澜沧江乌弄龙水电站坝址右岸大型倾倒体变形特征、成因机制及稳定性研究
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摘要
我国西部环青藏高原的广大地区河谷深切，地形坡度大、地质构造复杂、地震活动频繁，众多高陡斜坡（边坡）是孕育大型地质灾害、工程边坡大规模失稳的主要区域，尤其是分布面积较广的层状岩体地区，岸坡岩体倾倒变形，孕灾、成灾的问题更为突出。近年来，国内外对倾倒体的研究成果较多，但多数研究对象为纵向河谷岸坡倾倒体。本文研究的澜沧江乌弄龙水电站坝址右岸大型倾倒体（Qd1），属横向谷岸坡上部发育的倾倒变形岩体，位于右岸坝顶以上部位，是威胁工程建设安全、运行正常的重要工程地质问题，研究其稳定性具有非常重要的工程实践意义。本文从倾倒体工程地质勘察技术应用及创新、岩坡初始结构、倾倒体变形的时空特征、成因、倾倒体的力学特征与稳定性评价等多个方面，系统地开展了研究：
（1）由于倾倒体发育在横向谷，且分布于工程拟开挖区域的外部，在普通测绘中容易忽略，作者通过多层次不同精度的测绘获得了倾倒体的分布特征及分布范围；并在此基础上进行了钻孔、平硐的综合勘探布置，从立体形态上查明了倾倒体的边界。
（2）采用了SM植物胶护壁钻探技术，并对钻进参数和SM植物胶的配比进行了试验性调整，得到了适合倾倒体呈砌块状、碎屑状的原状岩体取样方法和技术；运用新技术－“缩封固定技术”，解决了倾倒岩体岩样难加工、难固定、难搬运等问题，基本上采集到了原状试样；并在MTS岩石试验机上进行了力学试验，获取了大量的力学试验数据。
（3）以谷德振先生岩体结构理论及划分指标为依据，采用精细的层位测量、调查方法，在获得详细的资料基础上，针对该地层岩性、岩相复杂的特性，先开展岩组划分，再进行精细的岩体结构划分，较深入地剖析了倾倒体部位岩体结构为薄-互层状结构，坡体结构为横向斜坡，若考虑岩层倾向方面的地形坡度，在此方向有顺层结构特征。
（4）根据右岸坝肩主要平硐揭露倾倒体结构面拉张的方位、开度等大量资料，分析了倾倒体拉裂变形对既有结构面的追踪特征，以较多的统计数据及相关资料研究了倾倒体的变形方向、变形程度、变形类型，以及变形深度和边界条件。
（5）从地形地貌条件、岩体结构特征、岩性变化规律、断裂发育情况、河谷应力场特征等多种因素综合分析倾倒体的成因机制，并用数值分析方法研究了顺层高倾斜坡的倾倒变形。
（6）作者在分析倾倒岩体形成持续时间和成因机制及乌弄龙倾倒体严重变形典型特征的基础上，利用倾倒体原始层状地层与倾倒后地层“质点”的位移量值，提出分析倾倒体位移量值的新方法和利用地质年代初步获得倾倒体流变速率（含可能的少量突变）的新方法。采用FLAC3D程序进行反演分析，得出倾倒弯曲变形的总位移量与地层质点位移分析法基本一致。地层质点位移分析法的应用是对岩体流变参数选取方法的丰富，也是对倾倒体研究方法的创新。
（7）选择代表性剖面和合理的强度参数，利用极限平衡法、有限元法、强度系数折减法对倾倒体整体稳定性进行计算分析，特别是对强度系数折减法的应用，取得了较好的效果。并对倾倒岩体参数进行了敏感性分析，以便于后期针对各个参数影响的敏感程度，设计合理的治理方案。在计算分析的基础上，作者提出了工程处理建议。
Over the vast areas surrounding Qinghai-Tibet Plateau of China, deep valley develops, theslope of topography is steep, Complex regional geological tectonic develops and theearthquake is frequent; High and steep slope and Engineering Slope are the main area whichgenerate Large geological disasters and massive damage of Engineering Slope, On the regionswhere sedimentary rocks or layered rocks are widely distributed, especially, problems ofdamage of bank slope toppling rockmass and disaster's inoculation、formation are moreserious. A large amount of research achievements are obtained in recent years in both Chinaand abroad, but most objects are paralelel valley bank slope toppling rockmass. In thisarticle, the research of object, named the right rank of damsite of Lancang River Wunonglonghydropower station(Qd1), which belongs to transverse valley bank slope toppling rockmass,locates over the right bank of damsite. The toppling rockmass is a threat to project safeconstruction and normal operation, and the research of its stability will be important toEngineering practice. A systematic study is carried out in this article in many aspects on theapplication and innovation of geological exploration technology of toppling rockmass、initialstructure of rock slope、the spce-time characteristics and causes of toppling rockmass、mechanics characteristic and the safety evaluation of toppling rockmass:
(1) Distribution characteristics and range of toppling rockmass is obtained by differentprecision of the geological mapping in prevent of ignoring in normal mapping because thetoppling rockmass is developed on transvers valley and distributed outside of the expectedexcavation areas; and integrated exploration of drill and tunnels is arranged on the basis of itso as to determing the scope of the toppling rockmass in three-dimensional form.
(2) Undisturbed sampling method and technique which is suitable for making topplingrockmass into block and massive debris is achieved through SM plant gum Wall drillingtechnology and experimental adjustment of drilling factors and SM plant ration; Problemsof the processing、fix、transport of the rock sample of toppling rockmass is resolved throughthe new method—-"Shrink seal fixed technology" and undisturbed samples are mainly gained;A large amount of Mechanics experimental data is gained through the mechanics test on theadvanced MTS testing machine.
(3) According to the rock structure theory an classification of index of Zhende Gu, accuratelayer measurement and survey method are adopted; On the basis of very accurate data, rockdivision is first carried and then rock structure division is taken for the characteristics of thisset of lithology and rockmass structure; Then, result that the structure of the rock of topplingrockmass is Thin Interbeds, slope structure is transverse slope and it has characteristics ofparallel bedding structure if the topographic slope in the direction of the tendency of the rockis considered;
(4) According to a large amount of data of the position、aperture of structure planes of toppling rockmass which is disclosed by the main tunnels on the right dam abutment, trackingfeature of pull fission shape of the toppling rockmass to the structure of surface is analysed.On basis of a large amount of statistical data and related data, the direction、degree、type、depth of the deformation and the boundary conditions of toppling rockmass is studied.
(5) Deformation mechanism of toppling rockmass is comprehensively analysed through manyaspects on Topography condition, structural characteristics of rock mass, lithology changerule, fracture development situation, valley stress field and so on; toppling deformation of thetilted high slope is studied by numerical analysis method.
(6) On the basis of the analysis of the duration and formation mechanism of topplingrockmass and the deformation characteristics of Wunonglong toppling rockmass, newmethods of analying displacement value of toppling rockmass by using the displacementbetween original shape strata and toppled strata "particles" of toppling rockmass andpreliminarily getting flow rate of toppling rockmass by using geologic age are put forward;Through the inversion of program of FLAC3D, the displacement of toppling deformation is inaccordance with strata particle displacement analysis. The application of strata particledisplacement analysis is supplement for the method of rheological parameters of rock massselection.
(7) We utilize limit equilibrium method, the finite element method, the coefficient of theintensity of reduction to compute and analyse the toppling rockmass by selectingrepresentative profiles and the reasonable strength parameters, and we get very encouragingresults especially using the coefficient of the intensity of reduction. We also make sensitivityanalysis for toppling rockmass, so as to the reasonable management plan according to eachfactor's sensitive degree later. On the basis of computation and analysis, we put forward ourengineering treatment suggestion.
（1）由于倾倒体发育在横向谷，且分布于工程拟开挖区域的外部，在普通测绘中容易忽略，作者通过多层次不同精度的测绘获得了倾倒体的分布特征及分布范围；并在此基础上进行了钻孔、平硐的综合勘探布置，从立体形态上查明了倾倒体的边界。
（2）采用了SM植物胶护壁钻探技术，并对钻进参数和SM植物胶的配比进行了试验性调整，得到了适合倾倒体呈砌块状、碎屑状的原状岩体取样方法和技术；运用新技术－“缩封固定技术”，解决了倾倒岩体岩样难加工、难固定、难搬运等问题，基本上采集到了原状试样；并在MTS岩石试验机上进行了力学试验，获取了大量的力学试验数据。
（3）以谷德振先生岩体结构理论及划分指标为依据，采用精细的层位测量、调查方法，在获得详细的资料基础上，针对该地层岩性、岩相复杂的特性，先开展岩组划分，再进行精细的岩体结构划分，较深入地剖析了倾倒体部位岩体结构为薄-互层状结构，坡体结构为横向斜坡，若考虑岩层倾向方面的地形坡度，在此方向有顺层结构特征。
（4）根据右岸坝肩主要平硐揭露倾倒体结构面拉张的方位、开度等大量资料，分析了倾倒体拉裂变形对既有结构面的追踪特征，以较多的统计数据及相关资料研究了倾倒体的变形方向、变形程度、变形类型，以及变形深度和边界条件。
（5）从地形地貌条件、岩体结构特征、岩性变化规律、断裂发育情况、河谷应力场特征等多种因素综合分析倾倒体的成因机制，并用数值分析方法研究了顺层高倾斜坡的倾倒变形。
（6）作者在分析倾倒岩体形成持续时间和成因机制及乌弄龙倾倒体严重变形典型特征的基础上，利用倾倒体原始层状地层与倾倒后地层“质点”的位移量值，提出分析倾倒体位移量值的新方法和利用地质年代初步获得倾倒体流变速率（含可能的少量突变）的新方法。采用FLAC3D程序进行反演分析，得出倾倒弯曲变形的总位移量与地层质点位移分析法基本一致。地层质点位移分析法的应用是对岩体流变参数选取方法的丰富，也是对倾倒体研究方法的创新。
（7）选择代表性剖面和合理的强度参数，利用极限平衡法、有限元法、强度系数折减法对倾倒体整体稳定性进行计算分析，特别是对强度系数折减法的应用，取得了较好的效果。并对倾倒岩体参数进行了敏感性分析，以便于后期针对各个参数影响的敏感程度，设计合理的治理方案。在计算分析的基础上，作者提出了工程处理建议。
Over the vast areas surrounding Qinghai-Tibet Plateau of China, deep valley develops, theslope of topography is steep, Complex regional geological tectonic develops and theearthquake is frequent; High and steep slope and Engineering Slope are the main area whichgenerate Large geological disasters and massive damage of Engineering Slope, On the regionswhere sedimentary rocks or layered rocks are widely distributed, especially, problems ofdamage of bank slope toppling rockmass and disaster's inoculation、formation are moreserious. A large amount of research achievements are obtained in recent years in both Chinaand abroad, but most objects are paralelel valley bank slope toppling rockmass. In thisarticle, the research of object, named the right rank of damsite of Lancang River Wunonglonghydropower station(Qd1), which belongs to transverse valley bank slope toppling rockmass,locates over the right bank of damsite. The toppling rockmass is a threat to project safeconstruction and normal operation, and the research of its stability will be important toEngineering practice. A systematic study is carried out in this article in many aspects on theapplication and innovation of geological exploration technology of toppling rockmass、initialstructure of rock slope、the spce-time characteristics and causes of toppling rockmass、mechanics characteristic and the safety evaluation of toppling rockmass:
(1) Distribution characteristics and range of toppling rockmass is obtained by differentprecision of the geological mapping in prevent of ignoring in normal mapping because thetoppling rockmass is developed on transvers valley and distributed outside of the expectedexcavation areas; and integrated exploration of drill and tunnels is arranged on the basis of itso as to determing the scope of the toppling rockmass in three-dimensional form.
(2) Undisturbed sampling method and technique which is suitable for making topplingrockmass into block and massive debris is achieved through SM plant gum Wall drillingtechnology and experimental adjustment of drilling factors and SM plant ration; Problemsof the processing、fix、transport of the rock sample of toppling rockmass is resolved throughthe new method—-"Shrink seal fixed technology" and undisturbed samples are mainly gained;A large amount of Mechanics experimental data is gained through the mechanics test on theadvanced MTS testing machine.
(3) According to the rock structure theory an classification of index of Zhende Gu, accuratelayer measurement and survey method are adopted; On the basis of very accurate data, rockdivision is first carried and then rock structure division is taken for the characteristics of thisset of lithology and rockmass structure; Then, result that the structure of the rock of topplingrockmass is Thin Interbeds, slope structure is transverse slope and it has characteristics ofparallel bedding structure if the topographic slope in the direction of the tendency of the rockis considered;
(4) According to a large amount of data of the position、aperture of structure planes of toppling rockmass which is disclosed by the main tunnels on the right dam abutment, trackingfeature of pull fission shape of the toppling rockmass to the structure of surface is analysed.On basis of a large amount of statistical data and related data, the direction、degree、type、depth of the deformation and the boundary conditions of toppling rockmass is studied.
(5) Deformation mechanism of toppling rockmass is comprehensively analysed through manyaspects on Topography condition, structural characteristics of rock mass, lithology changerule, fracture development situation, valley stress field and so on; toppling deformation of thetilted high slope is studied by numerical analysis method.
(6) On the basis of the analysis of the duration and formation mechanism of topplingrockmass and the deformation characteristics of Wunonglong toppling rockmass, newmethods of analying displacement value of toppling rockmass by using the displacementbetween original shape strata and toppled strata "particles" of toppling rockmass andpreliminarily getting flow rate of toppling rockmass by using geologic age are put forward;Through the inversion of program of FLAC3D, the displacement of toppling deformation is inaccordance with strata particle displacement analysis. The application of strata particledisplacement analysis is supplement for the method of rheological parameters of rock massselection.
(7) We utilize limit equilibrium method, the finite element method, the coefficient of theintensity of reduction to compute and analyse the toppling rockmass by selectingrepresentative profiles and the reasonable strength parameters, and we get very encouragingresults especially using the coefficient of the intensity of reduction. We also make sensitivityanalysis for toppling rockmass, so as to the reasonable management plan according to eachfactor's sensitive degree later. On the basis of computation and analysis, we put forward ourengineering treatment suggestion.
引文
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