基于容错理念的快速路指路标志设置方法研究
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摘要
人总是会出错的,在驾驶汽车过程中发生错误也在所难免。由于指路标志设置不合理导致驾驶人疏忽大意和操作不当的情况在交通事故发生原因中是普遍存在的。基于容错理念对快速路指路标志进行优化设置是人性化和宽容性设计理念的一种体现,是最大限度地包容驾驶人驾驶差错,提高运行效率,保障交通安全的重要途径之一。
借鉴计算机领域关于容错的理论,将容错理念引入道路交通系统中。对快速路指路标志的设置原则及现状存在问题进行了讨论,分析了将容错理念应用于快速路指路标志设置的必要性。
快速路指路标志是否具有容错性的关键在于其视认性的好坏。采用指路标志视认时间和信息漏读率来定量表征快速路指路标志的视认性。通过实验手段研究指路标志信息量和车速对标志视认时间和标志信息漏读率的影响,得到指路标志信息量过载阈值,分析驾驶人错过所需指路标志信息的原因及概率。以不熟悉路网的驾驶人为首要服务对象,为提高快速路指路标志的容错性,给出具体的设置要求。
在研究单块指路标志视认性的基础上,为了大幅降低快速路指路标志信息漏读率,应用冗余技术对快速路指路标志的设置方法进行研究。以冗余技术和系统容错能力之间的互动关系为基础,研究了快速路指路标志设置的冗余度及其间距,此外,结合快速路指路标志设置位置和信息层次分级,提出了指路标志冗余设置方法,并给出北京市指路标志冗余设置的示例。
从人机工程学的角度建立了快速路指路标志容错性评价的指标体系,应用层次分析法确定各个评价指标的权重。选用模糊综合评价方法建立了快速路指路标志容错性评价模型。以哈尔滨市的一条快速路作为评价案例,对其指路标志的容错性进行模糊综合评价,针对评价结果所反映出来的指路标志设置问题,提出基于容错理念的改进建议。
People always go wrong, which is inevitable in the process of driving. The improper operation, negligence and carelessness condition of drivers caused by unreasonable setting of traffic guide signs is one of common traffic accident causes. The optimal setting of traffic guide signs on expressway based on fault-tolerant concept is a reflection of humanization and tolerance and an important way of improving movement efficiency and ensuring traffic safety.
This study used the fault-tolerant theory in computer field for reference and applied fault-tolerant concept to road traffic system. The principles and exsiting problems of traffic guide signs setting on expressway were discussed, then the necessity of applying fault-tolerant concept to set traffic guide signs on expressway was analyzed.
The key point of whether traffic guide signs on expressway have fault tolerance is that their visibility are good or not. The study took visual cognition time and missed reading rate of rout-guiding information to characterize the visibility of traffic guide signs on expressway quantitatively. The impacts of information quantity of traffic guide signs and vehicle speed on visual cognition time and missed reading rate of rout-guiding information were studied respectively to find the overload threshold of traffic guide sign information was studied and analyze the reasons and rate of missed reading by indoor and outdoor experiments. The specific setting requirements were given to improve fault-tolerant performance of traffic guide signs on expressway and then serve firstly for drivers who are not familiar with road network.
Through studying single sign’s visibility, the setting method of traffic guide signs on expressway was studied by using redundancy techonology on the purpose of decreasing the missed reading rate. Based on the interactive relationship between redundancy technology and fault-tolerant ability of a system, the redundant degree and their space of traffic guide signs setting were studied and the method of determining redundant degree was given. Besides, combined with the setting location of guide signs and the selecting rules of rout-guiding information, the setting methods of traffic guide signs on expressway based on redundancy technology were put forward. Moreover, this study gave a setting example based on redundancy technology in Beijing.
This study established the evaluation index system of fault-tolerant performance on traffic guide signs setting from the angle of man-machine engineering, and applied AHP to determine the weight of each index. The fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method was selected to establish a comprehensive evaluation model. Furthermore, the study took an expressway in Harbin as an evaluation example so as to make a fuzzy comprehensive evaluation on its fault-tolerant performance. Finally, according to weak sections which were reflected in the evaluation example, the improvement measures of traffic guide signs on expressway based on fault-tolerant concept were proposed.
借鉴计算机领域关于容错的理论,将容错理念引入道路交通系统中。对快速路指路标志的设置原则及现状存在问题进行了讨论,分析了将容错理念应用于快速路指路标志设置的必要性。
快速路指路标志是否具有容错性的关键在于其视认性的好坏。采用指路标志视认时间和信息漏读率来定量表征快速路指路标志的视认性。通过实验手段研究指路标志信息量和车速对标志视认时间和标志信息漏读率的影响,得到指路标志信息量过载阈值,分析驾驶人错过所需指路标志信息的原因及概率。以不熟悉路网的驾驶人为首要服务对象,为提高快速路指路标志的容错性,给出具体的设置要求。
在研究单块指路标志视认性的基础上,为了大幅降低快速路指路标志信息漏读率,应用冗余技术对快速路指路标志的设置方法进行研究。以冗余技术和系统容错能力之间的互动关系为基础,研究了快速路指路标志设置的冗余度及其间距,此外,结合快速路指路标志设置位置和信息层次分级,提出了指路标志冗余设置方法,并给出北京市指路标志冗余设置的示例。
从人机工程学的角度建立了快速路指路标志容错性评价的指标体系,应用层次分析法确定各个评价指标的权重。选用模糊综合评价方法建立了快速路指路标志容错性评价模型。以哈尔滨市的一条快速路作为评价案例,对其指路标志的容错性进行模糊综合评价,针对评价结果所反映出来的指路标志设置问题,提出基于容错理念的改进建议。
People always go wrong, which is inevitable in the process of driving. The improper operation, negligence and carelessness condition of drivers caused by unreasonable setting of traffic guide signs is one of common traffic accident causes. The optimal setting of traffic guide signs on expressway based on fault-tolerant concept is a reflection of humanization and tolerance and an important way of improving movement efficiency and ensuring traffic safety.
This study used the fault-tolerant theory in computer field for reference and applied fault-tolerant concept to road traffic system. The principles and exsiting problems of traffic guide signs setting on expressway were discussed, then the necessity of applying fault-tolerant concept to set traffic guide signs on expressway was analyzed.
The key point of whether traffic guide signs on expressway have fault tolerance is that their visibility are good or not. The study took visual cognition time and missed reading rate of rout-guiding information to characterize the visibility of traffic guide signs on expressway quantitatively. The impacts of information quantity of traffic guide signs and vehicle speed on visual cognition time and missed reading rate of rout-guiding information were studied respectively to find the overload threshold of traffic guide sign information was studied and analyze the reasons and rate of missed reading by indoor and outdoor experiments. The specific setting requirements were given to improve fault-tolerant performance of traffic guide signs on expressway and then serve firstly for drivers who are not familiar with road network.
Through studying single sign’s visibility, the setting method of traffic guide signs on expressway was studied by using redundancy techonology on the purpose of decreasing the missed reading rate. Based on the interactive relationship between redundancy technology and fault-tolerant ability of a system, the redundant degree and their space of traffic guide signs setting were studied and the method of determining redundant degree was given. Besides, combined with the setting location of guide signs and the selecting rules of rout-guiding information, the setting methods of traffic guide signs on expressway based on redundancy technology were put forward. Moreover, this study gave a setting example based on redundancy technology in Beijing.
This study established the evaluation index system of fault-tolerant performance on traffic guide signs setting from the angle of man-machine engineering, and applied AHP to determine the weight of each index. The fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method was selected to establish a comprehensive evaluation model. Furthermore, the study took an expressway in Harbin as an evaluation example so as to make a fuzzy comprehensive evaluation on its fault-tolerant performance. Finally, according to weak sections which were reflected in the evaluation example, the improvement measures of traffic guide signs on expressway based on fault-tolerant concept were proposed.
引文
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[2] http://www.mps.gov.cn/n16/n85753/n85870/index.html.
[3] A.Avi?enis, The N-Version Approach to Fault-Tolerant Software. IEEE Transtraction on Software Engineering, SE-11: 1491-1501, Dec1985.
[4] Oh N, Subhasish M, McCluskey E J. EnI: Error deteetion by diverse data and duplicated instruetions. IEEE Trans. on Computers, Feb. 2002, 51(2): 180-199.
[5] Shirvsni P P, Edward J M.. Fault-Tolerant Systems in A Space Environment: The CRC ARGOS Project. CRC Technical Report No. 98-2, Stanford Univ., Stanford, Califomia, USA:Center for Reliable ComPuting, Dec.1998.
[6] Oh N. Software ImPlemented Hardware Fault Tolerance [Ph.D.Thesis]. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford Univ., 2000.
[7] Junguk L. Kim, Jyh Cham S. Liu. The Areawide Real-Time Traffic Control (ARTC) System: A New Traffic Control Concept [J]. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 1993, 42(2): 212-224.
[8] Johansson, Backlund. Drivers and road signs[J]. Ergonomics, 1970, 13: 749-759.
[9] Drory A, Shinar D. The effect of roadway environmental and fatigue on sign perception[J]. Journal of Safety Research, 1982, 13: 25-32.
[10] Al-Madani Hashim, Al-JanaiAR. Role of Driver’s Personal Characteristics in Understanding Traffic Sign Symbols[J]. Accident Analysis and Prevention, USA, 2002, 34(2): 185-196.
[11] Transportation Research Board. NCHRP Project 3-50(2): Additional Investigations on Driver Information Overload[Z]. Library of Congress Control Number 2003102377, 2003.
[12] Yung-Ching Liu. A Simulated study on the effects of information volume on traffic signs, viewing strategies and sign familiarity upon driver’s visual search performance[J]. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics 35(2005): 1147-1158.
[13] Shinar David. Ergonomic Guidelines for Traffic Sign Design Increase Sign Comprehension[J]. Human factors CA. USA. 2006, 48(1): 182-195.
[14] J Transp. Assessing the Occlusion Effect of Large-dimension Vehicles on Traffic Signs at Multilane Highways[J]. American Society of Civil Engineers, 2004, 13(5): 648-657.
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