高效垂直流人工湿地污水处理系统实践研究
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摘要
基于人工湿地污水处理系统的应用研究现状，本研究结合工程实践石岩人工湿地和甘坑人工湿地进行探索研究，内容包括前处理、不同填料、不同植物、不同深度、回流系统等对处理效果的影响分析，工程效益分析，并就如何管理维护中、大型规模垂直流人工湿地提出了有意义的见解。研究结果表明：
(1) 人工湿地的预处理系统非常必要，水解酸化池内置有弹性立体填料的系统对有机污染物有较好的去除效果，CODcr去除率范围：30％～53.5％；BOD_5去除率范围：32.5％～66％，为后续人工湿地处理系统提供可靠稳定的水质。
(2) 影响整个人工湿地处理效果的主要因素：前处理效果、水力负荷、填料、填枓深度、植物生长状况等。
(3) 采用四种新型湿地填料效果均比一般采用的砂砾级配填料效果好。不同新型填料对CODcr和BOD_5的去除差异不大，但对PO_4-P、NH_3-N的去除差异较明显。对污染物的整体去除效果规律：微生物填料＞铁-碳填料＞石灰石填料＞活性生物钙填料。因此针对不同处理对象特征选用不同的填料。
(4) 芦苇和风车草去除污染物效果都较好。再力花和象草对CODcr和BOD_5及PO_4-P的去除效果较好，但对NH_3-N的去除很差，去除率分别为14.3％，23.7％。因此应针对不同的处理对象特征选用不同的植物。
(5) 对湿地池三处不同深度出水的水质进行对比，分析认为污染物在不同深度的去除情况变化规律为：PO_4-P、NH_3-N：75cm＞60cm＞45cm；CODcr、BOD_5：60cm＞75cm＞45cm。
(6) 系统回流处理效果较好，CODcr的去除从一次处理出水浓度61.6mg/L降至34mg/L；BOD_5的去除从一次处理出水浓度26.2mg/L降至8mg/L；PO_4-P的去除从一次处理出水浓度3.91mg/L降至1.06mg/L；NH_3-N的去除从一次处理出水浓度26.7mg/L降至18mg/L。
(7) 垂直流人工湿地污水处理系统具有投资成本低、运行费用低、处理效果好和景观效果好等优点。
本研究在垂直流人工湿地系统的处理规模、工艺组合及新型填料的选用等方面均有了一定的突破，为垂直流人工湿地污水处理系统的推广应用提供实用的理论依据和实践经验。
According to current research of Constructed Wetlands wastewater treatment system, this paper does some research with Shiyan Constructed wetland and Gankeng Constructed wetland, including pre-treatment system, different substrate, different plants, different depths of substrate, recycle system, benefits analysis and provides constructive views to how to manage and maintenance middle or large scale Vertical Flow Constructed wetlands. Main results as bellow:
(1) Pre-treatment system is a must part. The treatment performance of hydrolyzed-acid pond with stuff is good, reduction of CODcr, BOD5 by 30% - 53.5%, 32.5%~66% respectively.
( 2 ) There are many factors affecting treatment performance of Vertical Flow Constructed Wetland, including pre-treatment system, hydraulic loading, depths of substrate, and kinds of plant.
( 3 ) This study applies four new substrate, all of them have better performance than normal sand. There are slightly different removal rate of CODcr, BOD5 with different substrate. But the different removal rate of PO4-P, NH3-N is significant. So, different pollutant resources should use different substrate. The order of whole performance, Microorganism substrate performed better than Compound substrate with Fe and C, Compound substrate with Fe and C performed better than Limestone substrate, Limestone substrate performed better than biological Ca substrate.
(4) Reduction of pollutant with Phragmites and Cyperus are very effective, Thalia and Pemnistum also have good reduction performance with CODcr, BOD5, PO4-P, but low performance forNH3-N. So different pollutant resources should use different plants.
(5 ) The study compared treatment performance with three different depths. The order of reduction percentage as follow:
PO4-P, NH3-N: 75cm>60cm>45cm, CODcr, BOD5: 60cm>70cm>45cm.
(6) There is good performance of recycle system, CODcr, BOD5, P04-P, NH3-N can have large amount reduction by recycle system.
(7) Vertical flow Constructed Wetlands provide many benefits, including low investment, cheap operational fee, high treatment efficiencies, and landscaping.
This research makes breakthrough in scale of treatment system, combined treatment process and substrate, it also provides theory and experiences and promotes ecological treatment process, to some extent.
(1) 人工湿地的预处理系统非常必要，水解酸化池内置有弹性立体填料的系统对有机污染物有较好的去除效果，CODcr去除率范围：30％～53.5％；BOD_5去除率范围：32.5％～66％，为后续人工湿地处理系统提供可靠稳定的水质。
(2) 影响整个人工湿地处理效果的主要因素：前处理效果、水力负荷、填料、填枓深度、植物生长状况等。
(3) 采用四种新型湿地填料效果均比一般采用的砂砾级配填料效果好。不同新型填料对CODcr和BOD_5的去除差异不大，但对PO_4-P、NH_3-N的去除差异较明显。对污染物的整体去除效果规律：微生物填料＞铁-碳填料＞石灰石填料＞活性生物钙填料。因此针对不同处理对象特征选用不同的填料。
(4) 芦苇和风车草去除污染物效果都较好。再力花和象草对CODcr和BOD_5及PO_4-P的去除效果较好，但对NH_3-N的去除很差，去除率分别为14.3％，23.7％。因此应针对不同的处理对象特征选用不同的植物。
(5) 对湿地池三处不同深度出水的水质进行对比，分析认为污染物在不同深度的去除情况变化规律为：PO_4-P、NH_3-N：75cm＞60cm＞45cm；CODcr、BOD_5：60cm＞75cm＞45cm。
(6) 系统回流处理效果较好，CODcr的去除从一次处理出水浓度61.6mg/L降至34mg/L；BOD_5的去除从一次处理出水浓度26.2mg/L降至8mg/L；PO_4-P的去除从一次处理出水浓度3.91mg/L降至1.06mg/L；NH_3-N的去除从一次处理出水浓度26.7mg/L降至18mg/L。
(7) 垂直流人工湿地污水处理系统具有投资成本低、运行费用低、处理效果好和景观效果好等优点。
本研究在垂直流人工湿地系统的处理规模、工艺组合及新型填料的选用等方面均有了一定的突破，为垂直流人工湿地污水处理系统的推广应用提供实用的理论依据和实践经验。
According to current research of Constructed Wetlands wastewater treatment system, this paper does some research with Shiyan Constructed wetland and Gankeng Constructed wetland, including pre-treatment system, different substrate, different plants, different depths of substrate, recycle system, benefits analysis and provides constructive views to how to manage and maintenance middle or large scale Vertical Flow Constructed wetlands. Main results as bellow:
(1) Pre-treatment system is a must part. The treatment performance of hydrolyzed-acid pond with stuff is good, reduction of CODcr, BOD5 by 30% - 53.5%, 32.5%~66% respectively.
( 2 ) There are many factors affecting treatment performance of Vertical Flow Constructed Wetland, including pre-treatment system, hydraulic loading, depths of substrate, and kinds of plant.
( 3 ) This study applies four new substrate, all of them have better performance than normal sand. There are slightly different removal rate of CODcr, BOD5 with different substrate. But the different removal rate of PO4-P, NH3-N is significant. So, different pollutant resources should use different substrate. The order of whole performance, Microorganism substrate performed better than Compound substrate with Fe and C, Compound substrate with Fe and C performed better than Limestone substrate, Limestone substrate performed better than biological Ca substrate.
(4) Reduction of pollutant with Phragmites and Cyperus are very effective, Thalia and Pemnistum also have good reduction performance with CODcr, BOD5, PO4-P, but low performance forNH3-N. So different pollutant resources should use different plants.
(5 ) The study compared treatment performance with three different depths. The order of reduction percentage as follow:
PO4-P, NH3-N: 75cm>60cm>45cm, CODcr, BOD5: 60cm>70cm>45cm.
(6) There is good performance of recycle system, CODcr, BOD5, P04-P, NH3-N can have large amount reduction by recycle system.
(7) Vertical flow Constructed Wetlands provide many benefits, including low investment, cheap operational fee, high treatment efficiencies, and landscaping.
This research makes breakthrough in scale of treatment system, combined treatment process and substrate, it also provides theory and experiences and promotes ecological treatment process, to some extent.
引文
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3．刘昌明．中国水资源论坛：宗旨与设想[R]，中国水资源论坛．2002．9
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