天线的阻抗分析与测量
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摘要
当今，随着无线通信和电子技术的发展，使用的频率也越来越高，在电路设计时，对电路的匹配程度的要求也越来越高，其中天线和电路的匹配在电路设计中的应用更为广泛。因此，需要知道比较精确的天线的阻抗值，并在此基础上探索天线阻抗的匹配问题。然而不是所有的天线都能比较精确计算的，因此，设计一个快速的天线输入阻抗的测量方案来代替天线阻抗计算是电路设计的一个必要的基础。
本课题的目的就是研究天线阻抗的分析，计算方法和匹配电路设计方法，并且针对安捷伦4396B网络分析仪，设计一个天线阻抗的测量方案，并验证该方案是可行的。为了比较测量结果，论文中分析和计算了线天线(对称振子天线和单极子天线)的阻抗，针对这两种天线，分别采取了解析法、改进型等效传输线法和时域有限差分法等多种计算方法计算天线的阻抗，并与测量结果进行比较，来验证测量方案的可行性。
本课题又论述了宽带天线的匹配网络设计方法，深入分析了两种匹配网络元件的计算方法——直接优化法和驻波比法。在匹配优化程序设计中，提出两种匹配方法的算法，并且基于matlab开发平台优化出来了匹配网络所需的元件值。文中提出了把优化目标函数时采取的最小二乘法算法应用于驻波比法，计算出匹配电路的元件值。本文自制一环形天线，测量出该天线的输入阻抗和驻波比，并计算出该天线的驻波比，经比较进一步验证测量方案是可行的。在此基础上优化出匹配网络的元件值，连接电路，并测量出连接匹配网络后的天线的驻波比。比较前后结果，匹配方法改进了驻波比的值，提高了匹配程度。
Today, as wireless communications and electronic technology development, the frequency of use increases. In circuit design, the extent of the matching circuit is increasingly demanding, especially antenna impedance matching circuit is more and more important when design circuit. Therefore, it is necessary to know more precise antenna input impedance, and explore the antenna impedance matching. Not all the antennas will be accurately calculated, and calculation antenna model is often ideal model, therefore, a quick antenna input impedance measurement program is a necessary foundation to circuit design.
The purpose of this thesis is to design an antenna input impedance measurement programs aiming at the Agilent 4396B network analyzer, and certificate that the program is feasible. To compare measurements, Papers analyze and calculate the line antenna (Dipole Antenna and monopole antenna) input impedance, and against the two antennas, respectively, take the analytical method, Improved equivalent transmission electro circuit method and the finite difference time domain method. The results of calculation by a variety of methods and measurement results were compared to verify the feasibility of measuring programs. In this paper, I measured the laboratory standard antennas and two homemade antennas.
This thesis carefully analyzes the broadband antenna matching network design methods, and discuss the two calculation methods of matching network elements -direct optimization and VSWR method. This paper presents two methods of matching algorithm, and optimizes matching networks components values basing on the matlab development platform. This paper innovational develope the least square algorithm of optimization objective function. This paper makes a loop antenna and measure the antenna input impedance and VSWR. and calculate the antenna VSWR ,which further tests measurement program is feasible. Based on this optimal design matching network components values, connect circuits, and measure the antenna VSWR which matching network is connected. Comparing both results, matching method improved VSWR values, and the matching degree.
本课题的目的就是研究天线阻抗的分析，计算方法和匹配电路设计方法，并且针对安捷伦4396B网络分析仪，设计一个天线阻抗的测量方案，并验证该方案是可行的。为了比较测量结果，论文中分析和计算了线天线(对称振子天线和单极子天线)的阻抗，针对这两种天线，分别采取了解析法、改进型等效传输线法和时域有限差分法等多种计算方法计算天线的阻抗，并与测量结果进行比较，来验证测量方案的可行性。
本课题又论述了宽带天线的匹配网络设计方法，深入分析了两种匹配网络元件的计算方法——直接优化法和驻波比法。在匹配优化程序设计中，提出两种匹配方法的算法，并且基于matlab开发平台优化出来了匹配网络所需的元件值。文中提出了把优化目标函数时采取的最小二乘法算法应用于驻波比法，计算出匹配电路的元件值。本文自制一环形天线，测量出该天线的输入阻抗和驻波比，并计算出该天线的驻波比，经比较进一步验证测量方案是可行的。在此基础上优化出匹配网络的元件值，连接电路，并测量出连接匹配网络后的天线的驻波比。比较前后结果，匹配方法改进了驻波比的值，提高了匹配程度。
Today, as wireless communications and electronic technology development, the frequency of use increases. In circuit design, the extent of the matching circuit is increasingly demanding, especially antenna impedance matching circuit is more and more important when design circuit. Therefore, it is necessary to know more precise antenna input impedance, and explore the antenna impedance matching. Not all the antennas will be accurately calculated, and calculation antenna model is often ideal model, therefore, a quick antenna input impedance measurement program is a necessary foundation to circuit design.
The purpose of this thesis is to design an antenna input impedance measurement programs aiming at the Agilent 4396B network analyzer, and certificate that the program is feasible. To compare measurements, Papers analyze and calculate the line antenna (Dipole Antenna and monopole antenna) input impedance, and against the two antennas, respectively, take the analytical method, Improved equivalent transmission electro circuit method and the finite difference time domain method. The results of calculation by a variety of methods and measurement results were compared to verify the feasibility of measuring programs. In this paper, I measured the laboratory standard antennas and two homemade antennas.
This thesis carefully analyzes the broadband antenna matching network design methods, and discuss the two calculation methods of matching network elements -direct optimization and VSWR method. This paper presents two methods of matching algorithm, and optimizes matching networks components values basing on the matlab development platform. This paper innovational develope the least square algorithm of optimization objective function. This paper makes a loop antenna and measure the antenna input impedance and VSWR. and calculate the antenna VSWR ,which further tests measurement program is feasible. Based on this optimal design matching network components values, connect circuits, and measure the antenna VSWR which matching network is connected. Comparing both results, matching method improved VSWR values, and the matching degree.
引文
[1] 刘克成，宋学诚．天线原理．第一版．长沙：国防科技大学出版社．1989，pp114-1170
[2] C.A. Balanis, Antenna Theory, Analysis and Design, Harper &Row, New York, 1982.
[3] R.F. Harrington, Time-Harmonic Electromagnetic Fields, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1961, pp. 348-355.
[4] 周朝栋等．天线与电波．西安电子科技大学出版社，2002，37-40
[5] 吴为公．V型偶极子天线分析．成都电讯工程学院学报t．1985；(1)65-72
[6] 谢处方．电波与天线．下册．人民邮电出版社，1966；53-74
[7] 阮颖铮．用静电学和传输线理论计算圆柱形振子天线的输入阻抗——等效传输线的修正．通信学报．1981；(1)96-106
[8] 葛德彪，闫玉波，“电磁波时域有限差分方法”西安电子科技大学出版社
[9] PeterJ.Dimbylow,"FDTDCalculationsofAbsorbedPowedntheAnklefor10100M Hz planeWaveexposure",IEEETrans.onBE,1991,Vol.38,pp423-428.
[10] 倪廷满．浅谈天线匹配网络的一种调整方法．西部广播电视，2005年第1期：48-47
[11] S.T.Li, D.W.S.Tam. The design of impedance matching networks for broadband antennas.AD-A187 600,Naval Ocean Systems Center,1987
[12] 陈轶鸿．孙琰．肖良勇．郭渭盛．宽带天线阻抗匹配网络设计中的实频法．电子学报，1997，第三期：19-23
[13] 孙保华，周良明．肖辉．天线宽带匹配网络的设计与计算方法．西安电子科技大学学报，1999，Vol 26 No．6：793-797
[14] ShakiL.A.Awan, Bryan P.Libble,Ian.A.Robinson,Stephen P.Giblin.A New Four Terminal-Pair Bridge for Traceable Impedance Measurements at Frequencies up to 1MHz IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement. 2001,50(2):282-285
[15] Stoyan N. Nihtianov, Georgi P Shterev, Nikolay Petrov, Gerard C. M. Meijer. Impedance Measurement With Second-Order Harmonic Oscillator for TestingFood Sterility. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement.2001,50(4):976-980
[16] A. L. Kipling, M. Thompson. Network Analysis Method Applied to Liquid phase Acoustic Wave Sensors. Analysis Chemistry. 1990,62:1514-1519
[17] Mita Dutta, Anjan Rakshit, S. N. Bhattacharyya. Development and Study of an Automatic AC Bridge for Impedance Measurement. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement.2001,50(5):1048-1052
[18] Luca Callegaro, Gianluca Galzerano, Cesare Svelto. Precision Impedance Measurements by the Three-Voltage Method With a Novel High-Stability Multiphase DDS Generator. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement.2003,52(4):1195-119
[19] 高本庆．时域有限差分法．第一版．北京：国防工业出版社．1995．
[20] 杨娟，张玉，梁昌洪，线天线输入阻抗的变分原理结合FDTD求解．电波科学学报．2003，18(1)：48-52．
[21] J. G. Maloney, G. S. Smith, and R. R. Scott, Jr., "Accurate Computation of the Radiation from Simple Antennas Using the Finite-Difference Time-Domain Method," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagate., Vol. 38, July 1990, pp. 1059-1068.
[22] 樊昌兴．詹道庸．徐炳祥等．通讯原理．第四版．北京：国防工业出版社．1995，pp130-140：
[23] R. Luebbers, L. Chen, T. Uno, and S. Adachi, "FDTD Calculation of Radiation Patterns, Impedance, and Gain for Monopole Antenna on a Conducting Box," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagate., Vol. 40, Dec. 1992, pp. 1577-1583.
[24] J. D. Kraus, Antennas, McGraw-Hill, Singapore, 1988.
[25] K. H. Lau, "Gap Problem in King-Middleton Second-Order Theory for Dipole Admittance Calculations," Electron. Lett., Vol. 20,Apr. 1984, pp. 340-342.
[26] K. R. Umashankar, A. Taflove, and B. Beker, "Calculation and Experimental Validation of Induced Currents on Coupled Wires in an Arbitrary Shaped Cavity," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagate., Vol. AP-35, Nov. 1987, pp. 1248-1257.
[27] P.-Y. Zhao, J. Litva, and K.-L. Wu, "A New Stable and Very Dispersive Boundary Condition for the FD-TD Method," IEEE MTT-S Int. Microwave Symp. Dig., Vol. 1, 1994, pp. 35-38.
[28] 徐良．肖良勇．宽带天线阻抗匹配网络的理论与实验研究．西安电子科技大学学报，1991，(18—增刊)：125-131
[29] 张广森．VHF／SSB收发信机中的天线阻抗匹配．天津通信技术，1999，No．2：21-24
[30] 席兵．关于传输线阻抗匹配问题的分析．重庆邮电学院学报，1999．6，No．2：42-45
[31] 陈轶鸿．孙琰．郭渭盛．肖良勇．宽带匹配网络的现代设计法．电波科学学报，1996，No．2：102-109
[32] 陈轶鸿．孙琰．宽带匹配新算法——SC法．通信学报，1997，VOL 18 No．9：55-60
[33] 郑紫薇．朱义胜．王兴城．宽带天线自适应匹配设计．大连海事大学学报，2001，Vol 27，No．4：60-63
[34] 高火涛．候杰昌．杨子杰．石振华．宽带天线阻抗匹配网络的设计．武汉大学学报，2001，Vol，47 No．5：541-544
[35] Olli P M Pekonen, Keijo I Nikoskinen, Stephen Goodwin. Applying variational principles in FDTD antenna input impedance simulations [J]. Microwave and Optical Technology Letters. 1998,19(6): 422-427.
[36] 陈默，田茂，碟形天线的计算机仿真设计．微机算计信息．2006年第1-期：255-256．
[2] C.A. Balanis, Antenna Theory, Analysis and Design, Harper &Row, New York, 1982.
[3] R.F. Harrington, Time-Harmonic Electromagnetic Fields, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1961, pp. 348-355.
[4] 周朝栋等．天线与电波．西安电子科技大学出版社，2002，37-40
[5] 吴为公．V型偶极子天线分析．成都电讯工程学院学报t．1985；(1)65-72
[6] 谢处方．电波与天线．下册．人民邮电出版社，1966；53-74
[7] 阮颖铮．用静电学和传输线理论计算圆柱形振子天线的输入阻抗——等效传输线的修正．通信学报．1981；(1)96-106
[8] 葛德彪，闫玉波，“电磁波时域有限差分方法”西安电子科技大学出版社
[9] PeterJ.Dimbylow,"FDTDCalculationsofAbsorbedPowedntheAnklefor10100M Hz planeWaveexposure",IEEETrans.onBE,1991,Vol.38,pp423-428.
[10] 倪廷满．浅谈天线匹配网络的一种调整方法．西部广播电视，2005年第1期：48-47
[11] S.T.Li, D.W.S.Tam. The design of impedance matching networks for broadband antennas.AD-A187 600,Naval Ocean Systems Center,1987
[12] 陈轶鸿．孙琰．肖良勇．郭渭盛．宽带天线阻抗匹配网络设计中的实频法．电子学报，1997，第三期：19-23
[13] 孙保华，周良明．肖辉．天线宽带匹配网络的设计与计算方法．西安电子科技大学学报，1999，Vol 26 No．6：793-797
[14] ShakiL.A.Awan, Bryan P.Libble,Ian.A.Robinson,Stephen P.Giblin.A New Four Terminal-Pair Bridge for Traceable Impedance Measurements at Frequencies up to 1MHz IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement. 2001,50(2):282-285
[15] Stoyan N. Nihtianov, Georgi P Shterev, Nikolay Petrov, Gerard C. M. Meijer. Impedance Measurement With Second-Order Harmonic Oscillator for TestingFood Sterility. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement.2001,50(4):976-980
[16] A. L. Kipling, M. Thompson. Network Analysis Method Applied to Liquid phase Acoustic Wave Sensors. Analysis Chemistry. 1990,62:1514-1519
[17] Mita Dutta, Anjan Rakshit, S. N. Bhattacharyya. Development and Study of an Automatic AC Bridge for Impedance Measurement. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement.2001,50(5):1048-1052
[18] Luca Callegaro, Gianluca Galzerano, Cesare Svelto. Precision Impedance Measurements by the Three-Voltage Method With a Novel High-Stability Multiphase DDS Generator. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement.2003,52(4):1195-119
[19] 高本庆．时域有限差分法．第一版．北京：国防工业出版社．1995．
[20] 杨娟，张玉，梁昌洪，线天线输入阻抗的变分原理结合FDTD求解．电波科学学报．2003，18(1)：48-52．
[21] J. G. Maloney, G. S. Smith, and R. R. Scott, Jr., "Accurate Computation of the Radiation from Simple Antennas Using the Finite-Difference Time-Domain Method," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagate., Vol. 38, July 1990, pp. 1059-1068.
[22] 樊昌兴．詹道庸．徐炳祥等．通讯原理．第四版．北京：国防工业出版社．1995，pp130-140：
[23] R. Luebbers, L. Chen, T. Uno, and S. Adachi, "FDTD Calculation of Radiation Patterns, Impedance, and Gain for Monopole Antenna on a Conducting Box," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagate., Vol. 40, Dec. 1992, pp. 1577-1583.
[24] J. D. Kraus, Antennas, McGraw-Hill, Singapore, 1988.
[25] K. H. Lau, "Gap Problem in King-Middleton Second-Order Theory for Dipole Admittance Calculations," Electron. Lett., Vol. 20,Apr. 1984, pp. 340-342.
[26] K. R. Umashankar, A. Taflove, and B. Beker, "Calculation and Experimental Validation of Induced Currents on Coupled Wires in an Arbitrary Shaped Cavity," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagate., Vol. AP-35, Nov. 1987, pp. 1248-1257.
[27] P.-Y. Zhao, J. Litva, and K.-L. Wu, "A New Stable and Very Dispersive Boundary Condition for the FD-TD Method," IEEE MTT-S Int. Microwave Symp. Dig., Vol. 1, 1994, pp. 35-38.
[28] 徐良．肖良勇．宽带天线阻抗匹配网络的理论与实验研究．西安电子科技大学学报，1991，(18—增刊)：125-131
[29] 张广森．VHF／SSB收发信机中的天线阻抗匹配．天津通信技术，1999，No．2：21-24
[30] 席兵．关于传输线阻抗匹配问题的分析．重庆邮电学院学报，1999．6，No．2：42-45
[31] 陈轶鸿．孙琰．郭渭盛．肖良勇．宽带匹配网络的现代设计法．电波科学学报，1996，No．2：102-109
[32] 陈轶鸿．孙琰．宽带匹配新算法——SC法．通信学报，1997，VOL 18 No．9：55-60
[33] 郑紫薇．朱义胜．王兴城．宽带天线自适应匹配设计．大连海事大学学报，2001，Vol 27，No．4：60-63
[34] 高火涛．候杰昌．杨子杰．石振华．宽带天线阻抗匹配网络的设计．武汉大学学报，2001，Vol，47 No．5：541-544
[35] Olli P M Pekonen, Keijo I Nikoskinen, Stephen Goodwin. Applying variational principles in FDTD antenna input impedance simulations [J]. Microwave and Optical Technology Letters. 1998,19(6): 422-427.
[36] 陈默，田茂，碟形天线的计算机仿真设计．微机算计信息．2006年第1-期：255-256．
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