的LD以R2D3处理的极差较小,豫麦49则以R3D1处理的极差较小。综合以上结果,大穗型品种兰考矮早八以窄行密植(处理R2D3)、多穗型品种豫麦49以宽行稀植(处理R3D1)的冠层结构较优,叶片分布更趋均匀。
2茎秆粗度、厚度、机械强度、抗倒指数、维管束数量及面积品种间表现为兰考矮早八>豫麦49。兰考矮早八的茎秆形态结构以行距15 cm(R2)较优;豫麦49茎秆的机械强度、抗倒指数、基部节间和穗下节间的维管束数量、维管束面积均以宽行距20 cm(R3)较优,而基部节间和穗下节间的粗度和壁厚以及机械组织的细胞层数、厚度在低密度下以宽行距20 cm(R3)较优,高密度下以行距15 cm(R2)较优。
3在两种密度(150×10~4株·hm~(-2)和375×10~4株·hm~(-2))种植条件下,研究了行距配置对两种穗型冬小麦品种后期群体冠层微环境的影响效应。随着密度和行距的增加,光垂直分布的不均匀性加剧;窄行距群体比宽行距群体具有较高的光截获(LI);两个供试品种冠层温度在垂直方向表现为上、下两层低,中层高的变化特点,随着行距的增加,冠层温度升高;两品种冠层空气相对湿度在垂直方向上表现为由上层至下层逐渐升高的变化特点,随着行距的增加,群体冠层空气的相对湿度降低;同一行距垂直方向群体冠层内CO2浓度表现为下层>上层>中层,且随着行距增加群体冠层内的CO2浓度升高。
4供试两品种旗叶中SS和SPS活性均随着花后天数的增加呈先升高后下降的趋势,其峰值兰考矮早八出现在花后14d,豫麦49在花后7d。兰考矮早八旗叶中可溶性糖含量随花后天数增加呈单峰曲线变化,且峰值出现在花后28d,而豫麦49呈双峰曲线,两峰值分别出现在花后7d和21d。两品种籽粒中可溶性总糖和蔗糖含量随花后天数的推移而降低,灌浆期间籽粒中淀粉含量呈“S”型变化趋势。行距配置对两品种蔗糖代谢有一定的影响,两品种旗叶中的SS活性整体上以行距R2较高;旗叶中SPS活性在低密度下以行距R3较高,在中、高密度下以行距R2较高。兰考矮早八旗叶中可溶性糖含量在高密度下,豫麦49在低密度下以行距R3较高;兰考矮早八籽粒中可溶性糖含量以行距R2较高,在低密度下籽粒淀粉积累量行距间表现为R3>R2>R1;在中、高密度下,行距间差别较小。豫麦49在中、低密度下籽粒中可溶性糖含量以行距R3较高,高密度下以行距R2表现较高;籽粒淀粉积累在低密度下花后14d之前行距间差异较小,之后表现为R3>R2>R1;在中、高密度下,行距间差别较小。
5两种穗型品种旗叶NR和GS活性及含氮量随花后天数的推移总体呈下降趋势。两品种花后旗叶的NR和GS活性在中低密度下以宽行距表现较高,在高密度下以窄行距较高。兰考矮早八旗叶含氮量在中低密度下以行距R1较高,高密度下以行距R2较高;豫麦49在各密度处理条件下以行距R1表现较高。豫麦49籽粒蛋白质含量高于兰考矮早八,豫麦49以处理R3D1较高,而兰考矮早八以R1D2较大。
6两个供试品种不同小穗位结实粒数和粒重均呈现二次曲线分布,表现出近中优势。两品种不同小穗位结实粒数随密度的增加而降低;兰考矮早八不同小穗粒重随密度的增加而增大,而豫麦49与之相反。在同一密度下,两品种不同小穗结实粒数以行距R2表现较高,小穗粒重随行距的增加而加大。在本试验条件下,兰考矮早八籽粒产量以处理R2D3表现较高,而豫麦49以R3D1处理较高。
依据本试验研究结果,从改善植株冠层结构、微环境、碳氮代谢和提高单位面积籽粒产量等方面综合考虑,大穗型品种兰考矮早八和多穗型品种豫麦49高产栽培分别采用“窄行密植”和“宽行稀播”的种植方式较为适宜。
In this paper, field experiments were carried out to evaluate the effects of row spacing and planting density on canopy structure, its microclimate, carbon-nitrogen metabolism and yield in two spike-type winter wheat cultivars (large-spike cultivar Lankao Aizao 8 and multi-spike cultivar Yumai 49, which were widely used in Henan province.) for two growth seasons (2005~2007). The main results were as follows:
1 Effects of row spacing and planting density on canopy structure and ray radiation characteristics were studied. The results showed that leaf area index (LAI) for two cultivars presented a single-peak curve during growth stages, and the peak value appeared at booting stage. LAI under different row spacings showed that R2>R1>R3 for Lankao Aizao 8, and for Yumai 49, LAI appeared R3>R2>R1 before middle-filling stages and then there were no distinct differences between row spacings. Mean leaf inclination angle (MLIA) for two cultivars increased with increased planting density and row spacing. At middle-filling stages, Transmission coefficient for radiation penetration (TCRP) for Lankao Aizao 8 decreased with increased density and decreased row spacing, and that for Yumai 49 had no obvious laws in different row spacing and density. Extinct coefficient (K) for tow cultivars rose with larger zenith angle and density, but with increased row spacing, K would decrease. Leaf distribution (LD) for two cultivars became high then low with larger zenith angle. The value for max-min of R2D3 treatment was the smallest for Lankao Aizao 8, and R3D1 treatment for Yumai 49. All in all, canopy structure presented better and leaf distribution showed even for treatment R2D3 to Lankao Aizao 8, and R3D1 for Yumai 49.
2 Stalk thickness, mechanics strength, lodging resistant index, vascular numbers and area for two wheat cultivars showed that Lankao Aizao 8 >Yumai 49. Stalk morphological structure of Lankao Aizao 8 displayed better for row spacing R2. Stalk thickness, lodging resistant index, vascular numbers and area, cell wall thickness for Yumai 49 were better for row spacing R3; stalk and cell wall thickness, mechanics cell layers showed better for R3 in low density and for R2 in high density.
3 Under the condition of two different densities, the effects of row spacing in two spike-type winter wheat cultivars on canopy microclimate in later growth stages were studied. The results showed that light vertical distribution became more uneven with increased planting density and row spacing. Narrow row spacing population had higher interception (LI) than wide row spacing population. Canopy temperature in vertical way for two cultivars appeared low in upper and lower levels and high in middle level. With larger row spacing, canopy temperature increased. Canopy relative humidity for two cultivars in vertical way would increase from upper level to lower level. With increased row spacing, canopy relative humidity decreased. Carbon dioxide concentration in vertical way showed that lower level > upper level>middle level, and canopy CO2 concentration increased with larger row spacing.
4 The activities of SS and SPS in flag leaves for two cultivars presented a single-peak curve during grain filling ( the peak value for Lankao Aizao 8 appeared at 14 days after anthesis, and that for Yumai 49 at 7 days after anthesis). Changes of soluble sugar content in flag leaves for Lankao Aizao 8 presented also a single-peak curve, and the peak value at 28 days after anthesis. And that for Yumai 49 appeared a double-peak curve, and the peak value at 7 and 21 days after anthesis. Contents of soluble sugar and sucrose in grain for two cultivars decreased during days after anthesis. Starch content for two cultivars appeared the trend of“S”type during grain filling. There was an effect of row spacing on sucrose metabolism for two cultivars. SS activity in flag leaves for two cultivars reached the maximum in row spacing R2. SPS activity in flag leaves for two cultivars reached the maximum in row spacing R3 in low density and for R2 in middle-high density. The soluble sugar content in flag leaves reached the maximum in row spacing R3 for Lankao Aizao 8 in high density and for Yumai 49 in low density. The soluble sugar content in grain for Lankao Aizao 8 got the maximum in row spacing R2, and in R3 for Yumai 49 in low-middle density and in R2 for Yumai 49 in high density. Grain starch accumulation for Lankao Aizao 8 showed that R3>R2>R1 in low density, and no distinct difference between row spacing in middle-high density. Grain starch accumulation for Yumai 49 had no distinct difference in low density before 14 days after anthesis, then R3>R2>R1. But in middle-high density, there was no distinct difference among row spacings.
5 Nitrogen content, NR and GS activities in flag leaves for two cultivars decreased during grain filling. Nitrogen content in flag leaves for Lankao Aizao 8 reached the maximum in R1 in low-middle density, and in R2 in high density, and for Yumai 49 it reached the maximum in R1. NR and GS activities in flag leaves after anthesis for two cultivars reached the max in wide row spacing in low-middle density and for narrow row spacing in high density. At maturity, grain protein content for Yumai 49 presented higher than Lankao Aizao 8, and grain protein content for Yumai 49 reached higher in treatment R3D1 and for Lankao Aizao 8 in treatment R1D2.
6 Fertile spikelet number and spikelet weight in different spikelet positions for two cultivars showed parabolic changes. And this was accord with medial dominant in grain development. Fertile spikelet number in different spikelet positions for two cultivars decreased with increased planting density. Spikelet weight for Lankao Aizao 8 increased with larger density, and contrary to Lankao Aizao 8 for Yumai 49. Under the same density, fertile spikelet number for two cultivars reached the maximum in row spacing R2, and spikelet weight increased with larger row spacing. Yield for Lankao Aizao 8 reached the maximum for the treatment R2D3 and Yumai 49 for R3D1.
According to the result, it was suggested that, to improve grain yield large-spike cultivar Lankao Aizao 8 be planted in narrow row spacing with high density and Yumai 49 in wide row spacing with low density in wheat cultivation.
1行距和密度对两种穗型冬小麦品种的冠层结构及光辐射特征有一定的调节效应。大穗型品种兰考矮早八生育期间的叶面积指数(LAI)在不同行距间表现为R2>R1>R3;多穗型品种豫麦49的LAI在灌浆中期之前表现为R3>R2>R1,之后各行距处理间差别较小。两品种的叶倾角(MLIA)随种植密度和行距的增加而变大。兰考矮早八的直接辐射透过系数(TCRP)随密度增大逐渐变小,随行距的变大逐渐增加;豫麦49的TCRP随行距和密度的变化规律不太明显。两品种的消光系数(K)随天顶角、密度增大而升高,随行距的增大逐渐减小;两品种的叶片分布(LD)随方位角增大呈先增后减的变化趋势,兰考矮早八的LD以R2D3处理的极差较小,豫麦49则以R3D1处理的极差较小。综合以上结果,大穗型品种兰考矮早八以窄行密植(处理R2D3)、多穗型品种豫麦49以宽行稀植(处理R3D1)的冠层结构较优,叶片分布更趋均匀。
2茎秆粗度、厚度、机械强度、抗倒指数、维管束数量及面积品种间表现为兰考矮早八>豫麦49。兰考矮早八的茎秆形态结构以行距15 cm(R2)较优;豫麦49茎秆的机械强度、抗倒指数、基部节间和穗下节间的维管束数量、维管束面积均以宽行距20 cm(R3)较优,而基部节间和穗下节间的粗度和壁厚以及机械组织的细胞层数、厚度在低密度下以宽行距20 cm(R3)较优,高密度下以行距15 cm(R2)较优。
3在两种密度(150×10~4株·hm~(-2)和375×10~4株·hm~(-2))种植条件下,研究了行距配置对两种穗型冬小麦品种后期群体冠层微环境的影响效应。随着密度和行距的增加,光垂直分布的不均匀性加剧;窄行距群体比宽行距群体具有较高的光截获(LI);两个供试品种冠层温度在垂直方向表现为上、下两层低,中层高的变化特点,随着行距的增加,冠层温度升高;两品种冠层空气相对湿度在垂直方向上表现为由上层至下层逐渐升高的变化特点,随着行距的增加,群体冠层空气的相对湿度降低;同一行距垂直方向群体冠层内CO2浓度表现为下层>上层>中层,且随着行距增加群体冠层内的CO2浓度升高。
4供试两品种旗叶中SS和SPS活性均随着花后天数的增加呈先升高后下降的趋势,其峰值兰考矮早八出现在花后14d,豫麦49在花后7d。兰考矮早八旗叶中可溶性糖含量随花后天数增加呈单峰曲线变化,且峰值出现在花后28d,而豫麦49呈双峰曲线,两峰值分别出现在花后7d和21d。两品种籽粒中可溶性总糖和蔗糖含量随花后天数的推移而降低,灌浆期间籽粒中淀粉含量呈“S”型变化趋势。行距配置对两品种蔗糖代谢有一定的影响,两品种旗叶中的SS活性整体上以行距R2较高;旗叶中SPS活性在低密度下以行距R3较高,在中、高密度下以行距R2较高。兰考矮早八旗叶中可溶性糖含量在高密度下,豫麦49在低密度下以行距R3较高;兰考矮早八籽粒中可溶性糖含量以行距R2较高,在低密度下籽粒淀粉积累量行距间表现为R3>R2>R1;在中、高密度下,行距间差别较小。豫麦49在中、低密度下籽粒中可溶性糖含量以行距R3较高,高密度下以行距R2表现较高;籽粒淀粉积累在低密度下花后14d之前行距间差异较小,之后表现为R3>R2>R1;在中、高密度下,行距间差别较小。
5两种穗型品种旗叶NR和GS活性及含氮量随花后天数的推移总体呈下降趋势。两品种花后旗叶的NR和GS活性在中低密度下以宽行距表现较高,在高密度下以窄行距较高。兰考矮早八旗叶含氮量在中低密度下以行距R1较高,高密度下以行距R2较高;豫麦49在各密度处理条件下以行距R1表现较高。豫麦49籽粒蛋白质含量高于兰考矮早八,豫麦49以处理R3D1较高,而兰考矮早八以R1D2较大。
6两个供试品种不同小穗位结实粒数和粒重均呈现二次曲线分布,表现出近中优势。两品种不同小穗位结实粒数随密度的增加而降低;兰考矮早八不同小穗粒重随密度的增加而增大,而豫麦49与之相反。在同一密度下,两品种不同小穗结实粒数以行距R2表现较高,小穗粒重随行距的增加而加大。在本试验条件下,兰考矮早八籽粒产量以处理R2D3表现较高,而豫麦49以R3D1处理较高。
依据本试验研究结果,从改善植株冠层结构、微环境、碳氮代谢和提高单位面积籽粒产量等方面综合考虑,大穗型品种兰考矮早八和多穗型品种豫麦49高产栽培分别采用“窄行密植”和“宽行稀播”的种植方式较为适宜。
In this paper, field experiments were carried out to evaluate the effects of row spacing and planting density on canopy structure, its microclimate, carbon-nitrogen metabolism and yield in two spike-type winter wheat cultivars (large-spike cultivar Lankao Aizao 8 and multi-spike cultivar Yumai 49, which were widely used in Henan province.) for two growth seasons (2005~2007). The main results were as follows:
1 Effects of row spacing and planting density on canopy structure and ray radiation characteristics were studied. The results showed that leaf area index (LAI) for two cultivars presented a single-peak curve during growth stages, and the peak value appeared at booting stage. LAI under different row spacings showed that R2>R1>R3 for Lankao Aizao 8, and for Yumai 49, LAI appeared R3>R2>R1 before middle-filling stages and then there were no distinct differences between row spacings. Mean leaf inclination angle (MLIA) for two cultivars increased with increased planting density and row spacing. At middle-filling stages, Transmission coefficient for radiation penetration (TCRP) for Lankao Aizao 8 decreased with increased density and decreased row spacing, and that for Yumai 49 had no obvious laws in different row spacing and density. Extinct coefficient (K) for tow cultivars rose with larger zenith angle and density, but with increased row spacing, K would decrease. Leaf distribution (LD) for two cultivars became high then low with larger zenith angle. The value for max-min of R2D3 treatment was the smallest for Lankao Aizao 8, and R3D1 treatment for Yumai 49. All in all, canopy structure presented better and leaf distribution showed even for treatment R2D3 to Lankao Aizao 8, and R3D1 for Yumai 49.
2 Stalk thickness, mechanics strength, lodging resistant index, vascular numbers and area for two wheat cultivars showed that Lankao Aizao 8 >Yumai 49. Stalk morphological structure of Lankao Aizao 8 displayed better for row spacing R2. Stalk thickness, lodging resistant index, vascular numbers and area, cell wall thickness for Yumai 49 were better for row spacing R3; stalk and cell wall thickness, mechanics cell layers showed better for R3 in low density and for R2 in high density.
3 Under the condition of two different densities, the effects of row spacing in two spike-type winter wheat cultivars on canopy microclimate in later growth stages were studied. The results showed that light vertical distribution became more uneven with increased planting density and row spacing. Narrow row spacing population had higher interception (LI) than wide row spacing population. Canopy temperature in vertical way for two cultivars appeared low in upper and lower levels and high in middle level. With larger row spacing, canopy temperature increased. Canopy relative humidity for two cultivars in vertical way would increase from upper level to lower level. With increased row spacing, canopy relative humidity decreased. Carbon dioxide concentration in vertical way showed that lower level > upper level>middle level, and canopy CO2 concentration increased with larger row spacing.
4 The activities of SS and SPS in flag leaves for two cultivars presented a single-peak curve during grain filling ( the peak value for Lankao Aizao 8 appeared at 14 days after anthesis, and that for Yumai 49 at 7 days after anthesis). Changes of soluble sugar content in flag leaves for Lankao Aizao 8 presented also a single-peak curve, and the peak value at 28 days after anthesis. And that for Yumai 49 appeared a double-peak curve, and the peak value at 7 and 21 days after anthesis. Contents of soluble sugar and sucrose in grain for two cultivars decreased during days after anthesis. Starch content for two cultivars appeared the trend of“S”type during grain filling. There was an effect of row spacing on sucrose metabolism for two cultivars. SS activity in flag leaves for two cultivars reached the maximum in row spacing R2. SPS activity in flag leaves for two cultivars reached the maximum in row spacing R3 in low density and for R2 in middle-high density. The soluble sugar content in flag leaves reached the maximum in row spacing R3 for Lankao Aizao 8 in high density and for Yumai 49 in low density. The soluble sugar content in grain for Lankao Aizao 8 got the maximum in row spacing R2, and in R3 for Yumai 49 in low-middle density and in R2 for Yumai 49 in high density. Grain starch accumulation for Lankao Aizao 8 showed that R3>R2>R1 in low density, and no distinct difference between row spacing in middle-high density. Grain starch accumulation for Yumai 49 had no distinct difference in low density before 14 days after anthesis, then R3>R2>R1. But in middle-high density, there was no distinct difference among row spacings.
5 Nitrogen content, NR and GS activities in flag leaves for two cultivars decreased during grain filling. Nitrogen content in flag leaves for Lankao Aizao 8 reached the maximum in R1 in low-middle density, and in R2 in high density, and for Yumai 49 it reached the maximum in R1. NR and GS activities in flag leaves after anthesis for two cultivars reached the max in wide row spacing in low-middle density and for narrow row spacing in high density. At maturity, grain protein content for Yumai 49 presented higher than Lankao Aizao 8, and grain protein content for Yumai 49 reached higher in treatment R3D1 and for Lankao Aizao 8 in treatment R1D2.
6 Fertile spikelet number and spikelet weight in different spikelet positions for two cultivars showed parabolic changes. And this was accord with medial dominant in grain development. Fertile spikelet number in different spikelet positions for two cultivars decreased with increased planting density. Spikelet weight for Lankao Aizao 8 increased with larger density, and contrary to Lankao Aizao 8 for Yumai 49. Under the same density, fertile spikelet number for two cultivars reached the maximum in row spacing R2, and spikelet weight increased with larger row spacing. Yield for Lankao Aizao 8 reached the maximum for the treatment R2D3 and Yumai 49 for R3D1.
According to the result, it was suggested that, to improve grain yield large-spike cultivar Lankao Aizao 8 be planted in narrow row spacing with high density and Yumai 49 in wide row spacing with low density in wheat cultivation.
引文
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