兴安落叶松天然林碳密度与碳平衡研究
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摘要
兴安落叶松林是北半球高纬度地区广泛分布的植被类型之一，其碳汇功能在寒温带地区具有重要的地位。本研究采用样地清查和异速生长法测算乔木层生物量、收获法估算林下植被生物量和凋落物现存量，收集法测定年凋落物量，结合各组分的含碳率，计算了森林碳密度（植被层、碎屑层和土壤层）和碳年固定量及其分配格局，精确估算了碳库能力。同时利用LI-6400/9，采用挖壕沟法分类土壤呼吸，测定了土壤CO_2释放速率，估算出土壤呼吸年释放量，进而量化了不同龄组兴安落叶松天然林的碳源/汇能力。主要研究结果如下：
1.杜香-兴安落叶松从幼龄—成熟林，乔木层和林下植被层生物量分别在98.63~(-2)49.46和2.10-6.01t·hm~(-2)之间，植被层总生物量为104.64~(-2)54.56t·hm~(-2)。乔木层生物量随着年龄增大而增加，林下植被层呈“U”型分布，中龄林最小，幼龄林最大，植被层总生物量呈增加的趋势。
2.有机碎屑生物量从幼龄—成熟林为15.17-48.46t·hm~(-2)。其中，凋落物现存量为13.79-38.86t·hm~(-2)，占碎屑生物量的67.46-90.86%；木质物残体生物量为1.39-13.43t·hm~(-2)。随着龄组的增大，有机碎屑生物量和凋落物现存量呈增加趋势，木质物残体生物量从幼龄林开始，增加到中龄林达到最大值，之后下降并逐渐趋于平缓。
3.不同龄组兴安落叶松林年凋落量在0.81~1.37t·hm~(-2)之间。大小顺序为：成熟林＞幼龄林＞近熟林＞中龄林，呈“U”型分布。落叶是年凋落量的主体，占53.11-74.12%。
4.兴安落叶松林净初级生产力为8.81~-10.81t·hm~(-2)·a~(-1)，净初级生产力随着龄组的增大而降低。乔木层年净生产力(年凋落量和乔木层生物量净增量)所占比例最高，为72.97-90.88%，其次是灌木层和草本层（分别为3.93~(-1)2.66%和4.82~(-1)7.49%），最低是藓被层（0-1.25%）。
5.兴安落叶松单木各器官碳含量为：叶＞枝＞干＞皮＞根。除了成熟林外，灌木层＞草本层＞凋落物层。乔、灌、草三层碳含量均有：地上器官＞地下器官。凋落物层碳含量为：未分解层＞半分解层。随年龄的变化，乔木层树叶、树皮和粗根碳含量呈单峰曲线，灌木层和凋落物层碳含量随年龄增大而增大，土壤层的碳含量随着土层厚度的增加而递减。
6.土壤呼吸速率与地表空气温度和5cm土壤温度相关显著（R~2>0.6303）。实测土壤温度和空气温度均与瞬时（30min）土壤温度和空气温度有显著线性相关(R~2＞0.7068)。
7.从幼龄林到成熟林，兴安落叶松林碳密度分别为211.16、389.08、330.77和435.2t·hm~(-2)，土壤层＞乔木层＞碎屑层＞灌木层＞草本层＞藓被层，分别占60.91-74.82%、21.60-33.36%、2.34-5.91%、0.19-0.89%、0.05-0.35%和0-0.01%。乔木层、植被层、碎屑层碳密度随着年龄的增大呈增加的趋势，总碳密度和土壤层碳密度大小顺序为：成熟林＞中龄林＞近熟林＞幼龄林。
8.兴安落叶松林年碳固定量从幼龄到成熟龄为4.02-4.85t·hm~(-2)·a~(-1)，其中，植被年净增量为3.43-4.82t·hm~(-2)·a~(-1)；凋落物归还量为0.38-0.59t·hm~(-2)·a~(-1)。土壤年释放量为2.12-3.24t·hm~(-2)·a~(-1)。随着龄组的增大，森林年碳固定量和植被年碳净增量呈降低趋势，凋落物碳归还量呈“U”形分布。
9.森林碳平衡估算结果为：从幼龄林到成熟林，兴安落叶松林都是大气CO_2的“汇”，碳汇分别为2.56、2.23、0.92和0.9t·hm~(-2)·a~(-1)。可见，不同年龄的森林碳汇能力有明显差异。
Larix gmelinii is one of the vegetations which distribute widely in the highlatitudes of northern hemisphere. Quantifying the forest soil respiration (RS) componentsis vital to accurately evaluate the carbon sequestration of forest ecosystems. In thisresearch work, the biomass of arbor layer was measured based on the forest inventorydata and using allometric equation, the biomass of understory vegetation and the litteraccumulation were evaluated with the harvest method, the annual accumulation of litterwas determined with the collect method. We calculated the carbon density in thevegetation, litter and soil layer, respectively and researched the carbon distributionpattern in Great Hing’ an Mountains. At the same time, we determined soil respirationand CO_2emission flux based on the trenching-plot approach and quantified the carbonsink ability of different age group for Larix gmelinii forests. The results are as follow.
1. Larix gmelinii from young forest to mature forest, the biomass of arbor layer andunderstory vegetation was98.63to249.46t·hm~(-2), and2.10to6.01t·hm~(-2), respectively, andthe total biomass of the vegetation layer was104.64to254.56t·hm~(-2). The biomass of arborlayer increased with the increase of forest age, from young forest to mature forest. Whilethe biomass of understory vegetation presented “U” curve, which peaked in the youngforest and had a minimum value in the middle forest, and the vegetation layer biomassincreased.
2. The biomass of organic detritus from young forest to mature forest was from15.17to48.46t·hm~(-2), the litter accumulation was the most important component (67.46to90.86%)of organic detritus. The biomass of coarse woody debris (CWD) was1.39to13.43t·hm~(-2).The biomass of organic detritus and litter accumulation all increased with forest age, whilethe biomass of CWD peaked in the middle aged forest.
3. The litter accumulation for different aged Larix gmelinii forests, changed from0.81to1.37t·hm~(-2). Highest annual litter accumulation was found in the mature forest, the orderwas mature forest＞young forest＞near mature forest＞middle forest. The litteraccumulation presented “U” curve. The fallen leaves were the mainly component of annuallitter accumulation (53.11to74.12%).
4. The net primary production (NEP) increased with forest age, the average was from8.81to10.81t·hm~(-2)·a~(-1)for the four aged forest. Of which, the NEP was72.97to90.88%,3.93to12.66%, and4.82to17.49%in the arbor layer, shrubby layer and herbaceous vegetation, respectively. The lowest of NEP was found in the lichen and mass layers.
5. The carbon content order in the individual tree of Larix gmelinii forests was leaf＞branch＞trunk＞skin＞root. The carbon content order was shrubby layer＞herbaceouslayer＞litter layer. The carbon content in the aboveground was large than in theunderground in the three layers. The carbon content in the un-decomposed layer was largerthan in the composed layer. The carbon content in the leaf, skin and coarse root allincreased with forest age. The soil carbon content decreased with soil layer.
6. The soil temperature in the top soil and5cm depth soil had an obviours correlationrelationship with the soil respiration（R~2＞0.7068）. The soil temperature and airtemperature has a significant linear correlation relationship with the determined value（R~2＞0.7068）.
7. The carbon density in the four aged forest ecosystem was211.16,389.08,330.77, and435.2t·hm~(-2), respectively. The carbon storage was60.91-74.82%,21.60-33.36%,2.34-5.91%,0.19-0.89%,0.05-0.35%and0-0.01%in the soil, arbor layer, detritus, shrubby,herbaceous layer, moss and lichen layer, respectively. The carbon density in the arbor layer,vegetation and detritus all increased with forest age, the order was mature forest＞middleforest＞near mature forest＞young forest.
8. Annual carbon fixation of Larix gmelinii forests ecosystem from young forest tomature forest was4.02-4.85t·hm~(-2)·a~(-1). Of which, the vegetation net increase was3.43to4.82t·hm~(-2)·a~(-1)and the litter return was0.38to0.59t·hm~(-2)·a~(-1). Annual carbon emission was2.12to3.24t·hm~(-2)·a~(-1). With the increase of forest age, the Annual carbon fixation of forestecosystem and the vegetation net increase all decreased. The litter return kept “U” shape.
9. The result of ecosystem carbon balance estimation was: from young forest to matureforest, Larix gmelinii forests are all sink for air CO2, the net carbon sink was2.56,2.23,0.92,0.9t·hm~(-2)·a~(-1). Thus, there was a significant difference between different age forest’secosystem carbon sink ability.
1.杜香-兴安落叶松从幼龄—成熟林，乔木层和林下植被层生物量分别在98.63~(-2)49.46和2.10-6.01t·hm~(-2)之间，植被层总生物量为104.64~(-2)54.56t·hm~(-2)。乔木层生物量随着年龄增大而增加，林下植被层呈“U”型分布，中龄林最小，幼龄林最大，植被层总生物量呈增加的趋势。
2.有机碎屑生物量从幼龄—成熟林为15.17-48.46t·hm~(-2)。其中，凋落物现存量为13.79-38.86t·hm~(-2)，占碎屑生物量的67.46-90.86%；木质物残体生物量为1.39-13.43t·hm~(-2)。随着龄组的增大，有机碎屑生物量和凋落物现存量呈增加趋势，木质物残体生物量从幼龄林开始，增加到中龄林达到最大值，之后下降并逐渐趋于平缓。
3.不同龄组兴安落叶松林年凋落量在0.81~1.37t·hm~(-2)之间。大小顺序为：成熟林＞幼龄林＞近熟林＞中龄林，呈“U”型分布。落叶是年凋落量的主体，占53.11-74.12%。
4.兴安落叶松林净初级生产力为8.81~-10.81t·hm~(-2)·a~(-1)，净初级生产力随着龄组的增大而降低。乔木层年净生产力(年凋落量和乔木层生物量净增量)所占比例最高，为72.97-90.88%，其次是灌木层和草本层（分别为3.93~(-1)2.66%和4.82~(-1)7.49%），最低是藓被层（0-1.25%）。
5.兴安落叶松单木各器官碳含量为：叶＞枝＞干＞皮＞根。除了成熟林外，灌木层＞草本层＞凋落物层。乔、灌、草三层碳含量均有：地上器官＞地下器官。凋落物层碳含量为：未分解层＞半分解层。随年龄的变化，乔木层树叶、树皮和粗根碳含量呈单峰曲线，灌木层和凋落物层碳含量随年龄增大而增大，土壤层的碳含量随着土层厚度的增加而递减。
6.土壤呼吸速率与地表空气温度和5cm土壤温度相关显著（R~2>0.6303）。实测土壤温度和空气温度均与瞬时（30min）土壤温度和空气温度有显著线性相关(R~2＞0.7068)。
7.从幼龄林到成熟林，兴安落叶松林碳密度分别为211.16、389.08、330.77和435.2t·hm~(-2)，土壤层＞乔木层＞碎屑层＞灌木层＞草本层＞藓被层，分别占60.91-74.82%、21.60-33.36%、2.34-5.91%、0.19-0.89%、0.05-0.35%和0-0.01%。乔木层、植被层、碎屑层碳密度随着年龄的增大呈增加的趋势，总碳密度和土壤层碳密度大小顺序为：成熟林＞中龄林＞近熟林＞幼龄林。
8.兴安落叶松林年碳固定量从幼龄到成熟龄为4.02-4.85t·hm~(-2)·a~(-1)，其中，植被年净增量为3.43-4.82t·hm~(-2)·a~(-1)；凋落物归还量为0.38-0.59t·hm~(-2)·a~(-1)。土壤年释放量为2.12-3.24t·hm~(-2)·a~(-1)。随着龄组的增大，森林年碳固定量和植被年碳净增量呈降低趋势，凋落物碳归还量呈“U”形分布。
9.森林碳平衡估算结果为：从幼龄林到成熟林，兴安落叶松林都是大气CO_2的“汇”，碳汇分别为2.56、2.23、0.92和0.9t·hm~(-2)·a~(-1)。可见，不同年龄的森林碳汇能力有明显差异。
Larix gmelinii is one of the vegetations which distribute widely in the highlatitudes of northern hemisphere. Quantifying the forest soil respiration (RS) componentsis vital to accurately evaluate the carbon sequestration of forest ecosystems. In thisresearch work, the biomass of arbor layer was measured based on the forest inventorydata and using allometric equation, the biomass of understory vegetation and the litteraccumulation were evaluated with the harvest method, the annual accumulation of litterwas determined with the collect method. We calculated the carbon density in thevegetation, litter and soil layer, respectively and researched the carbon distributionpattern in Great Hing’ an Mountains. At the same time, we determined soil respirationand CO_2emission flux based on the trenching-plot approach and quantified the carbonsink ability of different age group for Larix gmelinii forests. The results are as follow.
1. Larix gmelinii from young forest to mature forest, the biomass of arbor layer andunderstory vegetation was98.63to249.46t·hm~(-2), and2.10to6.01t·hm~(-2), respectively, andthe total biomass of the vegetation layer was104.64to254.56t·hm~(-2). The biomass of arborlayer increased with the increase of forest age, from young forest to mature forest. Whilethe biomass of understory vegetation presented “U” curve, which peaked in the youngforest and had a minimum value in the middle forest, and the vegetation layer biomassincreased.
2. The biomass of organic detritus from young forest to mature forest was from15.17to48.46t·hm~(-2), the litter accumulation was the most important component (67.46to90.86%)of organic detritus. The biomass of coarse woody debris (CWD) was1.39to13.43t·hm~(-2).The biomass of organic detritus and litter accumulation all increased with forest age, whilethe biomass of CWD peaked in the middle aged forest.
3. The litter accumulation for different aged Larix gmelinii forests, changed from0.81to1.37t·hm~(-2). Highest annual litter accumulation was found in the mature forest, the orderwas mature forest＞young forest＞near mature forest＞middle forest. The litteraccumulation presented “U” curve. The fallen leaves were the mainly component of annuallitter accumulation (53.11to74.12%).
4. The net primary production (NEP) increased with forest age, the average was from8.81to10.81t·hm~(-2)·a~(-1)for the four aged forest. Of which, the NEP was72.97to90.88%,3.93to12.66%, and4.82to17.49%in the arbor layer, shrubby layer and herbaceous vegetation, respectively. The lowest of NEP was found in the lichen and mass layers.
5. The carbon content order in the individual tree of Larix gmelinii forests was leaf＞branch＞trunk＞skin＞root. The carbon content order was shrubby layer＞herbaceouslayer＞litter layer. The carbon content in the aboveground was large than in theunderground in the three layers. The carbon content in the un-decomposed layer was largerthan in the composed layer. The carbon content in the leaf, skin and coarse root allincreased with forest age. The soil carbon content decreased with soil layer.
6. The soil temperature in the top soil and5cm depth soil had an obviours correlationrelationship with the soil respiration（R~2＞0.7068）. The soil temperature and airtemperature has a significant linear correlation relationship with the determined value（R~2＞0.7068）.
7. The carbon density in the four aged forest ecosystem was211.16,389.08,330.77, and435.2t·hm~(-2), respectively. The carbon storage was60.91-74.82%,21.60-33.36%,2.34-5.91%,0.19-0.89%,0.05-0.35%and0-0.01%in the soil, arbor layer, detritus, shrubby,herbaceous layer, moss and lichen layer, respectively. The carbon density in the arbor layer,vegetation and detritus all increased with forest age, the order was mature forest＞middleforest＞near mature forest＞young forest.
8. Annual carbon fixation of Larix gmelinii forests ecosystem from young forest tomature forest was4.02-4.85t·hm~(-2)·a~(-1). Of which, the vegetation net increase was3.43to4.82t·hm~(-2)·a~(-1)and the litter return was0.38to0.59t·hm~(-2)·a~(-1). Annual carbon emission was2.12to3.24t·hm~(-2)·a~(-1). With the increase of forest age, the Annual carbon fixation of forestecosystem and the vegetation net increase all decreased. The litter return kept “U” shape.
9. The result of ecosystem carbon balance estimation was: from young forest to matureforest, Larix gmelinii forests are all sink for air CO2, the net carbon sink was2.56,2.23,0.92,0.9t·hm~(-2)·a~(-1). Thus, there was a significant difference between different age forest’secosystem carbon sink ability.
引文
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