隐写与隐写分析算法及实践研究
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摘要
信息隐藏技术作为信息安全技术的一个重要分支,已经历了十余年的发展,隐写术与隐写分析构成了信息隐藏技术中矛与盾的关系,相互制约,互为动力。本文以基于图像和音频的隐写与隐写分析技术,以及隐写分析技术的实用化为研究内容,提出了一种应用于音频的隐写算法和两种基于音频与图像的隐写分析算法,在隐写分析技术的实用化研究方面,针对网络隐蔽通信,设计并实现了实用的隐藏信息检测与监控系统。本文工作主要包括以下5个方面:
1.提出了针对WAV音频LSB替换隐写的隐写分析算法。通过分析LSB替换机制中音频采样点值的值对转换规律,构造了值对转换概率模型,借鉴卡方检测、RS(Regular and Singular)检测、DIH(Differential Image Histogram)检测的原理,针对音频信号的特点对算法进行改进。实验表明,本文经过对算法的改进,实现了对基于8比特和16比特WAV音频的LSB替换隐写的可靠检测,对两种编码方式当嵌入率分别高于3%和20%时,对载密音频判决的正确率可达100%;
2.提出了一种基于DCT域QIM(Quantization Index Modulation)的音频隐写算法。基于QIM原理,构造DCT域的QIM量化器,建立量化区间序号与嵌入信息比特的映射关系,根据映射关系完成信息的嵌入和提取,可实现盲提取,通过对提取误码的分析,采用改进的QIM方案,在嵌入端与提取端分别采取容错处理,提高了算法的鲁棒性。实验证明本文的隐写算法隐藏容量大,可达357.6b/s,并具有良好的不可感知性,同时对于MP3压缩、低通滤波、重采用、重量化等攻击具有很强的鲁棒性:
3.提出了一种针对图像空间域LSB匹配隐写的隐写分析算法。通过分析目前常见的LSB匹配算法,构造了LSB匹配机制中像素值的转移概率模型,针对基于局部区域像素平滑度的LSB匹配算法,提出了一种基于区域相关性的检测算法,以8邻域内像素与中心像素的像素值差值定义区域内像素之间的相关性,通过分析该相关性在嵌入信息前后的差异实现对LSB匹配的检测。与已有算法相比,本文的检测算法复杂度低,运算简单,并且误检率低,当嵌入率高于0.3时检测结果具有较高的可靠性;
4.设计并实现了针对网络多媒体数据的隐写检测与监控系统。通过对基于网络通信的隐蔽通信模型的研究,分别针对以互联网的多媒体信息和MMS(Multimedia Message Service)通信网中的MMS消息为载体的隐蔽通信,设计并实现了隐写检测与监控系统,并结合常见的隐写软件与实际的网络通信环境,给出两种监测系统的应用实例,应用实例说明上述系统可对网络环境下的隐蔽通信实施有效监测,对于MMS通信网络满足实时性要求;
5.提出了针对常见的具有标识特征的隐写软件的隐藏信息提取方法。基于对常见的具有明显的标识特征的隐写软件的分析,提出实用的隐藏信息提取方法,对标识特征的研究不仅可以确定所使用的隐写软件,更重要的是,对于嵌入规律可知的软件可进一步确定隐藏信息的嵌入位置,进而实现提取,这对于隐写分析技术的实用化具有重要意义。
Through more than 10 years' development, information hiding technology has become an important academic branch of information security. Battles between steganography and steganalysis have become an important issue in information hiding, which makes steganography and steganalysis restricts mutually, and promote mutually. This thesis is focused on the techniques of steganography and steganalysis in images and audios, and the practical applications of steganalysis techniques. Two steganalysis algorithms and one steganography algorithm are presented. Based on the study of practical applications of detection techniques, the detection and monitoring system against covered communication over networks is designed and implemented. The main content of this thesis is summarized as follows:
1. A steganalysis method of LSB replacement in wav audio is proposed. The probability model of switch rule between sample values is constructed based on the analysis of the LSB (Least Significant Bit) replacement scheme in wav audio. By adopting the methods of Povs detection, RS detection and DIH detection, and making improvements to these methods, the reliable detection to LSB replacement in wav is achieved. Experimental results show that the three algorithms can detect LSB replacement in 8-bit and 16-bit coded wav audio reliablely. When the embedding ratio of these two coding manners is above 3% and 20% respectively, the correct rate of stego-audio's judgments can reach 100%.
2. Audio signal has more information redundancy than image signal, but its randomicity is stronger. It is more challenge to extract embedded bit with non-error from audio. A novel audio steganography based on QIM (Quantization Index Modulation) in the DCT (Discrete Cosine Transform) domain is proposed. The QIM quantizer is constructed on the basis of QIM principle. The message is embedded and extracted by the mapping between message bit and the quantizer's quantization interval. The extraction is executed blindly. The robustness of the hidden message is ensured well by the improved QIM, which employs the error-tolerance operation during embedding and extracting. The experimental results show that the capacity of the proposed method is large as 357.6b/s and good imperceptivity is achieved. The embedded message has good robustness against MP3 compression, requantization, resampling and lowpass filtering.
3. Based on the probability model of switch rule between pixel values in LSB matching scheme, we propose a new steganalysis technique which aims at LSB matching embedding based on the image's smoothness in local area. The detection method defines the correlation between regional pixels as the difference between the sum of 8-neighbor pixel values and the center pixel. The existence of embedded message can be detected by observing the change of the regional correlation before and after embedding. Compared with the existing algorithms, the advantages of the proposed method includes simplicity, computational efficiency and low false positive rate. The detection achieves better reliability when embedding rate is above 30%.
4. Aiming at secret communication contained in multimedia message over Internet and MMS (Multimedia Message Service) networks, the detection and monitoring system is designed and implemented on the basis of covered communication model over networks. Two instances of system's applications are illustrated in actual network communications environment with the help of typical steganography software. The instances explain the system's effectivity to monitor the secret message transfered over networks. Moreover, the system meets the real time requirement of MMS communication.
5. The practical extraction of hidden information is proposed on the basis of the signatures of typical steganography tools. Many steganography tools may result in obvious identifications in stego-objects. By locating these identifications, not only the tools used to hide information can be found, but also it will be made sure where the hidden information is to those tools whose embedding rules are known. This makes the extraction of the hidden message become realizable, which is meaningful to the practicality of steganalysis techniques.
1.提出了针对WAV音频LSB替换隐写的隐写分析算法。通过分析LSB替换机制中音频采样点值的值对转换规律,构造了值对转换概率模型,借鉴卡方检测、RS(Regular and Singular)检测、DIH(Differential Image Histogram)检测的原理,针对音频信号的特点对算法进行改进。实验表明,本文经过对算法的改进,实现了对基于8比特和16比特WAV音频的LSB替换隐写的可靠检测,对两种编码方式当嵌入率分别高于3%和20%时,对载密音频判决的正确率可达100%;
2.提出了一种基于DCT域QIM(Quantization Index Modulation)的音频隐写算法。基于QIM原理,构造DCT域的QIM量化器,建立量化区间序号与嵌入信息比特的映射关系,根据映射关系完成信息的嵌入和提取,可实现盲提取,通过对提取误码的分析,采用改进的QIM方案,在嵌入端与提取端分别采取容错处理,提高了算法的鲁棒性。实验证明本文的隐写算法隐藏容量大,可达357.6b/s,并具有良好的不可感知性,同时对于MP3压缩、低通滤波、重采用、重量化等攻击具有很强的鲁棒性:
3.提出了一种针对图像空间域LSB匹配隐写的隐写分析算法。通过分析目前常见的LSB匹配算法,构造了LSB匹配机制中像素值的转移概率模型,针对基于局部区域像素平滑度的LSB匹配算法,提出了一种基于区域相关性的检测算法,以8邻域内像素与中心像素的像素值差值定义区域内像素之间的相关性,通过分析该相关性在嵌入信息前后的差异实现对LSB匹配的检测。与已有算法相比,本文的检测算法复杂度低,运算简单,并且误检率低,当嵌入率高于0.3时检测结果具有较高的可靠性;
4.设计并实现了针对网络多媒体数据的隐写检测与监控系统。通过对基于网络通信的隐蔽通信模型的研究,分别针对以互联网的多媒体信息和MMS(Multimedia Message Service)通信网中的MMS消息为载体的隐蔽通信,设计并实现了隐写检测与监控系统,并结合常见的隐写软件与实际的网络通信环境,给出两种监测系统的应用实例,应用实例说明上述系统可对网络环境下的隐蔽通信实施有效监测,对于MMS通信网络满足实时性要求;
5.提出了针对常见的具有标识特征的隐写软件的隐藏信息提取方法。基于对常见的具有明显的标识特征的隐写软件的分析,提出实用的隐藏信息提取方法,对标识特征的研究不仅可以确定所使用的隐写软件,更重要的是,对于嵌入规律可知的软件可进一步确定隐藏信息的嵌入位置,进而实现提取,这对于隐写分析技术的实用化具有重要意义。
Through more than 10 years' development, information hiding technology has become an important academic branch of information security. Battles between steganography and steganalysis have become an important issue in information hiding, which makes steganography and steganalysis restricts mutually, and promote mutually. This thesis is focused on the techniques of steganography and steganalysis in images and audios, and the practical applications of steganalysis techniques. Two steganalysis algorithms and one steganography algorithm are presented. Based on the study of practical applications of detection techniques, the detection and monitoring system against covered communication over networks is designed and implemented. The main content of this thesis is summarized as follows:
1. A steganalysis method of LSB replacement in wav audio is proposed. The probability model of switch rule between sample values is constructed based on the analysis of the LSB (Least Significant Bit) replacement scheme in wav audio. By adopting the methods of Povs detection, RS detection and DIH detection, and making improvements to these methods, the reliable detection to LSB replacement in wav is achieved. Experimental results show that the three algorithms can detect LSB replacement in 8-bit and 16-bit coded wav audio reliablely. When the embedding ratio of these two coding manners is above 3% and 20% respectively, the correct rate of stego-audio's judgments can reach 100%.
2. Audio signal has more information redundancy than image signal, but its randomicity is stronger. It is more challenge to extract embedded bit with non-error from audio. A novel audio steganography based on QIM (Quantization Index Modulation) in the DCT (Discrete Cosine Transform) domain is proposed. The QIM quantizer is constructed on the basis of QIM principle. The message is embedded and extracted by the mapping between message bit and the quantizer's quantization interval. The extraction is executed blindly. The robustness of the hidden message is ensured well by the improved QIM, which employs the error-tolerance operation during embedding and extracting. The experimental results show that the capacity of the proposed method is large as 357.6b/s and good imperceptivity is achieved. The embedded message has good robustness against MP3 compression, requantization, resampling and lowpass filtering.
3. Based on the probability model of switch rule between pixel values in LSB matching scheme, we propose a new steganalysis technique which aims at LSB matching embedding based on the image's smoothness in local area. The detection method defines the correlation between regional pixels as the difference between the sum of 8-neighbor pixel values and the center pixel. The existence of embedded message can be detected by observing the change of the regional correlation before and after embedding. Compared with the existing algorithms, the advantages of the proposed method includes simplicity, computational efficiency and low false positive rate. The detection achieves better reliability when embedding rate is above 30%.
4. Aiming at secret communication contained in multimedia message over Internet and MMS (Multimedia Message Service) networks, the detection and monitoring system is designed and implemented on the basis of covered communication model over networks. Two instances of system's applications are illustrated in actual network communications environment with the help of typical steganography software. The instances explain the system's effectivity to monitor the secret message transfered over networks. Moreover, the system meets the real time requirement of MMS communication.
5. The practical extraction of hidden information is proposed on the basis of the signatures of typical steganography tools. Many steganography tools may result in obvious identifications in stego-objects. By locating these identifications, not only the tools used to hide information can be found, but also it will be made sure where the hidden information is to those tools whose embedding rules are known. This makes the extraction of the hidden message become realizable, which is meaningful to the practicality of steganalysis techniques.
引文
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