CDMA2000中分组数据控制功能的实现
摘要
随着移动通信的发展，中国已经成为继美国后的第二大移动通信市场。伴随
着用户量的增加，现有的GSM网络已不能满足日益增长的数据业务的需求，3G
网络的建设已迫在眉睫。另一方面，我国每年新增的移动通信设备的97.5％以上
为国外厂商所提供。因此，我们应该抓住产品升级换代的机会，建设自己的3G
网络，以实现移动通信设备及其技术支撑的国产化。本文对cdma2000中分组数
据控制功能的研究就是在此背景下进行的。
3G cdma2000无线通信系统的第一个阶段是cdma2000 1X，它是由IS-95向
3G平滑过渡的一个全面解决方案，包括从CDMA手机到分组数据服务节点等各
种设备，提供从普通的话音到高速数据和多媒体传输等多种服务。东方通信与浙
江大学合作，承担了国家863计划的PDSN（Packet Data Serving Node）与
PCF（Packet Control Function）的研制开发工作。PDSN与PCF在3G网络中占有重
要地位，它们连接着3G无线网络和Internet，负责提供数据分组服务功能，同时
是3G网络中实现移动IP，提供安全机制的关键设备。PDSN与PCF性能的强弱
和工作效率直接影响着3G网络的总体性能。
本文首先概要介绍了移动通信的发展背景，第三代移动通信的主流技术，
cdma2000的发展进程及其现行的cdma20001x的主要技术特征。在此基础上，解
释了cdma2000的分组核心网，探讨了cdma2000分组核心网的整体构架和实现方
案。随后，本文集中精力于cdma2000分组核心网的关键设备PDSN及PCF，对
PDSN的实现方案作了概略讨论，具体研讨了PDSN与PCF之间的通信机制，并
实现了PCF的主要功能。本文同时详细介绍了在PCF的实现过程中涉及的关键
技术。最后，本文对第三代移动通信的市场前景和cdma2000的发展趋势做了预
测和展望，并对所做的工作进行了总结，说明了本文研究的贡献，指出了现存的
不足和仍需努力的方向。
With the development of wireless communication, China following American has
become the second-biggest market of communication in the world. Going with the
increase of amount of customer, the existing GSM network can抰 satisfy the
requirement of rapidly increased non-voice mobile services. The building of 30
network is urgent. On the other hand, more than 97.5% equipment of wireless
communication in china market was made by foreign manufactures. Thus, we should
grasp the chance of upgrading, building ourselves 3G network, and provide national
equipments and solutions of 30 system. It is the veiy background in which the
PCF(Packet Control Function) of cdma2000 is designed and experimented.
Eastcom Company cooperated with Zhejiang University in taking the project of
PDSN(Packet Data Serving Node) and PCF, which is an important part of national 863
Plan. PDSN and PCF connect the 3G wireless network with the Internet. They provide
wireless packet data service, mobile IP service, security mechanism and so on. They
are also the key equipment for improving the throughput of packet data service. The
efficiency of PDSN and PCF directly affects the capability of the whole 30 system.
In this dissertation, the background of wireless communication, the mainstream of
30 system, the evolution trend and main technical feathers of cdma2000 lx are firstly
introduced. The packet core network of cdma2000 are then discussed in detail, based
on the introduction of the function of PCF and PDSN in CDMA2000, a Linux-based
implementation of PCF is provided, the key techniques of simulation are also
described. Finally, some expectation for cdma2000 and 30 system was given, the main
contributes of our work are summarized, and those work under improvement and the
future work are discussed also.
着用户量的增加，现有的GSM网络已不能满足日益增长的数据业务的需求，3G
网络的建设已迫在眉睫。另一方面，我国每年新增的移动通信设备的97.5％以上
为国外厂商所提供。因此，我们应该抓住产品升级换代的机会，建设自己的3G
网络，以实现移动通信设备及其技术支撑的国产化。本文对cdma2000中分组数
据控制功能的研究就是在此背景下进行的。
3G cdma2000无线通信系统的第一个阶段是cdma2000 1X，它是由IS-95向
3G平滑过渡的一个全面解决方案，包括从CDMA手机到分组数据服务节点等各
种设备，提供从普通的话音到高速数据和多媒体传输等多种服务。东方通信与浙
江大学合作，承担了国家863计划的PDSN（Packet Data Serving Node）与
PCF（Packet Control Function）的研制开发工作。PDSN与PCF在3G网络中占有重
要地位，它们连接着3G无线网络和Internet，负责提供数据分组服务功能，同时
是3G网络中实现移动IP，提供安全机制的关键设备。PDSN与PCF性能的强弱
和工作效率直接影响着3G网络的总体性能。
本文首先概要介绍了移动通信的发展背景，第三代移动通信的主流技术，
cdma2000的发展进程及其现行的cdma20001x的主要技术特征。在此基础上，解
释了cdma2000的分组核心网，探讨了cdma2000分组核心网的整体构架和实现方
案。随后，本文集中精力于cdma2000分组核心网的关键设备PDSN及PCF，对
PDSN的实现方案作了概略讨论，具体研讨了PDSN与PCF之间的通信机制，并
实现了PCF的主要功能。本文同时详细介绍了在PCF的实现过程中涉及的关键
技术。最后，本文对第三代移动通信的市场前景和cdma2000的发展趋势做了预
测和展望，并对所做的工作进行了总结，说明了本文研究的贡献，指出了现存的
不足和仍需努力的方向。
With the development of wireless communication, China following American has
become the second-biggest market of communication in the world. Going with the
increase of amount of customer, the existing GSM network can抰 satisfy the
requirement of rapidly increased non-voice mobile services. The building of 30
network is urgent. On the other hand, more than 97.5% equipment of wireless
communication in china market was made by foreign manufactures. Thus, we should
grasp the chance of upgrading, building ourselves 3G network, and provide national
equipments and solutions of 30 system. It is the veiy background in which the
PCF(Packet Control Function) of cdma2000 is designed and experimented.
Eastcom Company cooperated with Zhejiang University in taking the project of
PDSN(Packet Data Serving Node) and PCF, which is an important part of national 863
Plan. PDSN and PCF connect the 3G wireless network with the Internet. They provide
wireless packet data service, mobile IP service, security mechanism and so on. They
are also the key equipment for improving the throughput of packet data service. The
efficiency of PDSN and PCF directly affects the capability of the whole 30 system.
In this dissertation, the background of wireless communication, the mainstream of
30 system, the evolution trend and main technical feathers of cdma2000 lx are firstly
introduced. The packet core network of cdma2000 are then discussed in detail, based
on the introduction of the function of PCF and PDSN in CDMA2000, a Linux-based
implementation of PCF is provided, the key techniques of simulation are also
described. Finally, some expectation for cdma2000 and 30 system was given, the main
contributes of our work are summarized, and those work under improvement and the
future work are discussed also.
引文
[1] 3GPP2． 3GPP2 Network Reference Model for cdma2000 Spread Spectrum Systems, Revision: B. April 16,2001
[2] 3GPP2． 3GPP2 Access Network Interfaces Interoperability Specification. November 30,2000
[3] 3GPP2． Data Service Options for Spread Spectrum Systems Addendum 2． August 21, 2000
[4] 3GPP2． Wireless IP Network Standard. December 10,1999
[5] Campell, A. Cellular IP. Internet Draft, Internet Engineering Task Force. January 2000
[6] Dr. ChenJianxiao. Technical Features of cdma2000 1x and its Evolution Trend, 中国通讯. 2001． 03
[7] RFC2784-Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE) D. Farinacci T. Li, Procket Networks S. Hanks, Enron Communications D. Meyer, Cisco Systems P. Traina, Juniper Networks March 2000
[8] Bechet Sarikaya. Packet Mode in Wireless Network: Overview of Transition to Third generation, www.comsoc.org
[9] 赵先明,中兴ZXC10向3G过渡方案,www.zhongxing.com
[10] Ericsson Wireless Communication Inc. CDMA2000 Packet Core Network. www.ericsson.com
[11] Motorola Inc. Motorola Aspira cdma2000 1X Architecture Solution. www.motorola.com
[12] Alessandro Rubini. Linux Device Drivers. O'Reilly & Associates, Inc. 1998
[13] W. Richard Stevens. UNIX Network Programming. Prentice Hall PTR. 1998
[14] The Linux Serial HO WTO by Greg Hankins, greg.hankins@cc.gatech.edu v1． 8a, 5 June 1995
[15] PPP 2． 1． 2b-README.linux Version 1． 0． 1 based on ppp-2． 1． 2 June 1994 by Michael Callahan callahan@maths.ox.ac.uk Al Longyear longyear@netcorn.com
[16] PPP HO WTO by Robert Hart hartr@interweft.com.au v3． 0, 31 March 1997
[17] Writing Linux Device Drivers by Michael K. Johnson Developer, Red Hat Software iohnsonm@redhat.com From a talk given at Spring DECUS '95 in Washington, DC. Copyright (C) 1995 Michael K. Johnson
[18] ppp 2． 1． 2b-pppd.8． gz , LRGLDTP.MANUAL.004
[19] RFC1701-Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE) S. Hanks NetSmiths, Ltd. T. Li
D. Farinacci P. Traina cisco Systems October 1994
[20] RFC2486-The Network Access Identifer
[21] Aboba, B., Lu J., Alsop J., Ding J. and W. Wang, "Review of Roaming Implementations", RFC 2194, September 1997．
[22] Rigney C., Rubens A., Simpson W. and S. Willens, "Remote Authentication Dial In User Service (RADIUS)", RFC 2138, April 1997．
[23] Rigney C., "RADIUS Accounting", RFC 2139, April 1997．
[24] Mockapetris, P., "Domain Names-Implementation and Specification", STD 13, RFC 1035, November 1987．
[25] Postel, J., "Simple Mail Transfer Protocol", STD 10, RFC 821, August 1982．
[26] Gulbrandsen A. and P. Vixie, "A DNS RR for specifying the location of services (DNS SRV)", RFC 2052, October 1996．
[27] Crocker, D. and P. Overrell, "Augmented BNF for Syntax Specifications: ABNF", RFC 2234, November 1997．
[28] Kent, S. and R. Atkinson, "Security Architecture for the Internet Protocol", RFC 2401, November 1998．
[29] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997．
[30] Perkins, C., "IP Mobility Support", RFC 2002, October 1996．
[31] Perkins, C., "IP Encapsulation within IP", RFC 2003, October 1996．
[32] Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT), "IP Spoofing Attacks and Hijacked Terminal Connections", CA-95:01, January 1995． Available via anonymous ftp from mfo.cert.org in/pub/cert_advisories.
[33] Johnson, D., and C. Perkins, "Route Optimization in Mobile IP", Work in Progress.
[34] Manuel Rodriguez, private communication, August 1995．
[35] Atkinson, R., "IP Authentication Header", RFC 1826, August 1995．
[36] Atkinson, R., "IP Encapsulating Security Payload", RFC 1827, August 1995．
[37] Ferguson, P., and D. Senie, "Network Ingress Filtering: Defeating Denial of Service Attacks which employ IP Source Address Spoofing", RFC 2267, January 1998
[38] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997．
[2] 3GPP2． 3GPP2 Access Network Interfaces Interoperability Specification. November 30,2000
[3] 3GPP2． Data Service Options for Spread Spectrum Systems Addendum 2． August 21, 2000
[4] 3GPP2． Wireless IP Network Standard. December 10,1999
[5] Campell, A. Cellular IP. Internet Draft, Internet Engineering Task Force. January 2000
[6] Dr. ChenJianxiao. Technical Features of cdma2000 1x and its Evolution Trend, 中国通讯. 2001． 03
[7] RFC2784-Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE) D. Farinacci T. Li, Procket Networks S. Hanks, Enron Communications D. Meyer, Cisco Systems P. Traina, Juniper Networks March 2000
[8] Bechet Sarikaya. Packet Mode in Wireless Network: Overview of Transition to Third generation, www.comsoc.org
[9] 赵先明,中兴ZXC10向3G过渡方案,www.zhongxing.com
[10] Ericsson Wireless Communication Inc. CDMA2000 Packet Core Network. www.ericsson.com
[11] Motorola Inc. Motorola Aspira cdma2000 1X Architecture Solution. www.motorola.com
[12] Alessandro Rubini. Linux Device Drivers. O'Reilly & Associates, Inc. 1998
[13] W. Richard Stevens. UNIX Network Programming. Prentice Hall PTR. 1998
[14] The Linux Serial HO WTO by Greg Hankins, greg.hankins@cc.gatech.edu v1． 8a, 5 June 1995
[15] PPP 2． 1． 2b-README.linux Version 1． 0． 1 based on ppp-2． 1． 2 June 1994 by Michael Callahan callahan@maths.ox.ac.uk Al Longyear longyear@netcorn.com
[16] PPP HO WTO by Robert Hart hartr@interweft.com.au v3． 0, 31 March 1997
[17] Writing Linux Device Drivers by Michael K. Johnson Developer, Red Hat Software iohnsonm@redhat.com From a talk given at Spring DECUS '95 in Washington, DC. Copyright (C) 1995 Michael K. Johnson
[18] ppp 2． 1． 2b-pppd.8． gz , LRGLDTP.MANUAL.004
[19] RFC1701-Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE) S. Hanks NetSmiths, Ltd. T. Li
D. Farinacci P. Traina cisco Systems October 1994
[20] RFC2486-The Network Access Identifer
[21] Aboba, B., Lu J., Alsop J., Ding J. and W. Wang, "Review of Roaming Implementations", RFC 2194, September 1997．
[22] Rigney C., Rubens A., Simpson W. and S. Willens, "Remote Authentication Dial In User Service (RADIUS)", RFC 2138, April 1997．
[23] Rigney C., "RADIUS Accounting", RFC 2139, April 1997．
[24] Mockapetris, P., "Domain Names-Implementation and Specification", STD 13, RFC 1035, November 1987．
[25] Postel, J., "Simple Mail Transfer Protocol", STD 10, RFC 821, August 1982．
[26] Gulbrandsen A. and P. Vixie, "A DNS RR for specifying the location of services (DNS SRV)", RFC 2052, October 1996．
[27] Crocker, D. and P. Overrell, "Augmented BNF for Syntax Specifications: ABNF", RFC 2234, November 1997．
[28] Kent, S. and R. Atkinson, "Security Architecture for the Internet Protocol", RFC 2401, November 1998．
[29] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997．
[30] Perkins, C., "IP Mobility Support", RFC 2002, October 1996．
[31] Perkins, C., "IP Encapsulation within IP", RFC 2003, October 1996．
[32] Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT), "IP Spoofing Attacks and Hijacked Terminal Connections", CA-95:01, January 1995． Available via anonymous ftp from mfo.cert.org in/pub/cert_advisories.
[33] Johnson, D., and C. Perkins, "Route Optimization in Mobile IP", Work in Progress.
[34] Manuel Rodriguez, private communication, August 1995．
[35] Atkinson, R., "IP Authentication Header", RFC 1826, August 1995．
[36] Atkinson, R., "IP Encapsulating Security Payload", RFC 1827, August 1995．
[37] Ferguson, P., and D. Senie, "Network Ingress Filtering: Defeating Denial of Service Attacks which employ IP Source Address Spoofing", RFC 2267, January 1998
[38] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997．