连续式石墨化技术研究
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摘要
在炭素生产过程中,石墨材料是生产铝用阴极、阳极、电极糊和炼钢用增碳剂等产品的优质原料。添加石墨材料能提高产品自身、原铝及碳钢质量,减少原料消耗,降低生产能耗等,但目前因其产量有限,价格偏高,使之无法得到广泛应用。因此本文研究一种连续式石墨化工艺技术,以石油焦、无烟煤为原料生产优质石墨化焦。通过连续式生产,提高产量,减少热量损失,从而降低价格,迎合市场需求。
通过对现有石墨化焦生产技术所存在问题的分析,同时借鉴电煅炉、矿热炉的特点,本文提出连续式石墨化技术及相关理论,并将其用于连续式石墨化实验炉的设计。利用该实验炉进行石墨化焦生产实验及其它相关实验,以验证设计方案的可行性,寻找连续式石墨化炉合理的供电制度和操作参数。
通过实验验证,连续式石墨化实验炉能够连续、适应性生产优质石墨化焦,通过增厚保温层,内衬材料可选用普通耐火材料。该实验炉具有以下优点：
(1)能耗低。利用连续式生产,消除炉体和保温料的蓄热损失,减少了散热损失。当以高硫煅后焦为原料时,单耗为2500kW·h/t左右,低于内热串接石墨化炉最低能耗；
(2)加热周期短。实验炉可以实现每10～30min出一次料,物料炉内加热时间2～3h；
(3)产品石墨化程度均匀。稳定高温区实现区域内物料均匀加热和较高的石墨化程度,并在合理炉型结构的配合下,实现高温料与低温料的分离,保证了产品的高品位；
此外,实验炉进出料方便,工作效率高、劳动强度低、污染少。
根据实验,得出连续式石墨化炉供电制度和操作参数为：
当炉子进入连续、稳定生产阶段时,采用恒压加热,电流和功率随炉芯电阻自由升降；以电流值作为进出料判定依据,根据石墨化原料的种类和对产品石墨化度的要求,确定开始出料和停止出料的电流。
In production of carbon, graphite is a high quality stuff for electrolytic aluminium anode, electrolytic aluminium cathodes, electrode paste and carburetant. Adding graphite is able to improve the quality of products self, primary aluminum and carbon steel, reduce consumption, lower consumption of production energy and so on, but it hasn't been used widely, because of its limited quantity or high price.Therefore the thesis researches a technology of continuous graphitizing. It can produce high quality graphitized coke by petroleum coke or anthracite, at the same time output will be increased, heat loss will be reduced, and the price will decline to meet the demand. Based on analysis the problem of the existing production technology of graphitized coke, and study of electrical calciner and submerged arc furnace, the thesis poses the technique of continuous graphitizing and related theories, which is used to design continuous graphitizaion furnace for the experiment.
The experimental production of graphitized coke and the related experiments are carrided out by using the furnace, in order to verify the feasibility of the design and find the system of power supply and the reasonable operating parameters for the furnace.
Verified by the experiments, the continuous graphitization furnace for the experimental is able to achieve a continuous, adaptive production of high quality graphitized coke, while the lining material can use an ordinary refractory. The furnace has the following advantages:
(1)Energy consumption is low. Because of continuous production, the elimination of regenerator loss of the furnace and insulation material and reduction of heat loss are expected. When calcined coke as stuff, the furnace energy consumption is about 2500kW·h/t, which is lower than the minimum value of Lengthwise graphitization(LWG) furnace.
(2)Heating cycle is short. The furnace can discharge graphization coke ervery 10-30min, heating time last only 2-3h.
(3)The products are graphitized uniformly. The stable high temperature zone ensures heating uniformly and higher degree of graphitization, and in conjunction with the reasonable structure to achieve high-temperature materials and low-temperature separation, that is expected to ensure that high quality products are discharge.
In addition, the furnace feed and discharge easy, and is efficient, low labor intensity and less pollution.
According to the experiments, the system of power supply and operating parameters for the furnace are drawn as follows:
In its continuous and stable stage of production, the voltage is constant, while the current and the power are changed freely with the change of resistivity of the stuff. The value of current is the guidance of operation. According to different stuffs or different degrees of graphitization of products, there are different values of current for beginning discharging, and different ones for ending discharging.
通过对现有石墨化焦生产技术所存在问题的分析,同时借鉴电煅炉、矿热炉的特点,本文提出连续式石墨化技术及相关理论,并将其用于连续式石墨化实验炉的设计。利用该实验炉进行石墨化焦生产实验及其它相关实验,以验证设计方案的可行性,寻找连续式石墨化炉合理的供电制度和操作参数。
通过实验验证,连续式石墨化实验炉能够连续、适应性生产优质石墨化焦,通过增厚保温层,内衬材料可选用普通耐火材料。该实验炉具有以下优点：
(1)能耗低。利用连续式生产,消除炉体和保温料的蓄热损失,减少了散热损失。当以高硫煅后焦为原料时,单耗为2500kW·h/t左右,低于内热串接石墨化炉最低能耗；
(2)加热周期短。实验炉可以实现每10～30min出一次料,物料炉内加热时间2～3h；
(3)产品石墨化程度均匀。稳定高温区实现区域内物料均匀加热和较高的石墨化程度,并在合理炉型结构的配合下,实现高温料与低温料的分离,保证了产品的高品位；
此外,实验炉进出料方便,工作效率高、劳动强度低、污染少。
根据实验,得出连续式石墨化炉供电制度和操作参数为：
当炉子进入连续、稳定生产阶段时,采用恒压加热,电流和功率随炉芯电阻自由升降；以电流值作为进出料判定依据,根据石墨化原料的种类和对产品石墨化度的要求,确定开始出料和停止出料的电流。
In production of carbon, graphite is a high quality stuff for electrolytic aluminium anode, electrolytic aluminium cathodes, electrode paste and carburetant. Adding graphite is able to improve the quality of products self, primary aluminum and carbon steel, reduce consumption, lower consumption of production energy and so on, but it hasn't been used widely, because of its limited quantity or high price.Therefore the thesis researches a technology of continuous graphitizing. It can produce high quality graphitized coke by petroleum coke or anthracite, at the same time output will be increased, heat loss will be reduced, and the price will decline to meet the demand. Based on analysis the problem of the existing production technology of graphitized coke, and study of electrical calciner and submerged arc furnace, the thesis poses the technique of continuous graphitizing and related theories, which is used to design continuous graphitizaion furnace for the experiment.
The experimental production of graphitized coke and the related experiments are carrided out by using the furnace, in order to verify the feasibility of the design and find the system of power supply and the reasonable operating parameters for the furnace.
Verified by the experiments, the continuous graphitization furnace for the experimental is able to achieve a continuous, adaptive production of high quality graphitized coke, while the lining material can use an ordinary refractory. The furnace has the following advantages:
(1)Energy consumption is low. Because of continuous production, the elimination of regenerator loss of the furnace and insulation material and reduction of heat loss are expected. When calcined coke as stuff, the furnace energy consumption is about 2500kW·h/t, which is lower than the minimum value of Lengthwise graphitization(LWG) furnace.
(2)Heating cycle is short. The furnace can discharge graphization coke ervery 10-30min, heating time last only 2-3h.
(3)The products are graphitized uniformly. The stable high temperature zone ensures heating uniformly and higher degree of graphitization, and in conjunction with the reasonable structure to achieve high-temperature materials and low-temperature separation, that is expected to ensure that high quality products are discharge.
In addition, the furnace feed and discharge easy, and is efficient, low labor intensity and less pollution.
According to the experiments, the system of power supply and operating parameters for the furnace are drawn as follows:
In its continuous and stable stage of production, the voltage is constant, while the current and the power are changed freely with the change of resistivity of the stuff. The value of current is the guidance of operation. According to different stuffs or different degrees of graphitization of products, there are different values of current for beginning discharging, and different ones for ending discharging.
引文
[1]刘凤琴,杨宏杰,杨晓佩.中国高品质阴极炭块的工业生产及应用[J],炭素技术,2007,26(4)：36-41.
[2]吴智明,张平,王平等.铝电解用高石墨质阴极炭块的应用分析及工业实践[J],世界有色金属,2006.6：19-25.
[3]刘世英,李文珍,王兆文等.石墨含量对阴极炭块渗透性的影响[J],炭素技术,2008,27(5)：1-4.
[4]陈淑惠,魏兵,龙礼贤.增碳剂在铸铁生产中的应用[J],铸造技术,2008,29(6)：11-14.
[5]孙效成,屈映法,晏发明.炼钢增碳剂——一种类石墨的研制[J],岩石测试,2000,19(2)：112-115.
[6]夏金童.我国电极糊现状与实际使用中的问题综合分析[J],炭素,1999,(4)：20-28.
[7]陈余珍.电极糊使用性能初探[J],炭素技术,1995,(1)：40-42.
[8]于易如,李庆义,贾鲁宁等.炭阳极电解消耗与炭阳极性能相关性分析[J],2008,135(3)：38-42.
[9]许斌,王金铎.炭材料生产技术600问[M],北京：冶金工业出版社,2006
[10]马艳.预焙阳极对于铝电解生产的影响[J],有色冶金节能,2008,(3)：40-43.
[11]朱丹青.电解铝降低阳极碳耗的途径与措施[J],轻金属,2008,(8)：25-28.
[12]霍庆发.电解铝工业技术与装备[M],沈阳：辽海出版社,2002
[13]童芳森,许斌,李哲浩.炭素材料生产问答[M],北京：冶金工业出版社,2002
[14]宋景明,陈佑川,李四新等.艾奇逊石墨化炉生产石墨化石油焦工艺[P],中国专利：ZL200610072517.7,2006.4.
[15]吴世峰,吴方喜.串接石墨化工艺的技术特点[J],炭素技术,1995,(5)：38-40.
[16]隋庆武,赵明才,耿奎久.发展内热串接石墨化工艺的必要性[J],炭素技术,1999,102(4)：39-41.
[17]蔡洵,蔡苏卫.串接石墨化炉处理石墨粉的方法及其石墨坩埚[P],中国专利：ZL200710057475.4,2007.5.
[18]郭茂先,何广祯,李志民.关于电煅炉炉型和电热方式的探讨[J],炭素技术,2004,23(5)：33-35.
[19]J.C.Berbard, J.L.Brassart, S.Lacroix电煅烧无烟煤——一项新生产技术(泰浩庭译)[J],炭素技术,1989,(3)：19-23.
[20]董福金.两段竖式石墨化炉的设计及其生产实践[J],炭素技术,2004,23(6)：44-46.
[21]宁前进.高纯石墨化焦生产工艺设计初探[J],有色金属设计,2004,31(1)：25-28.
[22]李圣华.炭与石墨制品[M],北京：冶金工业出版社,1984
[23]刘明.艾奇逊石墨化炉后期炉内电阻的控制[J],炭素技术,2005,24(2)：31-34.
[24]孟柏庭.有色冶金炉[M],长沙：中南工业大学出版社,1995,310.
[25]梅炽.有色冶金炉[M],北京：冶金工业出版社,2003,238.
[26]郭茂先.工业电炉[M],北京：冶金工业出版社,2002
[27]储少军,翟丹,杨巍等.粒状焦炭结构电阻的初步研究[J],铁合金,2005,180(1)：1-4.
[2]吴智明,张平,王平等.铝电解用高石墨质阴极炭块的应用分析及工业实践[J],世界有色金属,2006.6：19-25.
[3]刘世英,李文珍,王兆文等.石墨含量对阴极炭块渗透性的影响[J],炭素技术,2008,27(5)：1-4.
[4]陈淑惠,魏兵,龙礼贤.增碳剂在铸铁生产中的应用[J],铸造技术,2008,29(6)：11-14.
[5]孙效成,屈映法,晏发明.炼钢增碳剂——一种类石墨的研制[J],岩石测试,2000,19(2)：112-115.
[6]夏金童.我国电极糊现状与实际使用中的问题综合分析[J],炭素,1999,(4)：20-28.
[7]陈余珍.电极糊使用性能初探[J],炭素技术,1995,(1)：40-42.
[8]于易如,李庆义,贾鲁宁等.炭阳极电解消耗与炭阳极性能相关性分析[J],2008,135(3)：38-42.
[9]许斌,王金铎.炭材料生产技术600问[M],北京：冶金工业出版社,2006
[10]马艳.预焙阳极对于铝电解生产的影响[J],有色冶金节能,2008,(3)：40-43.
[11]朱丹青.电解铝降低阳极碳耗的途径与措施[J],轻金属,2008,(8)：25-28.
[12]霍庆发.电解铝工业技术与装备[M],沈阳：辽海出版社,2002
[13]童芳森,许斌,李哲浩.炭素材料生产问答[M],北京：冶金工业出版社,2002
[14]宋景明,陈佑川,李四新等.艾奇逊石墨化炉生产石墨化石油焦工艺[P],中国专利：ZL200610072517.7,2006.4.
[15]吴世峰,吴方喜.串接石墨化工艺的技术特点[J],炭素技术,1995,(5)：38-40.
[16]隋庆武,赵明才,耿奎久.发展内热串接石墨化工艺的必要性[J],炭素技术,1999,102(4)：39-41.
[17]蔡洵,蔡苏卫.串接石墨化炉处理石墨粉的方法及其石墨坩埚[P],中国专利：ZL200710057475.4,2007.5.
[18]郭茂先,何广祯,李志民.关于电煅炉炉型和电热方式的探讨[J],炭素技术,2004,23(5)：33-35.
[19]J.C.Berbard, J.L.Brassart, S.Lacroix电煅烧无烟煤——一项新生产技术(泰浩庭译)[J],炭素技术,1989,(3)：19-23.
[20]董福金.两段竖式石墨化炉的设计及其生产实践[J],炭素技术,2004,23(6)：44-46.
[21]宁前进.高纯石墨化焦生产工艺设计初探[J],有色金属设计,2004,31(1)：25-28.
[22]李圣华.炭与石墨制品[M],北京：冶金工业出版社,1984
[23]刘明.艾奇逊石墨化炉后期炉内电阻的控制[J],炭素技术,2005,24(2)：31-34.
[24]孟柏庭.有色冶金炉[M],长沙：中南工业大学出版社,1995,310.
[25]梅炽.有色冶金炉[M],北京：冶金工业出版社,2003,238.
[26]郭茂先.工业电炉[M],北京：冶金工业出版社,2002
[27]储少军,翟丹,杨巍等.粒状焦炭结构电阻的初步研究[J],铁合金,2005,180(1)：1-4.