陕西党家村民俗家具传承研究
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摘要
位于陕西省关中地区韩城市西庄镇的党家村,是陕西省乃至全国范围内保存最完整、尚有居民居住的古村落,其中留存的民俗家具数量和质量堪称陕西之最。
本论文深入分析陕西党家村民俗家具的特征,并对影响其形成的文化因素进行探讨；将研究范围扩大到党家村所处关中地区,研究得到更具普遍性的关中民俗家具装饰规律；在此基础上,结合民俗家具研究已有的成果,构建民俗家具传承体系；从情感传承的角度对民俗家具传承体系进行应用探索。本研究将民俗家具置于“历史一现时—未来”的动态发展中看待,以求探索民俗家具研究创新之路。研究得出如下结论：
(1)独特的自然条件和历史人文环境使陕西党家村民居建筑独具特色,党家村家具在这样的环境之下也独具特色,在布局、品类、造型、装饰、用材、结构与制作方面都具有自身鲜明的特征。党家村家具的艺术风格可以归纳为：造型简练、装饰有度,以方为美、曲以辅之,大气凝重、经济实用,量材制作、淳朴清新,地域特色、雅俗兼备。
(2)党家村地处陕西关中韩城地区,党家村家具必然受到关中文化、当地民俗的影响。党家村家具主要服务于人们的日常生活,是农耕文化的产物。受党家村商农合一的发展模式影响,党家村人秉承“富润屋,德润身”的古训,建宅与兴教共同重视,党家村家具也受到儒、士、商文化的影响。党家村家具还受到党、贾两大宗族文化影响。
(3)陕西关中民俗家具装饰总体特征是：装饰风格上刚柔并济；彩绘装饰突出；装饰形式规范；尚黑尊红。主要运用髹漆、雕刻等五种装饰手法。装饰题材：内容广泛,寓意丰富、美好,形式多样；依据题材内容可分为七大类。装饰部位成一定范式,重点装饰部位是椅背部、腿足部、牙子部等六个部位,此外还有满雕和个别特殊部位。
(4)民俗家具传承体系的构建能够为民俗家具研究和新中式家具发展之间提供有效联结,该体系包括传承价值、内容和手段。传承价值包括历史、文化、精神、科学、社会、审美、教育和经济七种价值；传承内容包括民族标志、民族精神、情感宝库等七项；传承手段包括教育传承、媒体传承、产业传承、社会传承和民间传承。
(5)现代设计理论中的情感化设计理论可以有效地实现民俗家具和新中式家具之间的情感传承。
Dangjia village of Xizhuang town in Hancheng City, which is located on Guanzhong area in Shaanxi Province, is the best preserved ancient village even in the nationwide. Some residents still live in the village which retained a lot of good quality folk furniture.
This study analyzed the features of folk furniture in Shaanxi Dangjia village, and discussed the cultural factors that affect the formation of the furniture. As the range of study was extended to Guanzhong region, more universal decorative rule in Guanzhong folk furniture has been researched. Based on this research and combined with the existing achievements, the inheritance system of folk furniture was formed. From the perspective of the emotional heritage, the folk furniture heritage system was used for exploring. The study of folk furniture was placed among the dynamic development of "history-present-future", whose purpose was to explore how to research and innovate folk furniture. The study draws some conclusions that:
(1) The unique natural conditions and historical cultural environment make the residential buildings in Shaanxi Dangjia village are unique have their own features. Different from the Beijing courtyard, Shaanxi caves and Huizhou ancient dwellings, the furniture in Dangjia village has its distinct characteristics, in some aspects such as layout, category, shape, decoration, timber, construction and production. The artistic style of Dangjia village furniture can be summarized as follows:concise style, suitable decoration, beautiful square, aided curve, dignified appearance, economical practice, accurate production, simple, fresh, regional features, refined and popular tastes.
(2) Dangjia village is located in Guanzhong Hancheng region, and its furniture is certainly affected by Guanzhong culture and local folk custom. The furniture of Dangjia village is mainly used in people's dairy life and is the product of farming culture. Affected by agriculture-commerce developing model of Dangjia village, people abide by the old adage:rich for house, morality for self. Building houses and enhancing education are both taken seriously together. Dangjia furniture is affected by confucianist, scholar and business culture. Dangjia's furniture is also influenced by two clan cultures of Dang and Jia.
(3) There're general characteristics of Shaanxi Guanzhong folk furniture such as the decoration style of firmness and flexibility, obvious painted decoration, formal decorative forms. It is in black and red colors. And the furniture mainly uses five decoration methods, such as painting, carving and so on. Its content is extensive. Its meaning is rich and it has a variety of styles. It can be divided into seven groups. The main decorated parts have its own styles. The important decorated parts are the backrest, legs, feet, and so on. In addition, there is also full-carving and some special parts.
(4) The structure of the system of folk furniture heritage can provide an effective link between the research of folk furniture and development of the new Chinese style furniture. The system includes the value of heritage, its content and method. Heritage value includes seven aspects:history, culture, sprite, science, society, aesthetic, education and economic. Heritage content covers seven aspects, such as national symbol, national spirit, emotional treasures and so on. Heritage method has educational heritage, media heritage, industrial heritage, social heritage and folk heritage.
(5) In modern design theory, emotional design theory can effectively achieve emotional heritage between the folk furniture and the new Chinese style furniture.
本论文深入分析陕西党家村民俗家具的特征,并对影响其形成的文化因素进行探讨；将研究范围扩大到党家村所处关中地区,研究得到更具普遍性的关中民俗家具装饰规律；在此基础上,结合民俗家具研究已有的成果,构建民俗家具传承体系；从情感传承的角度对民俗家具传承体系进行应用探索。本研究将民俗家具置于“历史一现时—未来”的动态发展中看待,以求探索民俗家具研究创新之路。研究得出如下结论：
(1)独特的自然条件和历史人文环境使陕西党家村民居建筑独具特色,党家村家具在这样的环境之下也独具特色,在布局、品类、造型、装饰、用材、结构与制作方面都具有自身鲜明的特征。党家村家具的艺术风格可以归纳为：造型简练、装饰有度,以方为美、曲以辅之,大气凝重、经济实用,量材制作、淳朴清新,地域特色、雅俗兼备。
(2)党家村地处陕西关中韩城地区,党家村家具必然受到关中文化、当地民俗的影响。党家村家具主要服务于人们的日常生活,是农耕文化的产物。受党家村商农合一的发展模式影响,党家村人秉承“富润屋,德润身”的古训,建宅与兴教共同重视,党家村家具也受到儒、士、商文化的影响。党家村家具还受到党、贾两大宗族文化影响。
(3)陕西关中民俗家具装饰总体特征是：装饰风格上刚柔并济；彩绘装饰突出；装饰形式规范；尚黑尊红。主要运用髹漆、雕刻等五种装饰手法。装饰题材：内容广泛,寓意丰富、美好,形式多样；依据题材内容可分为七大类。装饰部位成一定范式,重点装饰部位是椅背部、腿足部、牙子部等六个部位,此外还有满雕和个别特殊部位。
(4)民俗家具传承体系的构建能够为民俗家具研究和新中式家具发展之间提供有效联结,该体系包括传承价值、内容和手段。传承价值包括历史、文化、精神、科学、社会、审美、教育和经济七种价值；传承内容包括民族标志、民族精神、情感宝库等七项；传承手段包括教育传承、媒体传承、产业传承、社会传承和民间传承。
(5)现代设计理论中的情感化设计理论可以有效地实现民俗家具和新中式家具之间的情感传承。
Dangjia village of Xizhuang town in Hancheng City, which is located on Guanzhong area in Shaanxi Province, is the best preserved ancient village even in the nationwide. Some residents still live in the village which retained a lot of good quality folk furniture.
This study analyzed the features of folk furniture in Shaanxi Dangjia village, and discussed the cultural factors that affect the formation of the furniture. As the range of study was extended to Guanzhong region, more universal decorative rule in Guanzhong folk furniture has been researched. Based on this research and combined with the existing achievements, the inheritance system of folk furniture was formed. From the perspective of the emotional heritage, the folk furniture heritage system was used for exploring. The study of folk furniture was placed among the dynamic development of "history-present-future", whose purpose was to explore how to research and innovate folk furniture. The study draws some conclusions that:
(1) The unique natural conditions and historical cultural environment make the residential buildings in Shaanxi Dangjia village are unique have their own features. Different from the Beijing courtyard, Shaanxi caves and Huizhou ancient dwellings, the furniture in Dangjia village has its distinct characteristics, in some aspects such as layout, category, shape, decoration, timber, construction and production. The artistic style of Dangjia village furniture can be summarized as follows:concise style, suitable decoration, beautiful square, aided curve, dignified appearance, economical practice, accurate production, simple, fresh, regional features, refined and popular tastes.
(2) Dangjia village is located in Guanzhong Hancheng region, and its furniture is certainly affected by Guanzhong culture and local folk custom. The furniture of Dangjia village is mainly used in people's dairy life and is the product of farming culture. Affected by agriculture-commerce developing model of Dangjia village, people abide by the old adage:rich for house, morality for self. Building houses and enhancing education are both taken seriously together. Dangjia furniture is affected by confucianist, scholar and business culture. Dangjia's furniture is also influenced by two clan cultures of Dang and Jia.
(3) There're general characteristics of Shaanxi Guanzhong folk furniture such as the decoration style of firmness and flexibility, obvious painted decoration, formal decorative forms. It is in black and red colors. And the furniture mainly uses five decoration methods, such as painting, carving and so on. Its content is extensive. Its meaning is rich and it has a variety of styles. It can be divided into seven groups. The main decorated parts have its own styles. The important decorated parts are the backrest, legs, feet, and so on. In addition, there is also full-carving and some special parts.
(4) The structure of the system of folk furniture heritage can provide an effective link between the research of folk furniture and development of the new Chinese style furniture. The system includes the value of heritage, its content and method. Heritage value includes seven aspects:history, culture, sprite, science, society, aesthetic, education and economic. Heritage content covers seven aspects, such as national symbol, national spirit, emotional treasures and so on. Heritage method has educational heritage, media heritage, industrial heritage, social heritage and folk heritage.
(5) In modern design theory, emotional design theory can effectively achieve emotional heritage between the folk furniture and the new Chinese style furniture.
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