用户名: 密码: 验证码:
美国大学教授协会研究
详细信息    本馆镜像全文|  推荐本文 |  |   获取CNKI官网全文
摘要
学术自由是人们孜孜追求的理想,但是大学自成立以来,维系其学术生命的学术自由就不断地遭到威胁与挑战,宗教的、财阀的和政治领域的影响在某种程度上超过了学术本身发展所带来的影响。大学作为一个探求高深学问的场所,自成立之日起,就注定需要学术自由这样一个最优工作环境的保障。美国大学教授协会(American Association of University Professors,简称AAUP)作为美国学术自由的立法者和捍卫者,教师人事制度的制定者,在20世纪所践行的一系列理念与原则成为世界学术自由的维系典范,其建立起来的学术自由保障机制更是各国仿效的榜样。我国的学术界长期以来由于教育的官本位思想,学术自由仅仅停留在理念的层面,在具体的学术活动中仍是受行政主导,学术人员的学术自由权利仍然受到很大的限制。我国提出建立世界一流大学之时,学术自由显得格外重要,需要建立健全的学术自由保障机制。研究美国大学教授协会对于我国高等教育相关实践具有重要的借鉴意义。
     本文运用文献研究法、历史研究法和比较研究法在对美国大学教授协会的成立背景、组织沿革、组织现状进行具体考察的基础上,总结其成就以及原因,并对我国高等教育相关领域进行借鉴。
     美国社会崇尚民主与自由的政治环境以及南北战争后快速发展的经济是美国大学教授协会成立的社会背景,再加上美国教育环境中教师社会地位的提高、教师结社意识的加强、学术自由的危机、相关法律保障的缺失和罗斯事件的导引,美国大学教授协会应运而生。美国大学教授协会自成立以来经历了初期的曲折、战后的重振、组织工会化以及改革时期等四个大的阶段,至今协会已具备比较完善的组织结构、组织章程、组织运行机制以及鲜明的组织特征。通过集体谈判、利益诉求和司法判例等手段,美国大学教授协会建立起了一系列有关学术自由和终身制的保障制度,促进了学术职业的提升并维护了教授治校权力。借鉴美国大学教授协会的成就,我国应加快有关学术自由的立法,促进教师专业组织的完善,并加强高校工会的维权意识,教师应充分参与学术管理与决策。
     本文的创新之处在于:深入考察美国大学教授协会组织成立的社会背景和教育背景,组织的现状及其成就,探求蕴涵其中的教育理念与实践标准,为我国高等教育发展提供相关借鉴。
Academic freedom is essential to academic development . In fact ,since the university was established, academic freedom always be controlled by religion ,politics and economic needs, while the university is destined to be academically free. As a regulation designer for academic freedom, AAUP has developed a series of ideas and principles enhancing academic freedom .In the times of building world-level university, academic freedom is exclusively important to the development of China higher education.
     This thesis will introduce the background in which AAUP was established, its development phrases, its present organizational entity, and analyze its achievement in American profession, finally apply to our educational practice.
     AAUP, being rooted in typical American social background, went through four important phrases and became a smooth organization. Through a series of efforts AAUP has reached its goal as promoter of academic profession: protecting academic freedom and tenure; ensuring shared governance; enhancing academic profession. To critically apply AAUP's experience, our nation should accelerate legislation about academic freedom; labor union needs to defend faculty's rights and interests which should be economically independent. Our colleges and universities should develop academically democratic management to relieve faculty from the various unnecessary rules and regulations and establish mutual understandings between faculty and administrative management, ensuring faculty's rights by enforceable regulations.
     The innovation of the thesis is to explore AAUP's ideas and principles about academic profession through researching the social and educational background of AAUP and introducing AAUP's development phrases and present organizational situation. Historically research about AAUP provides some beneficial experiences for China higher education.
引文
① 李子江.论美国学术自由的组织与制度保障—AAUP及其关于学术自由和终身制的原则声明[J].比较教育研究,2003,(10):19.
    ② 王保星.美国大学教师终身教职与学术自由的关系[J].北京大学教育评论,2005,(1):81.
    ③ 耿益群,高益民.美国高校终身教授制度的历史演进[J].比较教育研究,2005,(7):32.
    ④ 刘北成.以职业安全保障学术自由—美国终身教职的由来及争论[J].美国研究,2003,(4):98.
    ① 王保星.美国大学教师终身教职与学术自由的关系[J].北京大学教育评论,2005,(1):81.
    ② 耿益群,高益民.美国高校终身教授制度的历史演进[J].比较教育研究,2005,(7):32.
    ③ 屈琼斐.美国大学终身聘任后评审制[J].比较教育研究,2006,(2):52.
    ④ 顾建民.美国大学终身教职制度改革[J].清华大学教育研究,2006,(1):39.
    ① 耿益群.美国高校终身教授制度的困境与出路[J].比较教育研究,2006,(2):47.
    ② 李子江.美国大学集体谈判制度的形成与发展[J].比较教育研究,2006,(3):23.
    ① [美]埃里克·方纳.美国自由的故事[M].王希译.北京:商务印书馆,2002.37.
    ② About the First Amendment [EB/OL]. http://www.firstamendmentcenter.org/about.aspx?item=about_firstamd. 2005-10-07
    ③ [法]托克维尔.论美国的民主[M].董良果译.北京:商务印书馆,1988.36.
    ④ [美]诺曼·杰·奥恩斯坦,学利·埃尔德.利益集团、院外活动和政策制订[M].潘同文等译.北京:世界知识出版社,1981.24.
    ⑤ 孟亚波.美国的利益集团[J].国际资料信息,2002,(6):11-14.
    ① 黄安年.美国的崛起[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,1992.353-354.
    ① 别敦荣.美国大学学术管理发展的历程及其启示[J].厦门大学学报(哲社版),1998,(2):116.
    ② 徐辉.外国高校教师队伍管理的历史发展及启示[J].比较教育研究,2003,(10):77-81.
    ① Hofstadter Richard & Smith Wilson. American Higher Education: a documentary history, vol. 2 [Z]. Chicago: the University of Chicago press, 1961, 858-859.
    ② 托克维尔.《论美国的民主》(下)[M].董果良译.商务印书馆,1988.635.
    ① Metzger, Walter P. Academic Freedom in the Age of the University. Colombia University Press, 1995.218-219.
    ② Metzger, Walter P. Academic Freedom in the Age of the University. Colombia University Press, 1995. 202-204.
    ① Lipset, Seymour M. Who is The Enemy? In Sidney Hook et al. (ed.), the Idea of a Modern University. N.Y.: Prometheus Book, 1974. 244.
    ① Carr, Robert K., Vaneyck, Daniel K. Collective Bargaining Comes to Campus. American Council on Education, Washington, D.C., 1973. 180-181.
    ② Hutcheson, Philo A. A Professional Professoriate: Unionization, Bureaucratization, and AAUP. Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press, 2000. 169-170.
    ① Henry Rosovsky. The University: An Owner's Manual. New York: W. W. Norton and Company, Inc., 1990. 189.
    ① 生云龙,美国大学教授协会(AAUP)与终身教职[J].清华大学教育研究,2003,(1):80.
    ① About AAUP [EB/OL]. http://www aaup.org/aboutaaup/description.htm.2005-11-08.
    ② 1940 Statement of Principles on Academic Freedom and Tenure with 1970 Interpretive Comments [EB/OL]. http://www.aaup.org/statements/Redbook/1940stat.htm.2005-10-25.
    ① Alstete Jeffrey W. Post-Tenure Faculty Development Building A System of Faculty Improvement and Appreciation. The George Washington University Press, 2000.3.
    ① About AAUP [EB/OL]. http://www.aaup.org/aboutaaup/description.htm. 2005-10-26.
    ① About AAUP [EB/OL]. http://www.aaup.org/aboutaaup/history.htm. 2005-11-07.
    ② What Is Censure?[EB/OL]. http://www.aaup.org/Com-aprcenback.htm. 2005-11-07
    ③ [美]詹姆斯·M·伯恩斯等.美国式民主[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,1993.270.
    ① Sweezy.New Hampshire [EB/OL]. http://www.firstamendmentcenter.org/faclibrary/case.aspx?case=Sweezy-v-NH. 2005-10-07.
    ② Cases & codes [EB/OL]. http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=us&vol=385&invol=589. 2005-11-06.
    ③ About AAUP [EB/OL].http://www.aaup.org/Legal/info%20outlines/legdften.htm.2005-11-06.
    ① 江雪梅,赵明录.影响大学教师学术自由的因素分析[J].高等教育研究,2005,(2):57.
    ② 周光礼.在控权与管理之间:中国高等教育行政法理学取向[J].现代大学教育,2003,(2):10.
    ① 江雪梅,赵明录.影响大学教师学术自由的因素分析[J].高等教育研究,2005,(2):57.
    ① 霍尔巴赫.自然的体系(下卷)[M].上海:商务印书馆,1964.423.
    ② 毕宪顺,杨海山,王艳明.高校学术人员参与管理和决策的调查与研究[J].高等教育研究,2005,(4):49-51.
    ③ 熊丙奇.大学有问题[M].成都:天地出版社,2004.105.
    [1] [美]埃里克·方纳.美国自由的故事[M].王希译.北京:商务印书馆,2002.
    [2] [美]德里克·博克.走出象牙塔——现代大学的责任[M].徐小洲,陈军译.杭州:浙江教育出版社,2001.
    [3] 舸听.漫步美国大学——美国著名大学今昔纵横谈(续编)[M].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学出版社,2000.
    [4] 何晋秋,曹南燕编著.美国科技与教育发展[M].北京:人民教育出版社,2002.
    [5] 贺练平,杨孟著.美国教育的发展与改革[M].武汉:武汉大学出版社,1994.
    [6] 贺国庆.近代欧洲对美国教育的影响[M].石家庄:河北大学出版社,1999.
    [7] 贺国庆.德国和美国大学发达史[M].北京:人民教育出版社,1998.
    [8] [美]诺曼·杰·奥恩斯坦,学利·埃尔德.利益集团、院外活动和政策制订[M].潘同文等译.北京:世界知识出版社,1981.
    [9] 孙云畴等编译.美国史话(上册)[M].桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2002.
    [10] 施晓光.美国大学思想论纲[M].北京:北京师范大学出版社,2001.
    [11] [法]托克维尔.论美国的民主[M].董良果译.北京:商务印书馆,1988.
    [12] 王英杰.美国高等教育的发展与改革[M].北京:人民教育出版社,2001.
    [13] [美]詹姆斯·M·伯恩斯等.美国式民主[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,1993.
    [1] 别敦荣.美国大学学术管理发展的历程及其启示[J].厦门大学学报(哲社版),1998,(2).
    [2] 顾建民.美国大学终身教职制度改革[J].清华大学教育研究,2006,(1).
    [3] 耿益群.美国高校终身教授制度的困境与出路[J].比较教育研究,2006,(2).
    [4] 耿益群,高益民.美国高校终身教授制度的历史演进[J].比较教育研究,2005,(7).
    [5] 李子江.论美国学术自由的组织与制度保障—AAUP及其关于学术自由和终身制的原则声明[J].比较教育研究,2003,(10).
    [6] 李子江.美国大学集体谈判制度的形成与发展[J].比较教育研究,2006,(3).
    [7] 李红惠.AAUP为何能维护美国大学教授的权益[J].现代大学教育,2004,(5).
    [8] 刘北成.以职业安全保障学术自由—美国终身教职的由来及争论[J].美国研究,2003,(4).
    [9] 孟亚波.美国的利益集团[J].国际资料信息,2002,(6).
    [10] 屈琼斐.美国大学终身聘任后评审制[J].比较教育研究,2006,(2).
    [11] 生云龙.美国大学教授协会(AAUP)与终身教职[J].清华大学教育研究,2003,(1).
    [12] 谭融.美国的利益集团政治理论综述[J].天津大学学报(社科版),2001,(1).
    [13] 王保星.美国大学教师终身教职与学术自由的关系[J].北京大学教育评论,2005,(1).
    [14] 徐辉.外国高校教师队伍管理的历史发展及启示[J].比较教育研究,2003,(10).
    [15] 张斌贤,李子江.论学术自由在美国的制度化历程[J].沈阳师范大学学报(社会科学版),2003,(5).
    [1] A Report and Recommendations by The Carnegie Commission on Higher Education, Governance of Higher Education: Six Priority Problems, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1973.
    [2] Alstete, Jeffrey W. Post-Tenure Faculty Development Building A system of Faculty Improvement and appreciation[M]. The George Washington University Press, 2000.
    [3] AAUP 1966 Statement on Government of Colleges and Universities, by Louis Joughin Ed., Academic Freedom and Tenure: A Handbook of the American Association of University Professors, The University of Wisconsin Press, 1967.
    [4] Baldridge, T.V.eds., Policy Making and EffectiveLeadership, Jossey-BassPublishers, 1978:267.
    [5] Hansenw L, Guidugli Y. F. Comparing Salary and Employment Gains for Higher Education Administrators and Faculty Members. Journal of Higher Education, 1990, (2).
    [6] Badde, Hans W. Academic Freedom: The Scholar's Place in Modern Society. New York: Oceana Publications, Inc., 1964.
    [7] Kim Moody. "Forum: Replies to Bronfenbrenner". The Nation, September 2001, 22.
    [8] Kerr c. The Great Transformation in Higher Education: 1960—1980. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1991.
    [9] "On the Relationship of Faculty Governance to Academic Freedom," Policy Documents and Reports.
    [10] Hutcheson, Philo A. A Professional Professoriate: Unionization, Bureaucratization, and AAUP. Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press, 2000.
    [11] Hofstadter Richard & Walter Metzger. The Development of Academic Freedom in the United States. New York: Columbia University Press, 1955.
    [12] Carr, Robert K. Daniel K. Vaneyck. Collective Bargaining Comes to Campus. American Council on Education, Washington, D.C., 1973.
    [13] Hofstadter Richard & Wilson Smith. American higher education: a documentary history, vol.2 [Z]. Chicago: the University of Chicago press, 1961.
    [14] Lipset, Seymour M. Who is The Enemy? In Sidney Hook et al.(ed.), The Idea of A Modern University. N.Y. Prometheus Book, 1974.
    [15] Slaughter, Leilie. Academic Capitalism: Politics, Policies, and Entrepreneurial University. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997.
    [16] Shumar w.College for Sale: A Critique of the Commodifieation of Higher Education, London, Washington, D. C.: The Falmer Press, 1997.
    [17] Stanley Aronowitz. The Knowledge Factory. Boston: Beacon Press, 2000.
    [18] S Willis Rudy. The Revolution in American Higher Education, 1865-1900. Harvard Educational Review 21, 1951.
    [19] Thomas Haskell. "Justifying the Rights of Academic Freedom in the Era of Power/Knowledge" in the Future of Academic Freedom, ed. Louis Menand. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996.
    [20] Kaplin, William A. The Law of Higher Education. Jossey-Bass Publishers, 1978. World University Service, Academic Freedom: A Human Rights Report, edited by John Daniel, Frederick de Vlaming, Nigel Hartley, Manfred Nowak, Zed Books Ltd., 1993, Introduction.
    [21] Metzger, Walter P. Academic Freedom in the Age of the University. Columbia University Press, 1995.
    [22] "1915 Declaration of Principles," Policy Documents and Reports, 294.

© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号

地址:北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编:100083

电话:办公室:(+86 10)66554848;文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新:66554700