古代壁画中颜料及染料的拉曼光谱研究
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摘要
拉曼光谱作为材料指纹光谱在文物鉴定方面具有独特的优势。尤其是在针对文物及珍贵艺术品,拉曼光谱的原位、无损及高灵敏的检测特性,更是其他检测手段无法替代的。本文利用便携式光纤拉曼光谱仪对模拟试块样品、文物残片、考古与修复现场的敦煌莫高窟壁画进行拉曼光谱分析与研究。基于分子振动光谱对矿物材料的研究基础,对文物中的颜料分析及指认。主要内容及创新成果如下:
1.考古现场便携式拉曼光谱仪及辅助器材的结构设计,文物拉曼光谱分析的实验室模拟。根据文物现场的需求与特点,在实验室模拟环境下验证便携式光纤拉曼检测系统的适用性。在最大程度发挥其原位无损检测特性的基础上,尽可能获得高质量的拉曼光谱。分别通过对压片及模拟试块等样品进行光谱检测,为实际现场检测提供方法和经验。
2.根据考古现场的特殊性设计拉曼光谱检测流程。由于考古现场可能存在的空间环境的特殊性;样品表面特征所造成的特殊需求;以及便携仪器在考古检测现场的安全操作等特殊性的存在;在遵循安全性高、通用性好、操作规范适用性强等特点的基础上设计拉曼光谱的检测流程。这以流程的制定也是由于现今我国在文物光谱分析方面还没有制定过细节清晰、易于操作、提高检测安全性的操作标准;而由于文物对象所具有的不可恢复的特殊性和宝贵价值,因此制定一个较为规范的文物检测操作流程是具有重要意义的。
3.敦煌莫高窟壁画现场与残片的拉曼光谱检测分析。利用优化性能的便携式光纤拉曼检测系统,以设计的具有一定规范及安全性的拉曼光谱检测操作流程,对敦煌莫高窟石窟寺壁画残片及第98窟的壁画进行原位无损的检测。分别利用532nm和785nm激光作为激发线的便携式光纤拉曼光谱仪进行数据采集,并对壁画及残片中矿物颜料及混合颜料给予鉴别和指认。
4.维也纳艺术馆艺术品中有机染料的拉曼光谱检测。利用拉曼和表面增强拉曼光谱技术对结构相似、环境影响下易发生结构转化的有机染料flavanthrone和indanthrone进行分析,通过对其表面增强拉曼光谱信号的分析指认,总结出了两种染料在受污染或表观难辨状态下拉曼鉴别方法的表面增强拉曼数据特征及特征指认官能团信号。
Raman spectroscopy, as the "fingerprint" of materials, has become a popular technique for the analysis of cultural and conservation. Raman spectroscopy, as the "fingerprint" of materials, has become a popular technique for the analysis of cultural and conservation. It has emerged as an alternative technique of surface material analysis by playing the in situ detection, non-destructive and high sensitivity of features, particularly in the relics and precious works of art. Raman spectroscopy can determine the molecular symmetry, the internal forces and structural features such as rotational energy levels of vibration by analyzing the Raman frequency shift of molecular vibration, and thus analysis to identify the material. The applicability of portable fiber optic Raman spectroscopy is to make high-precision analysis for in situ samples of the artifacts by its outstanding flexibility. Because of the particular frangibility of some valuable relics and artifacts, it is very important to ensure to follow the security , integrity principle for using any means of analyzing . The portable Raman spectroscopy meet the right contacts and easy to move for the testing of those possible damage to the cultural needs with its in situ, non-destructive, non-invasive detection method. Currently, the research interest of the world cultural heritage protection and rehabilitation is rising. This is precisely because of the breakthrough to the detection technical limitations in the past. China is the only country have the continuous history and enduring powers of civilization, whose history and artistic value of heritage is world famous. Use scientific methods to analyze and promote the historical heritage of our country is the most direct communication with the civilization and cultural development around the world. And this is the way that most can be understand by the researchers. Meanwhile, in the face of the particularity and independence of the cultural object, to improve portable Raman spectroscopy platform for the archaeological site, set up the standardized operational processes of in situ Raman analysis for on-site inspection, is very important for advancing the Raman spectroscopy into a heritage standardization of detection methods to protect. In this research and cultural background, this thesis includes the following elements of innovative design and completed studis:
1. The establishment of laboratory simulation of a portable fiber optic Raman detection system. Simulated in the laboratory environment to ensure the security of Raman spectroscopy detection for pigment samples, to improve the applicability and the sensitivity of portable Raman spectroscopy detection. On the basis of simulation set up a platform for the application of in situ portable Raman spectroscopy detection in the archaeological sites. Plans to establish a database of the minerals (source-dependent) and effective pigments in samples as a reference system for archaeological analysis.
2. Attempt to frame a operating process for the portable fiber Raman spectroscopy detection of mineral pigments in artifacts. To ensure sample security as the prerequisite for minerals and mineral pigments, test set operable standard operating procedures for pigments in color artifacts. Improve the detection process of portable fiber Raman used in archaeological excavation site with the high security, high applicability and high sensitivity. For the first time to test the establishment of the murals of Dunhuang Grottoes heritage-site detection method and operation procedures, and plans to establish a database for later analysis of the corresponding protection to provide scientific data as reference.
3. Anylusis a piece of fragment of Mogao Grottoes in Dunhuang with portable fiber Raman spectroscopy. Identify the material of mineral pigments on the fragment compared with Raman spectra information of mineral samples and associated vibrational exclusion of mineral impurities and other information from reference. For the fresco fragments on different areas with different colors as red paint, as covering other pigments or dyes to produce color difference in the blue area, and the components of complex pigments mix in orange area and other distinguish components may be identified.
4. The normal Raman and surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectra of flavanthrone and indanthrone are obtained at several excitation wavelengths. The reason of chosing these two molecules is they may have environmental degradation and prone to mutual conversion. The spectral assignments are aided by density functional calculations. Since both molecules have very high symmetry (C2h) including a center of inversion, we expect that the modes of u symmetry will be forbidden in the normal Raman spectrum.
1.考古现场便携式拉曼光谱仪及辅助器材的结构设计,文物拉曼光谱分析的实验室模拟。根据文物现场的需求与特点,在实验室模拟环境下验证便携式光纤拉曼检测系统的适用性。在最大程度发挥其原位无损检测特性的基础上,尽可能获得高质量的拉曼光谱。分别通过对压片及模拟试块等样品进行光谱检测,为实际现场检测提供方法和经验。
2.根据考古现场的特殊性设计拉曼光谱检测流程。由于考古现场可能存在的空间环境的特殊性;样品表面特征所造成的特殊需求;以及便携仪器在考古检测现场的安全操作等特殊性的存在;在遵循安全性高、通用性好、操作规范适用性强等特点的基础上设计拉曼光谱的检测流程。这以流程的制定也是由于现今我国在文物光谱分析方面还没有制定过细节清晰、易于操作、提高检测安全性的操作标准;而由于文物对象所具有的不可恢复的特殊性和宝贵价值,因此制定一个较为规范的文物检测操作流程是具有重要意义的。
3.敦煌莫高窟壁画现场与残片的拉曼光谱检测分析。利用优化性能的便携式光纤拉曼检测系统,以设计的具有一定规范及安全性的拉曼光谱检测操作流程,对敦煌莫高窟石窟寺壁画残片及第98窟的壁画进行原位无损的检测。分别利用532nm和785nm激光作为激发线的便携式光纤拉曼光谱仪进行数据采集,并对壁画及残片中矿物颜料及混合颜料给予鉴别和指认。
4.维也纳艺术馆艺术品中有机染料的拉曼光谱检测。利用拉曼和表面增强拉曼光谱技术对结构相似、环境影响下易发生结构转化的有机染料flavanthrone和indanthrone进行分析,通过对其表面增强拉曼光谱信号的分析指认,总结出了两种染料在受污染或表观难辨状态下拉曼鉴别方法的表面增强拉曼数据特征及特征指认官能团信号。
Raman spectroscopy, as the "fingerprint" of materials, has become a popular technique for the analysis of cultural and conservation. Raman spectroscopy, as the "fingerprint" of materials, has become a popular technique for the analysis of cultural and conservation. It has emerged as an alternative technique of surface material analysis by playing the in situ detection, non-destructive and high sensitivity of features, particularly in the relics and precious works of art. Raman spectroscopy can determine the molecular symmetry, the internal forces and structural features such as rotational energy levels of vibration by analyzing the Raman frequency shift of molecular vibration, and thus analysis to identify the material. The applicability of portable fiber optic Raman spectroscopy is to make high-precision analysis for in situ samples of the artifacts by its outstanding flexibility. Because of the particular frangibility of some valuable relics and artifacts, it is very important to ensure to follow the security , integrity principle for using any means of analyzing . The portable Raman spectroscopy meet the right contacts and easy to move for the testing of those possible damage to the cultural needs with its in situ, non-destructive, non-invasive detection method. Currently, the research interest of the world cultural heritage protection and rehabilitation is rising. This is precisely because of the breakthrough to the detection technical limitations in the past. China is the only country have the continuous history and enduring powers of civilization, whose history and artistic value of heritage is world famous. Use scientific methods to analyze and promote the historical heritage of our country is the most direct communication with the civilization and cultural development around the world. And this is the way that most can be understand by the researchers. Meanwhile, in the face of the particularity and independence of the cultural object, to improve portable Raman spectroscopy platform for the archaeological site, set up the standardized operational processes of in situ Raman analysis for on-site inspection, is very important for advancing the Raman spectroscopy into a heritage standardization of detection methods to protect. In this research and cultural background, this thesis includes the following elements of innovative design and completed studis:
1. The establishment of laboratory simulation of a portable fiber optic Raman detection system. Simulated in the laboratory environment to ensure the security of Raman spectroscopy detection for pigment samples, to improve the applicability and the sensitivity of portable Raman spectroscopy detection. On the basis of simulation set up a platform for the application of in situ portable Raman spectroscopy detection in the archaeological sites. Plans to establish a database of the minerals (source-dependent) and effective pigments in samples as a reference system for archaeological analysis.
2. Attempt to frame a operating process for the portable fiber Raman spectroscopy detection of mineral pigments in artifacts. To ensure sample security as the prerequisite for minerals and mineral pigments, test set operable standard operating procedures for pigments in color artifacts. Improve the detection process of portable fiber Raman used in archaeological excavation site with the high security, high applicability and high sensitivity. For the first time to test the establishment of the murals of Dunhuang Grottoes heritage-site detection method and operation procedures, and plans to establish a database for later analysis of the corresponding protection to provide scientific data as reference.
3. Anylusis a piece of fragment of Mogao Grottoes in Dunhuang with portable fiber Raman spectroscopy. Identify the material of mineral pigments on the fragment compared with Raman spectra information of mineral samples and associated vibrational exclusion of mineral impurities and other information from reference. For the fresco fragments on different areas with different colors as red paint, as covering other pigments or dyes to produce color difference in the blue area, and the components of complex pigments mix in orange area and other distinguish components may be identified.
4. The normal Raman and surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectra of flavanthrone and indanthrone are obtained at several excitation wavelengths. The reason of chosing these two molecules is they may have environmental degradation and prone to mutual conversion. The spectral assignments are aided by density functional calculations. Since both molecules have very high symmetry (C2h) including a center of inversion, we expect that the modes of u symmetry will be forbidden in the normal Raman spectrum.
引文
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