深水油气钻探井筒多相流动与井控的研究
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摘要
深水油气钻探过程中的井控工艺技术是深水油气钻探的核心技术之一。井筒多相流动规律是井控理论重要组成部分。由于深水井筒温度场复杂,易形成天然气水合物,使得目前的多相流动模型无法满足工程计算的要求。研究深水油气钻探井筒中的多相流动问题很有必要,对深海油气钻探开发技术具有重要的意义。
本文通过对海水温度数据回归分析,得到了中国南海海水温度场随深度的分布规律。在传热学、热力学基本理论的基础上,通过理论推导,得到了井筒温度场在循环及停止循环条件下的温度场理论公式。计算结果表明,循环钻进期间,为了使隔水管内的温度不能太低,应保证隔水管的保温层完好,并尽量增大循环排量。停止循环时,随着关井时间的增加,井筒内流体温度逐渐接近外界环境温度。
通过实验与数据分析,得到了水合物分解时在不同温度及压力条件下的气体生成量随时间的变化,得到了水合物分解速度模型。
考虑油气和水合物相变、岩屑以及地层产出等参数的影响,针对井筒、隔水管及节流管线,建立了正常钻进、井涌、关井、压井条件下的多相流动控制方程组,方程组主要由各相连续性方程、动量方程以及能量方程组成。并用数值方法对方程组进行了求解。考虑粗糙度的影响,通过实验,修正了环空气液两相流在泡状流和段塞流流型条件下的摩阻系数及其摩擦压降计算公式,给出了不同流型条件下,井筒、隔水管及节流管线的沿程流动阻力计算方法。对建立的方程组进行求解,能够对深水钻井时从发生井涌到压井完成进行全过程模拟,可以得到井控过程的如下参数:环空井筒及节流管线内任意一点任意时刻的温度、压力、各相体积分数分布、流动速度,从井涌开始的地层流体产量,从井涌直到压井结束过程中的立压、套压值,压耗等。
编制了深水井控软件,软件综合考虑了深水井控的特征,突出深水特点,建立了适合深水井涌及压井的流动控制方程和计算模块,设计模块包括:井涌模拟、压井模拟、水合物生成预测、水合物生成区域预测等。
利用所编制的深水井控软件对模拟深水井进行计算,分析了井筒气相体积分数及井控参数随溢流时间的变化规律,讨论了地层渗透率、地层与井底初始压差、节流管线尺寸、水深以及水合物生成与分解对井控水力参数的影响。结果表明,溢流时间越长、地层渗透率越大、地层与井底初始压差越大,则泥浆池增量越大,井底压力降低越明显,压井过程中需要节流压力的调整越灵敏,井控难度越大;循环摩阻同节流管线长度成正比,而节流管线内径减小,循环摩阻值迅速增加;如果循环摩阻值太大,采用常规压井方法无法有效压井,可采用动力压井法、附加流速法等适合深水的压井方法;水合物生成与分解对井筒及节流管线的流动有影响,尤其对已存在的较多水合物采取措施促使其分解时,对节流管线内的气相体积分数影响很大,进而影响压力分布及节流压力的调节。
Well control is one of the most important problems in deepwater drilling. The theory of multi-phase flow in wellbore is an important part of the well control theorty. As the temperature field is complicate and hydrates form easily, the existent multi-phase flow models can not be used satisfactorily in well control calculation in deepwater drilling operation. So the study on multi-phase flow in wellbore in deep water drilling is very important. The temperature distribution with depth of Nanhai is obtained by regression analysis.
And the temperature distribution formulas in wellbore during circulation or non-circulation terms are established based on the thermodynamics theory. Calculation results indicate that the insulating layer should be undamaged and large delivery capacity should be used for maintaining the temperature under circulation condition. When the pumps stop, the temperature in wellbore will be closing to the extraneous temperature with time. The gas production function of hydrate dissolution with time is obtained under the conditions of different temperature and pressure by experiment and data analysis. And the model of hydrate dissolution rate is established.
Considered the effect of gas/oil and gas/hydrate phase change, cuttings, and formation fluids et al., multi-phase flow models in the wellbore, riser, and choke line are established under the condition of drilling, shut in and well killing process. The models are comprised of continuity equations, momentum equations and energy equations. And the models are solved by numerical method. Considered the influence of the roughness, the friction factors and frictional pressure drop equations in annulus are obtained under the conditions of gas-liquid two-phase flow. The equations are suitable for both bubble flow and slug flow. The methods for calculating frictional pressure of wellbore, riser, and choke line under the conditions of various flow patterns are also presented. The results of the models can simulate the whole process of well control from kick to well killing. And the parameters can be obtained, such as temperature, pressure in wellbore, volume fraction, flow rate, formation production, stand pipe pressure, choke line pressure and frictional pressure drop et al.
On basis of the characters of well control in deepwater, the well control software is developed, and the software is comprised of four modules, which are kick simulation module, kill simulation module, hydrate formation forecasting module and hydrate formation region forecasting module.
The well control parameters in deepwater are calculated with the software and the variation of the parameters with the continuance time of kick are analyzed. The influence of many factors on the well control parameters are also studied, such as permeability, initial pressure difference between the wellbore bottom and formation, size and length of the choke line, depth of the water, and the formation or decomposition of the hydrate. The results indicate that the longer continuance kick time is and the larger permeability and initial pressure difference are, the larger pit gain is and the quiker bottom pressure drops, and the rapider adjustment of the choke valve is and the difficulter well control is.
Friction loss is proportion to the length of the choke line, and increase rapidly when the diameter of the choke line decreases. Large diameter choke line should be used at specified water depth to decrease the friction loss. If the friction loss of the choke line is too large to using the conventional kill method, dynamic kill method and additional flow rate well control method should be used. The flow pattens in wellbore and choke line are influenced by the formation and the decomposition of the hydrate. The volume faction of gas is influenced effectively by the decomposition of the hydrate when there are large amounts of hydrate in BOP or lines. And the pressure distribution in wellbore and the adjustment of the choke valve are also affected subsequently.
本文通过对海水温度数据回归分析,得到了中国南海海水温度场随深度的分布规律。在传热学、热力学基本理论的基础上,通过理论推导,得到了井筒温度场在循环及停止循环条件下的温度场理论公式。计算结果表明,循环钻进期间,为了使隔水管内的温度不能太低,应保证隔水管的保温层完好,并尽量增大循环排量。停止循环时,随着关井时间的增加,井筒内流体温度逐渐接近外界环境温度。
通过实验与数据分析,得到了水合物分解时在不同温度及压力条件下的气体生成量随时间的变化,得到了水合物分解速度模型。
考虑油气和水合物相变、岩屑以及地层产出等参数的影响,针对井筒、隔水管及节流管线,建立了正常钻进、井涌、关井、压井条件下的多相流动控制方程组,方程组主要由各相连续性方程、动量方程以及能量方程组成。并用数值方法对方程组进行了求解。考虑粗糙度的影响,通过实验,修正了环空气液两相流在泡状流和段塞流流型条件下的摩阻系数及其摩擦压降计算公式,给出了不同流型条件下,井筒、隔水管及节流管线的沿程流动阻力计算方法。对建立的方程组进行求解,能够对深水钻井时从发生井涌到压井完成进行全过程模拟,可以得到井控过程的如下参数:环空井筒及节流管线内任意一点任意时刻的温度、压力、各相体积分数分布、流动速度,从井涌开始的地层流体产量,从井涌直到压井结束过程中的立压、套压值,压耗等。
编制了深水井控软件,软件综合考虑了深水井控的特征,突出深水特点,建立了适合深水井涌及压井的流动控制方程和计算模块,设计模块包括:井涌模拟、压井模拟、水合物生成预测、水合物生成区域预测等。
利用所编制的深水井控软件对模拟深水井进行计算,分析了井筒气相体积分数及井控参数随溢流时间的变化规律,讨论了地层渗透率、地层与井底初始压差、节流管线尺寸、水深以及水合物生成与分解对井控水力参数的影响。结果表明,溢流时间越长、地层渗透率越大、地层与井底初始压差越大,则泥浆池增量越大,井底压力降低越明显,压井过程中需要节流压力的调整越灵敏,井控难度越大;循环摩阻同节流管线长度成正比,而节流管线内径减小,循环摩阻值迅速增加;如果循环摩阻值太大,采用常规压井方法无法有效压井,可采用动力压井法、附加流速法等适合深水的压井方法;水合物生成与分解对井筒及节流管线的流动有影响,尤其对已存在的较多水合物采取措施促使其分解时,对节流管线内的气相体积分数影响很大,进而影响压力分布及节流压力的调节。
Well control is one of the most important problems in deepwater drilling. The theory of multi-phase flow in wellbore is an important part of the well control theorty. As the temperature field is complicate and hydrates form easily, the existent multi-phase flow models can not be used satisfactorily in well control calculation in deepwater drilling operation. So the study on multi-phase flow in wellbore in deep water drilling is very important. The temperature distribution with depth of Nanhai is obtained by regression analysis.
And the temperature distribution formulas in wellbore during circulation or non-circulation terms are established based on the thermodynamics theory. Calculation results indicate that the insulating layer should be undamaged and large delivery capacity should be used for maintaining the temperature under circulation condition. When the pumps stop, the temperature in wellbore will be closing to the extraneous temperature with time. The gas production function of hydrate dissolution with time is obtained under the conditions of different temperature and pressure by experiment and data analysis. And the model of hydrate dissolution rate is established.
Considered the effect of gas/oil and gas/hydrate phase change, cuttings, and formation fluids et al., multi-phase flow models in the wellbore, riser, and choke line are established under the condition of drilling, shut in and well killing process. The models are comprised of continuity equations, momentum equations and energy equations. And the models are solved by numerical method. Considered the influence of the roughness, the friction factors and frictional pressure drop equations in annulus are obtained under the conditions of gas-liquid two-phase flow. The equations are suitable for both bubble flow and slug flow. The methods for calculating frictional pressure of wellbore, riser, and choke line under the conditions of various flow patterns are also presented. The results of the models can simulate the whole process of well control from kick to well killing. And the parameters can be obtained, such as temperature, pressure in wellbore, volume fraction, flow rate, formation production, stand pipe pressure, choke line pressure and frictional pressure drop et al.
On basis of the characters of well control in deepwater, the well control software is developed, and the software is comprised of four modules, which are kick simulation module, kill simulation module, hydrate formation forecasting module and hydrate formation region forecasting module.
The well control parameters in deepwater are calculated with the software and the variation of the parameters with the continuance time of kick are analyzed. The influence of many factors on the well control parameters are also studied, such as permeability, initial pressure difference between the wellbore bottom and formation, size and length of the choke line, depth of the water, and the formation or decomposition of the hydrate. The results indicate that the longer continuance kick time is and the larger permeability and initial pressure difference are, the larger pit gain is and the quiker bottom pressure drops, and the rapider adjustment of the choke valve is and the difficulter well control is.
Friction loss is proportion to the length of the choke line, and increase rapidly when the diameter of the choke line decreases. Large diameter choke line should be used at specified water depth to decrease the friction loss. If the friction loss of the choke line is too large to using the conventional kill method, dynamic kill method and additional flow rate well control method should be used. The flow pattens in wellbore and choke line are influenced by the formation and the decomposition of the hydrate. The volume faction of gas is influenced effectively by the decomposition of the hydrate when there are large amounts of hydrate in BOP or lines. And the pressure distribution in wellbore and the adjustment of the choke valve are also affected subsequently.
引文
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