珠江口盆地干酪根热模拟生烃及油气充注期次分析
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摘要
珠江口盆地是中国南海大陆边缘盆地北部最大的中新生代沉积盆地,具有丰富的石油和天然气资源。番禺低隆起-白云凹陷北坡油气地质地球化学特征表明,天然气及凝析油主要来自下渐新统恩平组河沼相煤系烃源岩。恩平组烃源岩生烃演化机理、成烃潜力及其影响因素是该区油气地质地球化学研究的关键；珠三坳陷勘探区具有多期成烃、多期运移的特征,其油气来源及运移等方面的问题还有待进一步的研究。本文通过密封金管-高压釜体系对珠江口盆地番禺低隆起-白云凹陷北坡恩平组炭质泥岩的干酪根(PY),进行热模拟生烃实验,同时与典型的Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型干酪根Green River页岩(GR)和Woodford泥岩(WF)的干酪根进行对比研究；通过流体包裹体镜下显微观察、荧光分析和伴生盐水包裹体均一温度测量等对珠三坳陷文昌A、B凹陷烃源和油气充注期次进行了研究。获得如下主要认识：
1.PY热演化产物中总油气量明显低于GR和WF干酪根,且气态烃(C1-5)最高产率是液态烃的1.5倍,揭示恩平组炭质泥岩以形成气态烃为主。
2.在热演化过程中,有机质成熟度和母质类型是控制油气比的主要因素,气态烃和轻烃(C6-14)的产率比值主要受热演化成熟度的影响。
3.液态烃族组分的分布特征与有机质母质来源和热演化成熟度有关。总体而言,在R0≤1.2%的演化阶段,非烃大量裂解形成小分子化合物,且产物以饱和烃为主；当R0>1.2%时,饱和烃急剧减少,芳构化作用明显增强。
4.干酪根残余有机质碳同位素和沥青质碳同位素在热演化过程中受有机质成熟度的影响较小,δ13C残佘和δ13C沥青质可以间接反映原始母质的特征,为高演化烃源岩油气生成量评价提供依据。
5.珠三坳陷新近纪以来主要发生过两期油气充注：第一期充注油气主要发黄-浅黄褐色荧光,以浅褐色液态烃包裹体的低熟油气为主,原油主要来自文昌组烃源岩,伴生盐水包裹体的均一温度范围为130～142℃,推断油气充注发生在早中新世；第二期油气主要发蓝白色荧光,以黑色气态烃和褐色液态烃的成熟油气为主,原油主要来自恩平组烃源岩,伴生盐水包裹体的均一温度主要分布在148～155℃,充注时间为晚中新世-第四纪。
Pearl River Mouth Basin is the largest middle Cenozoic basin in the continental margin of south China sea which is abundant in petroleum and natural gas deposits. Natural gas and condensate oil in Panyu low massif and north slope of Baiyun sag were mainly derived from late Oligocene Enping fluvial-lacustrine facies coal measures as source rocks. The multi-stage oil and gas generation and migration in Zhu3depression make oil and gas exploration more difficult. In order to evaluate the Enping source rocks hydrocarbon potential to guide the exploration activities, it is necessary to develop new method and set up a new identification and evaluation criterion for evaluating quantity of the source rocks.
In this paper, a series of kerogen pyrolysis in gold tube reactors were conducted with the kerogen (PY) concentrated from Enping Formations, an immature carboniferous mudstone in the Panyu Low Massif and North Slope of Baiyun Sag in Pearl River Mouth Basin, China. For comparison purpose, the isolated kerogens from Green River shale (GR) and Woodford Shale (WF) representing typical type I and II kerogens were employed as well. The organic inclusion of Wengchang A、B sub-depressions were applied to study the hydrocarbon source and determine the timing of oil and natural gas charging in Zhu3#depression. Multiple analyses include type, distribution, fluorescence and homogenization temperature of fluid inclusions were used. The following main achievements were made in this study:
1. The total yield of hydrocarbons is low from PY kerogen pyrolysis, and the yield of gaseous hydrocarbons is1.5times to liquid hydrocarbons. In contrast, the total yields of hydrocarbons from GR and WF kerogen pyrolysis are apparently great, and are dominated by liquid hydrocarbons. This indicates PY kerogen thermal decomposition is favorable to natural gas formation.
2. The gas to oil ratio (GOR) is controlled by both of organic matter thermal maturity and kerogen type in the thermal conversion of kerogen to oil and gas, yet the ratio of gas and light hydrocarbons is mainly affected by thermal maturation.
3. The fraction of liquid hydrocarbon components is related to organic matter type and the levels of thermal stress.The saturate hydrocarbon yield remain essentially constant at low levels of thermal stress (Ro≤1.2%) from NSO's cracking and decrease at higher levels of thermal stress(Ro>1.2%) corresponding to an increase in the aromatic hydrocarbon yields.
4. The carbon isotopic compositions of residual kerogens and alsphalt fraction are almost identical, and less than0.3‰δ13C enrichment to original value of kerogen is observed from0.7%to2.7%Ro during thermal maturation. This suggests that813C of residual kerogens or alsphaltane could be used as an indicator to the reconstruction of organic matter type for high-mature source rock.
5. The oil and natural gas bearing hydro-thermal fluids have been charged twice into the sandstone reservoirs in Zhu3" depression in the Neogene reservoir. The first charged stage is characterized by immature oil with yellow-light brown fluorescent light, its hydrocarbon fluid inclusions are dominated by light brown liquid hydrocarbon inclusions. The crude oil was mainly derived from Wenchang source rocks based on the homogenization temperature (Th) of coeval aqueous inclusions ranging from130℃to142℃. The timing of oil and nature gas charging was estimated at early Miocene. The second charged stage is characterized by mature natural gas with blue-white fluorescence, and their hydrocarbon fluid inclusions are dominated by black gas hydrocarbon inclusions and brown liquid hydrocarbon inclusions. The natural gas was mainly derived from Enping source rocks based on the Th, of coeval aqueous inclusions ranging from148℃to155℃, which is about15℃higher than the1st charged stage. And the estimated charging time was late Miocene to Quaternary.
1.PY热演化产物中总油气量明显低于GR和WF干酪根,且气态烃(C1-5)最高产率是液态烃的1.5倍,揭示恩平组炭质泥岩以形成气态烃为主。
2.在热演化过程中,有机质成熟度和母质类型是控制油气比的主要因素,气态烃和轻烃(C6-14)的产率比值主要受热演化成熟度的影响。
3.液态烃族组分的分布特征与有机质母质来源和热演化成熟度有关。总体而言,在R0≤1.2%的演化阶段,非烃大量裂解形成小分子化合物,且产物以饱和烃为主；当R0>1.2%时,饱和烃急剧减少,芳构化作用明显增强。
4.干酪根残余有机质碳同位素和沥青质碳同位素在热演化过程中受有机质成熟度的影响较小,δ13C残佘和δ13C沥青质可以间接反映原始母质的特征,为高演化烃源岩油气生成量评价提供依据。
5.珠三坳陷新近纪以来主要发生过两期油气充注：第一期充注油气主要发黄-浅黄褐色荧光,以浅褐色液态烃包裹体的低熟油气为主,原油主要来自文昌组烃源岩,伴生盐水包裹体的均一温度范围为130～142℃,推断油气充注发生在早中新世；第二期油气主要发蓝白色荧光,以黑色气态烃和褐色液态烃的成熟油气为主,原油主要来自恩平组烃源岩,伴生盐水包裹体的均一温度主要分布在148～155℃,充注时间为晚中新世-第四纪。
Pearl River Mouth Basin is the largest middle Cenozoic basin in the continental margin of south China sea which is abundant in petroleum and natural gas deposits. Natural gas and condensate oil in Panyu low massif and north slope of Baiyun sag were mainly derived from late Oligocene Enping fluvial-lacustrine facies coal measures as source rocks. The multi-stage oil and gas generation and migration in Zhu3depression make oil and gas exploration more difficult. In order to evaluate the Enping source rocks hydrocarbon potential to guide the exploration activities, it is necessary to develop new method and set up a new identification and evaluation criterion for evaluating quantity of the source rocks.
In this paper, a series of kerogen pyrolysis in gold tube reactors were conducted with the kerogen (PY) concentrated from Enping Formations, an immature carboniferous mudstone in the Panyu Low Massif and North Slope of Baiyun Sag in Pearl River Mouth Basin, China. For comparison purpose, the isolated kerogens from Green River shale (GR) and Woodford Shale (WF) representing typical type I and II kerogens were employed as well. The organic inclusion of Wengchang A、B sub-depressions were applied to study the hydrocarbon source and determine the timing of oil and natural gas charging in Zhu3#depression. Multiple analyses include type, distribution, fluorescence and homogenization temperature of fluid inclusions were used. The following main achievements were made in this study:
1. The total yield of hydrocarbons is low from PY kerogen pyrolysis, and the yield of gaseous hydrocarbons is1.5times to liquid hydrocarbons. In contrast, the total yields of hydrocarbons from GR and WF kerogen pyrolysis are apparently great, and are dominated by liquid hydrocarbons. This indicates PY kerogen thermal decomposition is favorable to natural gas formation.
2. The gas to oil ratio (GOR) is controlled by both of organic matter thermal maturity and kerogen type in the thermal conversion of kerogen to oil and gas, yet the ratio of gas and light hydrocarbons is mainly affected by thermal maturation.
3. The fraction of liquid hydrocarbon components is related to organic matter type and the levels of thermal stress.The saturate hydrocarbon yield remain essentially constant at low levels of thermal stress (Ro≤1.2%) from NSO's cracking and decrease at higher levels of thermal stress(Ro>1.2%) corresponding to an increase in the aromatic hydrocarbon yields.
4. The carbon isotopic compositions of residual kerogens and alsphalt fraction are almost identical, and less than0.3‰δ13C enrichment to original value of kerogen is observed from0.7%to2.7%Ro during thermal maturation. This suggests that813C of residual kerogens or alsphaltane could be used as an indicator to the reconstruction of organic matter type for high-mature source rock.
5. The oil and natural gas bearing hydro-thermal fluids have been charged twice into the sandstone reservoirs in Zhu3" depression in the Neogene reservoir. The first charged stage is characterized by immature oil with yellow-light brown fluorescent light, its hydrocarbon fluid inclusions are dominated by light brown liquid hydrocarbon inclusions. The crude oil was mainly derived from Wenchang source rocks based on the homogenization temperature (Th) of coeval aqueous inclusions ranging from130℃to142℃. The timing of oil and nature gas charging was estimated at early Miocene. The second charged stage is characterized by mature natural gas with blue-white fluorescence, and their hydrocarbon fluid inclusions are dominated by black gas hydrocarbon inclusions and brown liquid hydrocarbon inclusions. The natural gas was mainly derived from Enping source rocks based on the Th, of coeval aqueous inclusions ranging from148℃to155℃, which is about15℃higher than the1st charged stage. And the estimated charging time was late Miocene to Quaternary.
引文
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