新型分布式供能系统热力特性研究
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摘要
随着电网压力的逐渐增加和天然气的广泛使用,分布式供能系统得到了广泛的关注。本论文研究讨论了一种新型的分布式供能系统(简称新型系统)。该系统中原动机产生的电能不用于照明等设施,而是用于驱动热泵空调为用户提供热/冷量；原动机中产生的热能驱动吸收式冷热水机组产生的热/冷量,二者共同来满足建筑物的需求,使系统脱离电网独立供冷或供热。
该新型系统的特点是联产与单供的结合,即热和电的联产、热或冷的单供。其主要优点是一次能源利用率高；没有多种产品相互牵制的问题；天然气总耗量比热电联产方案降低很多；避免了电上网的问题；能有效缓解其冬季用气高峰与夏季用气低谷对供气所造成的压力；大大减少夏季空调用电,从而在削峰同时优化用电结构,保证了电网运行的安全性。
本文主要研究该新型分布式供能系统的热力特性。
本文对新型系统部件组成及其适用性进行研究。得出因新型系统的各个组成部件都有不同的形式,不同形式的部件组成的新型系统的性能和适用性可能会各不相同。
本文从热力学第一定律出发,在新型系统的供热/冷模型的基础上,进行敏感性分析。得到原动机发电效率和热泵机组的性能系数对新型系统影响显著。对比分析发现,新型系统的能源利用效率高于土壤源热泵和直燃机。
基于第二定律的(?)分析方法,本文采用单耗理论和分析方法,进行新型系统拥传递特性研究。为分析系统在多工况条件下的平均炯效率,本文首次推导出了针对供热制冷系统的平均拥效率的计算方法,一种是供冷/热量加权温度的方法,一种是燃料加权的方法；从而将(?)分析从设计工况推广到全工况,其中第二种方法适合于任何过程。
针对吸收式制冷循环,有必要对溴化锂浓溶液对水蒸气的吸收与凝结的热力学过程进行研究分析。Fick定律不能从机理上解释这一现象,为此本论文首次提出了用化学势来解释溶液对蒸气吸收这种传质过程。在吸收器的吸收过程中,从蒸发器来的水蒸气虽然温度低于喷淋溶液的温度,但它的化学势高于溶液中水的化学势,所以水蒸气扩散到了温度高于它的溶液之中而被吸收；而且当溶液温度越高,水蒸气越易被溶液吸收。化学势的引入进一步从热力学本质上解释了吸收这一热力学过程。
本文建立了新型系统中各主要部件的数学模型。在建模的基础上,进行不同原动机匹配的新型系统的变工况特性研究。对于内燃机,由于发电效率高且变工况性能好,故内燃机-新型系统在部分负荷下的性能相较于热泵、直燃机的性能较好。在此基础上进行内燃机-新型系统能耗分析,结果表明该内燃机-新型系统相较于热泵、直燃机全年的节能率可高达24.1%和37.5%,即节能效果显著。而燃气轮机由于本身的发电效率不高,变工况的特性不如内燃机,所以虽然燃气轮机-新型系统在额定设计工况具有一定的节能性,但随着偏离设计工况其节能性逐渐减小直至消失。但将燃气轮机-新型系统应用于具有鲜明时间特点、负荷波动不大的建筑物,在调节负荷时具有节能性。
最后,通过对不同负荷、几种典型类型建筑物(包含宾馆、写字楼、塔楼和板楼住宅小区以及综合建筑群)匹配新型系统的案例进行分析研究,结果表明新型系统是一个节能的、值得推广的系统。
Due to the increasing stress of state grid and the progressive using of natural gas, Distributed Energy Resources (DER) has drawn extensive attention by now. This paper studies a new Distributed Energy Resources (NDER). The electric power generated by the prime mover is not used for lighting as usual, but drive electrical air conditioning system to produces cooling/heating capacity to meet the cooling/heating demands, together with the cooling/heating capacity generated from the absorption chiller/heater that is driven by the heat from the prime mover. So the NDER can perform heating or cooling independent of the state grid.
The most distinct characteristic of this NDER is to combine the cogeneration (combined heat and power) and the single provision (heating or cooling). Consequently, it has the following advantages:1) having a high primary energy ratio,2) avoiding the mutual dependance among different products,3) having far less natural gas consumption than in the cogeneration,4) avoiding the problem of interconnecting with public power grid,5) relieving the stress of inadequate natural gas supply in winter and relatively redundant gas supply in summer,6) substantially reducing the power supply for air-conditioning system in summer, thereby to shift peak load, optimize the structure of energy consumption, and increase the reliability of the energy network.
This paper studies the thermodynamic characteristics of the NDER.
The NDER's components and their applicability are studied. The assembly of the NDER can be different, so that different system performance can be gained, and each component corresponds to a specific application.
The coefficients of cooling and heating supply of NDER are obtained from the First Law of Thermodynamics, and the sensitivity analysis of NDER shows that these coefficients are affected remarkably by the generating efficiency and the COP of heat pump. For comparison, the NDER's energy efficiency is higher than the ground source heat pump and the direct-fired lithium bromide water chiller/heater.
The exergy transfer characteristics of NDER are obtained from the specific consumption analysis based on the Second Law of Thermodynamics. To achieve the average exergetic efficiency in multi-operation condition, we firstly developed two methods to calculate the average exergetic efficiency for the heating and cooling system one is the heat-weighed-temperature method and the other is the fuel-weighed method. As a result, the exergy analysis can be extended from design condition to all conditions. And the second method is applicable to any process.
We also analyzed the thermodynamic process of strong water/lithium-bromide solution absorbing water vapor, in the absorption refrigeration cycle. It seems that Fick law is not applicable for this process, so the chemical potential is introduced for the first time to explain this mass transfer process. The analysis shows that in the absorption process, although the temperature of the water vapor from the evaporator is lower than that of the sprinkling solution, its chemical potential is higher than that of the water in the solution. As a result, the solution absorbs the water vapor. The higher the solution temperature is, the easier the water vapor is absorbed. The introduction of chemical potential helps to explain the absorption process essentially from thermodynamics.
This paper also presents the mathematical models established for the NDER's main components. The off-design characteristics of NDER are simulated basing on different prime movers. Because internal combustion engine has high power efficiency and good off-design performance, the internal combustion engine-NDER has a better partial load performance than the ground source heat pump and the direct-fired lithium bromide water chiller/heater. Moreover, this system is an energy-saving system with a yearly energy saving rate of 24.1% compared to the ground source heat pump, and 37.5% compared to the direct-fired lithium bromide water chiller/heater. However, because the gas turbine's power efficiency is low and its off-design performance isn't good, even if the gas turbine-NDER is energy saving at design condition, its energy saving effect slowly disappears as load decreases. Nevertheless, if the gas turbine-NDER is used in large public buildings with designated cooling/heating time and small load fluctuations, it can shift peak load and be energy-saving.
Finally, various NDERs are designed for typical buildings (e.g. hotel, office building, tower block, apartment building, building complex) with different loads. From these case studies, NDER is shown to be energy-saving, and therefore is a worthy and remarkable system.
该新型系统的特点是联产与单供的结合,即热和电的联产、热或冷的单供。其主要优点是一次能源利用率高；没有多种产品相互牵制的问题；天然气总耗量比热电联产方案降低很多；避免了电上网的问题；能有效缓解其冬季用气高峰与夏季用气低谷对供气所造成的压力；大大减少夏季空调用电,从而在削峰同时优化用电结构,保证了电网运行的安全性。
本文主要研究该新型分布式供能系统的热力特性。
本文对新型系统部件组成及其适用性进行研究。得出因新型系统的各个组成部件都有不同的形式,不同形式的部件组成的新型系统的性能和适用性可能会各不相同。
本文从热力学第一定律出发,在新型系统的供热/冷模型的基础上,进行敏感性分析。得到原动机发电效率和热泵机组的性能系数对新型系统影响显著。对比分析发现,新型系统的能源利用效率高于土壤源热泵和直燃机。
基于第二定律的(?)分析方法,本文采用单耗理论和分析方法,进行新型系统拥传递特性研究。为分析系统在多工况条件下的平均炯效率,本文首次推导出了针对供热制冷系统的平均拥效率的计算方法,一种是供冷/热量加权温度的方法,一种是燃料加权的方法；从而将(?)分析从设计工况推广到全工况,其中第二种方法适合于任何过程。
针对吸收式制冷循环,有必要对溴化锂浓溶液对水蒸气的吸收与凝结的热力学过程进行研究分析。Fick定律不能从机理上解释这一现象,为此本论文首次提出了用化学势来解释溶液对蒸气吸收这种传质过程。在吸收器的吸收过程中,从蒸发器来的水蒸气虽然温度低于喷淋溶液的温度,但它的化学势高于溶液中水的化学势,所以水蒸气扩散到了温度高于它的溶液之中而被吸收；而且当溶液温度越高,水蒸气越易被溶液吸收。化学势的引入进一步从热力学本质上解释了吸收这一热力学过程。
本文建立了新型系统中各主要部件的数学模型。在建模的基础上,进行不同原动机匹配的新型系统的变工况特性研究。对于内燃机,由于发电效率高且变工况性能好,故内燃机-新型系统在部分负荷下的性能相较于热泵、直燃机的性能较好。在此基础上进行内燃机-新型系统能耗分析,结果表明该内燃机-新型系统相较于热泵、直燃机全年的节能率可高达24.1%和37.5%,即节能效果显著。而燃气轮机由于本身的发电效率不高,变工况的特性不如内燃机,所以虽然燃气轮机-新型系统在额定设计工况具有一定的节能性,但随着偏离设计工况其节能性逐渐减小直至消失。但将燃气轮机-新型系统应用于具有鲜明时间特点、负荷波动不大的建筑物,在调节负荷时具有节能性。
最后,通过对不同负荷、几种典型类型建筑物(包含宾馆、写字楼、塔楼和板楼住宅小区以及综合建筑群)匹配新型系统的案例进行分析研究,结果表明新型系统是一个节能的、值得推广的系统。
Due to the increasing stress of state grid and the progressive using of natural gas, Distributed Energy Resources (DER) has drawn extensive attention by now. This paper studies a new Distributed Energy Resources (NDER). The electric power generated by the prime mover is not used for lighting as usual, but drive electrical air conditioning system to produces cooling/heating capacity to meet the cooling/heating demands, together with the cooling/heating capacity generated from the absorption chiller/heater that is driven by the heat from the prime mover. So the NDER can perform heating or cooling independent of the state grid.
The most distinct characteristic of this NDER is to combine the cogeneration (combined heat and power) and the single provision (heating or cooling). Consequently, it has the following advantages:1) having a high primary energy ratio,2) avoiding the mutual dependance among different products,3) having far less natural gas consumption than in the cogeneration,4) avoiding the problem of interconnecting with public power grid,5) relieving the stress of inadequate natural gas supply in winter and relatively redundant gas supply in summer,6) substantially reducing the power supply for air-conditioning system in summer, thereby to shift peak load, optimize the structure of energy consumption, and increase the reliability of the energy network.
This paper studies the thermodynamic characteristics of the NDER.
The NDER's components and their applicability are studied. The assembly of the NDER can be different, so that different system performance can be gained, and each component corresponds to a specific application.
The coefficients of cooling and heating supply of NDER are obtained from the First Law of Thermodynamics, and the sensitivity analysis of NDER shows that these coefficients are affected remarkably by the generating efficiency and the COP of heat pump. For comparison, the NDER's energy efficiency is higher than the ground source heat pump and the direct-fired lithium bromide water chiller/heater.
The exergy transfer characteristics of NDER are obtained from the specific consumption analysis based on the Second Law of Thermodynamics. To achieve the average exergetic efficiency in multi-operation condition, we firstly developed two methods to calculate the average exergetic efficiency for the heating and cooling system one is the heat-weighed-temperature method and the other is the fuel-weighed method. As a result, the exergy analysis can be extended from design condition to all conditions. And the second method is applicable to any process.
We also analyzed the thermodynamic process of strong water/lithium-bromide solution absorbing water vapor, in the absorption refrigeration cycle. It seems that Fick law is not applicable for this process, so the chemical potential is introduced for the first time to explain this mass transfer process. The analysis shows that in the absorption process, although the temperature of the water vapor from the evaporator is lower than that of the sprinkling solution, its chemical potential is higher than that of the water in the solution. As a result, the solution absorbs the water vapor. The higher the solution temperature is, the easier the water vapor is absorbed. The introduction of chemical potential helps to explain the absorption process essentially from thermodynamics.
This paper also presents the mathematical models established for the NDER's main components. The off-design characteristics of NDER are simulated basing on different prime movers. Because internal combustion engine has high power efficiency and good off-design performance, the internal combustion engine-NDER has a better partial load performance than the ground source heat pump and the direct-fired lithium bromide water chiller/heater. Moreover, this system is an energy-saving system with a yearly energy saving rate of 24.1% compared to the ground source heat pump, and 37.5% compared to the direct-fired lithium bromide water chiller/heater. However, because the gas turbine's power efficiency is low and its off-design performance isn't good, even if the gas turbine-NDER is energy saving at design condition, its energy saving effect slowly disappears as load decreases. Nevertheless, if the gas turbine-NDER is used in large public buildings with designated cooling/heating time and small load fluctuations, it can shift peak load and be energy-saving.
Finally, various NDERs are designed for typical buildings (e.g. hotel, office building, tower block, apartment building, building complex) with different loads. From these case studies, NDER is shown to be energy-saving, and therefore is a worthy and remarkable system.
引文
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