英汉新词对比研究
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摘要
新词是指为了反映新事物、新概念、新思维等而出现在书面语及口语中，表义明确、利于交际的词汇。二十世纪八十年代以来，世界进入信息时代，科学技术以前所未有的速度向前发展，世界政治、经济、文化等领域发生了巨大变化。与此同时，中国进行了一系列的政治、经济体制改革，社会各方面发生了惊人的变化。因此，英汉语都出现了大量的新词。词汇历来是外语学习和外语教学中的难点，新词属于词汇发展变化的最前沿，其学习难度不言而喻。
任何一种语言的新词都不是凭空臆造的，而是在一定的社会环境下、根据自身词汇材料按一定的规律构成的。本文从词汇学、语义学和社会语言学的角度对英汉新词进行了全面的对比分析，旨在帮助外语学习者了解英汉新词的构词规律、语义特点及其社会文化内涵，同时，加深对英汉语的认识，进一步了解语言的发展规律。
本文中的英汉新词大多来源于《英汉大词典补编》、《新华新词语词典》、《新世纪英语新词语双解词典》、《牛津新词词典》、《20世纪新词语词典》、《朗文当代英语词典》第三版增补本及《现代汉语词典》2002年增补本。还有一些出自近年来刚刚出版的流行语手册。
作者首先在阐明新词的定义和分类的基础上追述了英汉语新词的来源。英汉新词大都来源于三种途径：运用本民族的语言材料构造新词，旧词赋新义和借用其它民族的语言。
本文的重点是对比分析英汉新词构词特征，语义特征及社会文化特征。英汉新词构词特征的对比分析是从对英汉新词构词方法的调查入手的。利用他人及自己的调查，得出复合法、加缀法和缩略法是二十世纪八十年代以来英汉语中最活跃的构词方法，每一种方法在这两种语言中的作用不尽相同。复合法是两种语言中最活跃的构词方法，但其作用在汉语中相对较大。而加缀法在英语中明显比汉
肇
硕士学位论文
人4A只【’〔R’凡’f 11厂气15
语中起的作用要大。缩略法的作用在英汉语中贝l}相似。每种方法构成的新词结构
特点既有相同之处，也有不同之处。英语重形合，而汉语重意合。因此，英语构
词成分可能有形态变化，使得它们在复合词中的位置较为灵活。汉语构词成分不
具形态变化，在复合词中的位置多受其语法关系的限制。英语词缀是由音节转化
而成的，汉语词缀则是有独立意义的汉字转化而成。英语缩略词是从词或词组中
提取字母或音节而成，而汉语缩略词则是由具有独立意义的汉字组成。
英汉新词语义特征的分析是结合新词的理据性展开的。绝大多数英汉新词都
一具有一定的理据性，与其构词成份即词和语素关系密切。新词意义要么是构词成
分意义的简单相加，要么是在构词成分意义的基础上联想而来。语义的透明性、
生动性，语义泛化与缩小及语法意义和情感意义的变化是英汉新词的共同特征。
但这些语义特征的表现方式和程度却不尽相同。英汉语的特点使汉语新词比英语
新词更具透明度。英汉语都借助于隐喻，借喻等修辞手段来形象地表达思想，但
相同情况下，英语多赋旧词以形象的意义，而汉语则是创造形象的复合词。
英汉新词社会文化特征的分析是从社会语言学的角度进行分析的。语言随着
社会的变化而发展。在语言各要素中，词汇对社会的变化最敏感。因此，社会的
发展变化是新词产生的主要推动力量。在所有社会因素当中，最具影响力的是科
学技术的发展、政治、经济的变化及人们日常生活的多样化。英语国家和中国的
社会情况不同，使得其新词有所不同。与此同时，日益增长的全球化趋势巨大地
促进了中国与英语国家的交流与合作。这不仅使英语和汉语中对应新词愈来愈
多，而且使得中国人在许多方面观点越来越与西方人趋于一致，这一点在新词中
就有所反映。
本文通过对英汉新词的全面对比分析，揭示了英汉新词不同之处和共同之
处。英汉新词是语言因素和社会因素相互作用的结果。随着社会的发展，将产生
更多的英汉新词。同时，英汉民族交往的日益频繁必将促进英汉语的进一步接触，
英汉新词也将呈现更多的相似点。
英语和汉语都是当今世界使用广泛的语言，全面系统地对比分析英汉新词对
肇
硕士学位论文
入IA凡1’F只’凡丁I!Esl凡
外语学习和外语教学来说具有特别重要的指导意义。首先，通过比较分析英汉新
词，使外语学习者能更清楚的了解目的语新词的构词特点和语义特点，促进目的
语新词的学习，扩大词汇量。其次，还能使外语学习者加深对目的语文化的认识，
了解英语和汉语不同的表达方式，准确地理解和翻译社会文化内涵丰富的目的语
新词。
Neologisms refer to the words created to express new things, new concepts and new ideas in written and oral communication. Since the 1980s, the world has entered into an information age. Science and technology has been developing rapidly at an unprecedented speed. The world has witnessed great changes in political, economic, cultural fields. At the same time, China has been carrying out a series of political and economic reforms, which have brought about amazing changes in all social aspects. Therefore, a magnitude of neologisms have appeared both in English and Chinese. These neologisms are a great challenge to those who learn English or Chinese as a foreign language.
Both English and Chinese neologisms are created based on their own word elements instead of coming out of the blue. This paper makes a comprehensive analysis and comparison between English and Chinese neologisms with lexicological, semantic and sociolinguistic theories in the hope that it can help foreign language learners get more clear about the formation rules and semantic features of English and Chinese neologisms. It is also aimed to inform foreign language learners of the socio-cultural connotations of English and Chinese neologisms. The neologisms appearing in this paper mainly come from
《英汉大词典补编》 ,《新华新词语词典》 ,《新世纪英语新词语双解词典》, The Oxford Dictionary of New Words, the supplement of new words to Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English etc.
First,'this paper gives the definition and classification of neologism, and then explores the sources of nelogisms. There are three sources of neologisms both in English and Chinese: creating new words with native word elements, adding new meanings to existing words and borrowing words from other languages.
This paper is focused on the analyses of formation features, semantic features and socio-cultural features of English and Chinese neologisms. Based on sueveys of some scholars'
and my own, a conclusion is reached that compounding, affixation and shortening are the most active ways to create neologisms both in English and Chinese. Compounding is more important in Chinese than in English, while affixation is obviously more important in English than in Chinese. Shortening plays a similar role in the two languages. My analyses indicate that there are both differences and similarities in the structures of English and Chinese neologisms. The components of English compounds may have morphological changes, which makes the order of the components flexible in a compound, while the components of Chinese compounds have no such changes, which makes the order of the components in a compound in agreement to that in sentences. English affixes are syllable-based while Chinese affixes are character-based. English shortenings are based on the letters and syllables extracted from words and expressions while Chinese shortenings are based on the meaning-loaded characters extracted from words and expressions.
The analysis of semantic features of English and Chinese neologisms is made according to their motivation. The overwhelming majority of nelogisms are motivated morphologically or semantically or logically. Their meanings are closely related to the meanings of their combining words or morphemes, which may be the simple combination of the combining words or mophemes, or based on the association with the combining words or mophemes. Transparency, vividness, generalization and specialization, change of grammatical meaning and affective meaning of existing words are shared features which can be found among English and Chinese new words. But the ways and degrees in which these features are displayed in the two languages are not always the same. English is spelling-based while Chinese is meaning-based, which makes Chinese neologisms more transparent than English ones in most cases. English and Chinese both turn to rhetorical devices to express ideas vividly, but comparatively English tends to furnish old words with new figurative meanings while Chinese tends to create v
任何一种语言的新词都不是凭空臆造的，而是在一定的社会环境下、根据自身词汇材料按一定的规律构成的。本文从词汇学、语义学和社会语言学的角度对英汉新词进行了全面的对比分析，旨在帮助外语学习者了解英汉新词的构词规律、语义特点及其社会文化内涵，同时，加深对英汉语的认识，进一步了解语言的发展规律。
本文中的英汉新词大多来源于《英汉大词典补编》、《新华新词语词典》、《新世纪英语新词语双解词典》、《牛津新词词典》、《20世纪新词语词典》、《朗文当代英语词典》第三版增补本及《现代汉语词典》2002年增补本。还有一些出自近年来刚刚出版的流行语手册。
作者首先在阐明新词的定义和分类的基础上追述了英汉语新词的来源。英汉新词大都来源于三种途径：运用本民族的语言材料构造新词，旧词赋新义和借用其它民族的语言。
本文的重点是对比分析英汉新词构词特征，语义特征及社会文化特征。英汉新词构词特征的对比分析是从对英汉新词构词方法的调查入手的。利用他人及自己的调查，得出复合法、加缀法和缩略法是二十世纪八十年代以来英汉语中最活跃的构词方法，每一种方法在这两种语言中的作用不尽相同。复合法是两种语言中最活跃的构词方法，但其作用在汉语中相对较大。而加缀法在英语中明显比汉
肇
硕士学位论文
人4A只【’〔R’凡’f 11厂气15
语中起的作用要大。缩略法的作用在英汉语中贝l}相似。每种方法构成的新词结构
特点既有相同之处，也有不同之处。英语重形合，而汉语重意合。因此，英语构
词成分可能有形态变化，使得它们在复合词中的位置较为灵活。汉语构词成分不
具形态变化，在复合词中的位置多受其语法关系的限制。英语词缀是由音节转化
而成的，汉语词缀则是有独立意义的汉字转化而成。英语缩略词是从词或词组中
提取字母或音节而成，而汉语缩略词则是由具有独立意义的汉字组成。
英汉新词语义特征的分析是结合新词的理据性展开的。绝大多数英汉新词都
一具有一定的理据性，与其构词成份即词和语素关系密切。新词意义要么是构词成
分意义的简单相加，要么是在构词成分意义的基础上联想而来。语义的透明性、
生动性，语义泛化与缩小及语法意义和情感意义的变化是英汉新词的共同特征。
但这些语义特征的表现方式和程度却不尽相同。英汉语的特点使汉语新词比英语
新词更具透明度。英汉语都借助于隐喻，借喻等修辞手段来形象地表达思想，但
相同情况下，英语多赋旧词以形象的意义，而汉语则是创造形象的复合词。
英汉新词社会文化特征的分析是从社会语言学的角度进行分析的。语言随着
社会的变化而发展。在语言各要素中，词汇对社会的变化最敏感。因此，社会的
发展变化是新词产生的主要推动力量。在所有社会因素当中，最具影响力的是科
学技术的发展、政治、经济的变化及人们日常生活的多样化。英语国家和中国的
社会情况不同，使得其新词有所不同。与此同时，日益增长的全球化趋势巨大地
促进了中国与英语国家的交流与合作。这不仅使英语和汉语中对应新词愈来愈
多，而且使得中国人在许多方面观点越来越与西方人趋于一致，这一点在新词中
就有所反映。
本文通过对英汉新词的全面对比分析，揭示了英汉新词不同之处和共同之
处。英汉新词是语言因素和社会因素相互作用的结果。随着社会的发展，将产生
更多的英汉新词。同时，英汉民族交往的日益频繁必将促进英汉语的进一步接触，
英汉新词也将呈现更多的相似点。
英语和汉语都是当今世界使用广泛的语言，全面系统地对比分析英汉新词对
肇
硕士学位论文
入IA凡1’F只’凡丁I!Esl凡
外语学习和外语教学来说具有特别重要的指导意义。首先，通过比较分析英汉新
词，使外语学习者能更清楚的了解目的语新词的构词特点和语义特点，促进目的
语新词的学习，扩大词汇量。其次，还能使外语学习者加深对目的语文化的认识，
了解英语和汉语不同的表达方式，准确地理解和翻译社会文化内涵丰富的目的语
新词。
Neologisms refer to the words created to express new things, new concepts and new ideas in written and oral communication. Since the 1980s, the world has entered into an information age. Science and technology has been developing rapidly at an unprecedented speed. The world has witnessed great changes in political, economic, cultural fields. At the same time, China has been carrying out a series of political and economic reforms, which have brought about amazing changes in all social aspects. Therefore, a magnitude of neologisms have appeared both in English and Chinese. These neologisms are a great challenge to those who learn English or Chinese as a foreign language.
Both English and Chinese neologisms are created based on their own word elements instead of coming out of the blue. This paper makes a comprehensive analysis and comparison between English and Chinese neologisms with lexicological, semantic and sociolinguistic theories in the hope that it can help foreign language learners get more clear about the formation rules and semantic features of English and Chinese neologisms. It is also aimed to inform foreign language learners of the socio-cultural connotations of English and Chinese neologisms. The neologisms appearing in this paper mainly come from
《英汉大词典补编》 ,《新华新词语词典》 ,《新世纪英语新词语双解词典》, The Oxford Dictionary of New Words, the supplement of new words to Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English etc.
First,'this paper gives the definition and classification of neologism, and then explores the sources of nelogisms. There are three sources of neologisms both in English and Chinese: creating new words with native word elements, adding new meanings to existing words and borrowing words from other languages.
This paper is focused on the analyses of formation features, semantic features and socio-cultural features of English and Chinese neologisms. Based on sueveys of some scholars'
and my own, a conclusion is reached that compounding, affixation and shortening are the most active ways to create neologisms both in English and Chinese. Compounding is more important in Chinese than in English, while affixation is obviously more important in English than in Chinese. Shortening plays a similar role in the two languages. My analyses indicate that there are both differences and similarities in the structures of English and Chinese neologisms. The components of English compounds may have morphological changes, which makes the order of the components flexible in a compound, while the components of Chinese compounds have no such changes, which makes the order of the components in a compound in agreement to that in sentences. English affixes are syllable-based while Chinese affixes are character-based. English shortenings are based on the letters and syllables extracted from words and expressions while Chinese shortenings are based on the meaning-loaded characters extracted from words and expressions.
The analysis of semantic features of English and Chinese neologisms is made according to their motivation. The overwhelming majority of nelogisms are motivated morphologically or semantically or logically. Their meanings are closely related to the meanings of their combining words or morphemes, which may be the simple combination of the combining words or mophemes, or based on the association with the combining words or mophemes. Transparency, vividness, generalization and specialization, change of grammatical meaning and affective meaning of existing words are shared features which can be found among English and Chinese new words. But the ways and degrees in which these features are displayed in the two languages are not always the same. English is spelling-based while Chinese is meaning-based, which makes Chinese neologisms more transparent than English ones in most cases. English and Chinese both turn to rhetorical devices to express ideas vividly, but comparatively English tends to furnish old words with new figurative meanings while Chinese tends to create v
引文
Algeo, John. 50 Years Among the New Words[M]. New York: Combridge University Press, 1991.
Algeo, John. Vocabulary[A]. Roman, Suzanne. The Cambridge History of English[C]. Beijing: Peking University Press, 1998.
Ayto, John. 20th Century Words[M]Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 20002.
Bauer, Laurie. English Word Formation[M]. Cambridge: Combridge University Press, 1983.
Bauer, Laurie. Watching English Change[M]. London: longman Group Limited, 1994.
Gozzi, Raymond. New Words and a Changing American Culture[M]. the University of South Carolina Press, 1990.
Haugen, Einar. The Analysis of Linguistic Borrowing[J]. Language: 950(26): 210-31.
Knowles, Elizabeth. The Oxford Dictionary of New Words[M]. New York: Oxford University Press Inc.
Gorden, Ian. The Latest English Words andldioms[M]. Beijing: the Commercial Press, 1998.
Holley, Shawn. The New Word Revolution[M]. Beijing: Tsinghua University Press, 2000.
Packard, Jerome, L. The Morphology of Chinese: A Linguistic and Cognitive Approach[M]. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 20001.
Sapire, Edward. Language. An Introduction to the Study of Speech[M]. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 20002.
曹炜．现代汉语词义学[M]．上海：学林出版社，2001．
陈原．社会语言学[M]．北京：商务印书馆，2000．
陈凯．王贝代汉语词典[M]．北京：外语教学与研究出版，2002．
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李国南．辞格与修辞[M]．上海：上海外语教育出版社，2001．
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束定芳．隐喻学研究[M]．上海：上海外语教育出版社，2000．
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杨振明．朗文当代英语词典[M]．北京：外语教学与研究出版，2002．
姚汉铭．新词·社会·文化[M]．上海：上海辞书出版社 1998．
于根元．现代汉语新词词典[M]．北京：北京语言学院出版社，1994．
张琦．新新美语[M]．北京：外语教学与研究出版，2002．
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Algeo, John. Vocabulary[A]. Roman, Suzanne. The Cambridge History of English[C]. Beijing: Peking University Press, 1998.
Ayto, John. 20th Century Words[M]Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 20002.
Bauer, Laurie. English Word Formation[M]. Cambridge: Combridge University Press, 1983.
Bauer, Laurie. Watching English Change[M]. London: longman Group Limited, 1994.
Gozzi, Raymond. New Words and a Changing American Culture[M]. the University of South Carolina Press, 1990.
Haugen, Einar. The Analysis of Linguistic Borrowing[J]. Language: 950(26): 210-31.
Knowles, Elizabeth. The Oxford Dictionary of New Words[M]. New York: Oxford University Press Inc.
Gorden, Ian. The Latest English Words andldioms[M]. Beijing: the Commercial Press, 1998.
Holley, Shawn. The New Word Revolution[M]. Beijing: Tsinghua University Press, 2000.
Packard, Jerome, L. The Morphology of Chinese: A Linguistic and Cognitive Approach[M]. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 20001.
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