汞在酸沉降地区陆地生态系统中的分布与行为
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摘要
自20世纪50年代初日本水俣湾发生举世震惊的“水俣病（Minamata Disease）”
事件以来，人们对汞污染问题已进行了一系列的研究，并对汞在水环境中的富集、
转化、食物链的传递与危害等环节有了较为明晰的认识。至1980年代，人们又认
识到，由于化石燃料燃烧等人为源向大气散发大量的汞，经大气扩散而使其成为全
球性的污染物。人为散发的汞经过一定时间和距离的传输后，超过90％的部分最终
会回落到陆地生态系统，并通过陆生食物链威胁人类健康。
在酸沉降地区的调查发现，伴随酸沉降的危害使土壤—植物系统遭受汞污染的
问题严重，汞在陆生食物链的传递呈数量级上升。因此，对陆地生态系统汞问题的
研究已成为当今不可忽视的重要课题之一。为此，针对目前此研究领域的薄弱环节，
本文选择耗煤量大、汞散发较严重的酸沉降地区——重庆作为调查对象，通过现场
调查、野外田间定点观察和室内模拟试验相结合的方法，对汞在酸沉降地区陆地系
统的分布状况和一些行为特征进行了研究，为预测和控制汞在陆地生态系统的污染
问题提供科学参考依据。
本项研究的调查范围包括重庆市主城区、近郊及远郊区共约556km~2的区域，
调查内容为汞在不同酸沉降危害区近地大气、土壤、植物中的分布状况，区域人为
汞散发源及散发量，近地大气汞与土壤—植物系统汞富集的关系等。
田间试验设在酸沉降危害程度不同的三个点，即重污染区（九龙坡区九龙村）、
轻污染区（北碚区西农农场）和对照区（北碚澄江镇转龙村），各选择一块菜地，
在菜地中心埋设承接淋滤水的装置。试验从2000年5月至2001年1月共种植了豇
豆和洋白菜两季蔬菜，试验期间收集并分析所有降水、降尘、淋滤水样品，定时采
集和分析土壤、植物样品。目的是研究不同酸沉降危害区汞在菜地系统的周转平衡
状况。
盆栽试验设置高气汞和低气汞两组，每组8个处理，各重复4次，共进行2次
莴笋幼苗试验。盆栽试验的目的主要是探讨大气汞对土壤—植物系统的影响规律，
汞在土壤中的形态转化等。
结果表明，汞在陆地系统近地大气的空间分布状况为城区＞农地系统＞林地系
统；大气汞浓度与酸沉降有关联，酸沉降危害严重的区域近地大气汞浓度较高，随
着酸沉降危害程度的降低，近地大气汞浓度相应降低；在对近地面0cm、50cm、100cm
和 150cm 4个高度的大气进行同步采样监测获得的结果表明，在裸地、林地、果园、
菜地二种类型的下垫面上，在距地面 150cm高度范围内，均以 50cm层次的气汞浓
度分布最高，100cm和 150cm层次的大气汞浓度次之，贴近地面（ocm）的大气汞
浓度最低。下垫面类型对大气汞的垂直分布影响较大。在不同类型的下垫面上，以
裸地上部的大气汞浓度分布最高u．648．5 11wIY13），为其它类型的 1倍以上。林地
上部的大气汞浓度最低，仅为 4．1—9．8 ＂g／th＼就点污染源而言，大气汞浓度随着距
污染源距离的槽加而下降，从距重庆体温计厂不同距离内测得的数据看，大气汞浓
度与距离呈幂函数关系，两者的关系为：
y二351．87X刀32M RZ＝09538
近地大气汞的时间变化特征为：在一天内，大气汞浓度以12：opel4：00之间最
高；大气汞月变化状况是卜8月，月平均气汞浓度逐月升高，吕月后逐渐下降。影
响气汞时间变化最重要的因素是气温。在酸沉降重污染区月平均大气汞浓度与月平
均气温的相关系数为0．7666树，轻污染区的相关系数为0．8128的，两地的月平均气
汞浓度均与气温呈极显著的正相关关系。
在田间试验点对大气沉降物进行连续1年的定点监测，结果发现，酸沉降地区
沉降物所含汞的空间分布与大气汞的空间分布大体一致，3个试验点中重污染区九
龙五队大气汞浓度最高，所测得的降尘汞和雨水汞含量也最高，全年降尘汞含量为
0．354 mg／kg，雨水平均汞含量为 65．6 ＂g／L，分别约为对照区的 3 ＄和 2倍。大气沉
降物汞的分布趋势为重污染区＞轻污染区＞对照区。雨水汞的时间分布状况在不同酸
沉降危害区基本一致，其总的变化状况为l—8月，雨水月平均汞含量逐渐下降，9u
月则逐渐上升，其中1、2、12月份较高，7、8月份最低。雨水汞含量的这种分布
趋势与降雨年分布状况密切相关。三个观测点雨水汞含量与降雨量之间均存在显著
的负相关，即降雨量越高，雨水汞含量越低。相应的直线回归方程为：
y ’”－0·3726x＋97．644 r ’二－0．6754“（n。12）
y ＃“－0·267卜73．979 r e二－0．8281”“（＝12）
y M＝·0·2350x＋52石66 r t＝·0．8109”’（n＝fi）
从不同酸沉降区的调查结果可见，出于受到伴随酸沉降危害而产生的汞污染影
2
响，与重庆市紫色土汞的自然背景值门．0628“、1．8 mg／kg）相比 （198年X 目前
酸沉降重污染区的表层土壤汞累积已达到相当高的水平，其表层土壤平均汞含量?
A series of researches about mercury pollution have been conducted since the
worldwide-shocked Minamata Disease happened in Japan in early I 950s, and some
important aspects of mercury pollution to aquatic environment have also been understood
clearly, such as the enrichment, transformation, transfer and endanger of aquatic food-
chain etc. Since I 980s, mercury have been realized as a globe pollutant since large
amounts of mercury from man-made sources such as the combustion of fossil fuels were
emitted into the atmosphere and followed by long-distance transportation. Over 90% of
mercury emitted into the atmosphere could eventually deposit back to the terrestrial
ecosystems, and thus posed a great threat to human health via the terrestrial food chains.
Investigations in the acid deposition areas demonstrated that the soil-plant systems
were seriously polluted by mercury along with the occurring of acid deposition, and
mercury was significantly bio-concentrated in the food chains. Thus, problems of mercury
pollution in terrestrial ecosystems have come to be an important research subject. With the
purpose of better understanding some weak links in this subject, we selected Chongqing,
the acid deposition area with high consumption of coal and thus high emission of mercury,
as the our research base to explore the distribution and behaviors of mercury as influenced
by various environmental factors. Comprehensive methods including on-line investigation,
on-site field monitoring and indoor simulation experiments were adopted for the purpose.
The results may be taken as scientific references for the prediction and control of mercury
pollution in terrestrial ecosystems.
The investigation of this research covered an area of 556 kin2, which involved the
urban district, its environs and the outer suburbs of Chongqing City. The distribution of
mercury in the atmosphere close to land surface, the soil and plant in the regions suffering
the influence of different acid deposition was monitored, the mercury emission from
different anthropogenic sources was quantified, and the influences of atmosphere mercury
on its contents in soil-plant systems were analyzed.
Three field experiments were set in vegetable fields with different pollution degree by
acid deposition for understanding mercury balance under different conditions. The
experiments lasted from May 2000 to January 2001. Cowpea was planted followed by
cabbage. During the experiment, samples of rainfall, deposited dust, leaching water, plant
and soil were periodically taken for analyses of relevant parameters including mercury
content.
Pot experiment was designed to explore the effect regulation of air-Hg on soil-plant
system and the transformation of Hg in soils. The experiment consisted of two groups, i.e.
low air-Hg and high air-Hg, each with 8 treatments and four replications. Two seasons of
young lettuce seedlings were planted.
The investigation results showed that the distribution of Hg in the atmosphere with
different surfaces underneath was in the order of urban area抐arming land>forest land; the
concentrations of air-Hg were relevant to acid deposition: the air-Hg concentrations were
higher in the areas suffering severer acid deposition; The vertical distribution of air-Hg
monitored at the height of 0cm, 50,cm, 100cm and 150cm from the land surfaces
consistently showed a sequence of SOcm>lOOcm>1 SOcm>Ocm regardless of the types of
land surfaces underneath. However, Their magnitudes of concentrations of air-Hg were
significantly af
事件以来，人们对汞污染问题已进行了一系列的研究，并对汞在水环境中的富集、
转化、食物链的传递与危害等环节有了较为明晰的认识。至1980年代，人们又认
识到，由于化石燃料燃烧等人为源向大气散发大量的汞，经大气扩散而使其成为全
球性的污染物。人为散发的汞经过一定时间和距离的传输后，超过90％的部分最终
会回落到陆地生态系统，并通过陆生食物链威胁人类健康。
在酸沉降地区的调查发现，伴随酸沉降的危害使土壤—植物系统遭受汞污染的
问题严重，汞在陆生食物链的传递呈数量级上升。因此，对陆地生态系统汞问题的
研究已成为当今不可忽视的重要课题之一。为此，针对目前此研究领域的薄弱环节，
本文选择耗煤量大、汞散发较严重的酸沉降地区——重庆作为调查对象，通过现场
调查、野外田间定点观察和室内模拟试验相结合的方法，对汞在酸沉降地区陆地系
统的分布状况和一些行为特征进行了研究，为预测和控制汞在陆地生态系统的污染
问题提供科学参考依据。
本项研究的调查范围包括重庆市主城区、近郊及远郊区共约556km~2的区域，
调查内容为汞在不同酸沉降危害区近地大气、土壤、植物中的分布状况，区域人为
汞散发源及散发量，近地大气汞与土壤—植物系统汞富集的关系等。
田间试验设在酸沉降危害程度不同的三个点，即重污染区（九龙坡区九龙村）、
轻污染区（北碚区西农农场）和对照区（北碚澄江镇转龙村），各选择一块菜地，
在菜地中心埋设承接淋滤水的装置。试验从2000年5月至2001年1月共种植了豇
豆和洋白菜两季蔬菜，试验期间收集并分析所有降水、降尘、淋滤水样品，定时采
集和分析土壤、植物样品。目的是研究不同酸沉降危害区汞在菜地系统的周转平衡
状况。
盆栽试验设置高气汞和低气汞两组，每组8个处理，各重复4次，共进行2次
莴笋幼苗试验。盆栽试验的目的主要是探讨大气汞对土壤—植物系统的影响规律，
汞在土壤中的形态转化等。
结果表明，汞在陆地系统近地大气的空间分布状况为城区＞农地系统＞林地系
统；大气汞浓度与酸沉降有关联，酸沉降危害严重的区域近地大气汞浓度较高，随
着酸沉降危害程度的降低，近地大气汞浓度相应降低；在对近地面0cm、50cm、100cm
和 150cm 4个高度的大气进行同步采样监测获得的结果表明，在裸地、林地、果园、
菜地二种类型的下垫面上，在距地面 150cm高度范围内，均以 50cm层次的气汞浓
度分布最高，100cm和 150cm层次的大气汞浓度次之，贴近地面（ocm）的大气汞
浓度最低。下垫面类型对大气汞的垂直分布影响较大。在不同类型的下垫面上，以
裸地上部的大气汞浓度分布最高u．648．5 11wIY13），为其它类型的 1倍以上。林地
上部的大气汞浓度最低，仅为 4．1—9．8 ＂g／th＼就点污染源而言，大气汞浓度随着距
污染源距离的槽加而下降，从距重庆体温计厂不同距离内测得的数据看，大气汞浓
度与距离呈幂函数关系，两者的关系为：
y二351．87X刀32M RZ＝09538
近地大气汞的时间变化特征为：在一天内，大气汞浓度以12：opel4：00之间最
高；大气汞月变化状况是卜8月，月平均气汞浓度逐月升高，吕月后逐渐下降。影
响气汞时间变化最重要的因素是气温。在酸沉降重污染区月平均大气汞浓度与月平
均气温的相关系数为0．7666树，轻污染区的相关系数为0．8128的，两地的月平均气
汞浓度均与气温呈极显著的正相关关系。
在田间试验点对大气沉降物进行连续1年的定点监测，结果发现，酸沉降地区
沉降物所含汞的空间分布与大气汞的空间分布大体一致，3个试验点中重污染区九
龙五队大气汞浓度最高，所测得的降尘汞和雨水汞含量也最高，全年降尘汞含量为
0．354 mg／kg，雨水平均汞含量为 65．6 ＂g／L，分别约为对照区的 3 ＄和 2倍。大气沉
降物汞的分布趋势为重污染区＞轻污染区＞对照区。雨水汞的时间分布状况在不同酸
沉降危害区基本一致，其总的变化状况为l—8月，雨水月平均汞含量逐渐下降，9u
月则逐渐上升，其中1、2、12月份较高，7、8月份最低。雨水汞含量的这种分布
趋势与降雨年分布状况密切相关。三个观测点雨水汞含量与降雨量之间均存在显著
的负相关，即降雨量越高，雨水汞含量越低。相应的直线回归方程为：
y ’”－0·3726x＋97．644 r ’二－0．6754“（n。12）
y ＃“－0·267卜73．979 r e二－0．8281”“（＝12）
y M＝·0·2350x＋52石66 r t＝·0．8109”’（n＝fi）
从不同酸沉降区的调查结果可见，出于受到伴随酸沉降危害而产生的汞污染影
2
响，与重庆市紫色土汞的自然背景值门．0628“、1．8 mg／kg）相比 （198年X 目前
酸沉降重污染区的表层土壤汞累积已达到相当高的水平，其表层土壤平均汞含量?
A series of researches about mercury pollution have been conducted since the
worldwide-shocked Minamata Disease happened in Japan in early I 950s, and some
important aspects of mercury pollution to aquatic environment have also been understood
clearly, such as the enrichment, transformation, transfer and endanger of aquatic food-
chain etc. Since I 980s, mercury have been realized as a globe pollutant since large
amounts of mercury from man-made sources such as the combustion of fossil fuels were
emitted into the atmosphere and followed by long-distance transportation. Over 90% of
mercury emitted into the atmosphere could eventually deposit back to the terrestrial
ecosystems, and thus posed a great threat to human health via the terrestrial food chains.
Investigations in the acid deposition areas demonstrated that the soil-plant systems
were seriously polluted by mercury along with the occurring of acid deposition, and
mercury was significantly bio-concentrated in the food chains. Thus, problems of mercury
pollution in terrestrial ecosystems have come to be an important research subject. With the
purpose of better understanding some weak links in this subject, we selected Chongqing,
the acid deposition area with high consumption of coal and thus high emission of mercury,
as the our research base to explore the distribution and behaviors of mercury as influenced
by various environmental factors. Comprehensive methods including on-line investigation,
on-site field monitoring and indoor simulation experiments were adopted for the purpose.
The results may be taken as scientific references for the prediction and control of mercury
pollution in terrestrial ecosystems.
The investigation of this research covered an area of 556 kin2, which involved the
urban district, its environs and the outer suburbs of Chongqing City. The distribution of
mercury in the atmosphere close to land surface, the soil and plant in the regions suffering
the influence of different acid deposition was monitored, the mercury emission from
different anthropogenic sources was quantified, and the influences of atmosphere mercury
on its contents in soil-plant systems were analyzed.
Three field experiments were set in vegetable fields with different pollution degree by
acid deposition for understanding mercury balance under different conditions. The
experiments lasted from May 2000 to January 2001. Cowpea was planted followed by
cabbage. During the experiment, samples of rainfall, deposited dust, leaching water, plant
and soil were periodically taken for analyses of relevant parameters including mercury
content.
Pot experiment was designed to explore the effect regulation of air-Hg on soil-plant
system and the transformation of Hg in soils. The experiment consisted of two groups, i.e.
low air-Hg and high air-Hg, each with 8 treatments and four replications. Two seasons of
young lettuce seedlings were planted.
The investigation results showed that the distribution of Hg in the atmosphere with
different surfaces underneath was in the order of urban area抐arming land>forest land; the
concentrations of air-Hg were relevant to acid deposition: the air-Hg concentrations were
higher in the areas suffering severer acid deposition; The vertical distribution of air-Hg
monitored at the height of 0cm, 50,cm, 100cm and 150cm from the land surfaces
consistently showed a sequence of SOcm>lOOcm>1 SOcm>Ocm regardless of the types of
land surfaces underneath. However, Their magnitudes of concentrations of air-Hg were
significantly af
引文
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[2]白瑛，张祖锡，郁明柬，孟筠，张小葳，1986．土壤条件与汞的富集和迁移．北京农业大学学报，12(3)：302～305．
[3]陈乐恬，刘俊华，佟玉芹，林玉环，王文华，Liu S, Carloy R J, 2000．北京地区大气中汞污染状况的初步调查．环境化学，19(4)：357～361．
[4]陈乐恬，张晓山，林玉环，佟玉芹，1999．大气环境中汞的形态及其分析方法．环境化学，18(6)：584～588．
[5]陈怀满等，1996．土壤—植物系统中的重金属污染．北京，科学出版社．
[6]陈荣华，林鹏，1989．红树苗对汞的吸收和净化．环境科学学报，9(2)：219～223．
[7]城乡环境建设部编写组，1986．环境监测分析方法．北京，中国环境科学出版社．
[8]陈尧华，1985．重庆市近郊区土壤汞污染的初步探讨．环境科学动态，7(4)：7～11．
[9]崔瑞平，赵彬彬，满洪界，1987．某汞矿冶炼厂附近环境汞污染调查．环境科学，8(3)：65～67．
[10]曹洪法，1981．陆地生态系统中重金属的污染．环境科学，2(2)：61～64．
[11]戴昭华，黄衍初 1983．汞在土壤中的分布．环境科学，4(6)：32～35．
[12]邓明，罗春，杨扬，1989，汞、镉在城郊农业生态环境中的行为及影响研究．农业环境保护，8(2)：20～24．
[13]杜式华，方声钟，1984．植物蒸腾作用、吸汞速率与温度的关系．环境科学，5(1)：24～27．
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