油气集输系统油/水过渡层治理技术研究
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摘要
油田进入原油开采的中后期时,采出液含水率非常高,原油脱水是油气集输系统中的关键环节。各大油田采用了热脱、电脱、机械离心、添加化学药剂、超声等方法,不断提高原油脱水率,保证原油品质。调查发现,油/水过渡层的存在导致原油脱水不及时,脱水效率低下,严重影响原油品质。针对这种情况,本课题以聚驱采出液沉降罐中油/水过渡层为研究对象,研究油/水过渡层的形成机理及其对原油脱水的影响,并采用二氧化氯氧化破乳法对油/水过渡层进行治理。
本课题通过调查研究和化学分析等手段,首先分析油/水过渡层的结构特征和组成特征,根据油/水过渡层的组成和系统环境的特征,研究了油/水过渡层的形成机理;然后进行了二氧化氯氧化治理油/水过渡层的技术研究,并以脱水率为考察指标,考察了反应温度、搅拌时间、反应时间、加酸量以及二氧化氯溶液浓度对二氧化氯治理油/水过渡层脱水效果的影响规律,通过正交实验分析得出最佳治理方案。最后,考察了二氧化氯治理油/水过渡层的腐蚀性和安全性。
研究结果表明,油/水过渡层是在天然乳化剂(胶质、沥青质等)、固体颗粒乳化剂(硫化亚铁、碳酸盐等)和聚合物共同作用下形成的稳定性强的油水乳化层,其中固体颗粒乳化剂含量虽然不多,但却起着决定性作用,特别是其中的FeS胶态颗粒的存在是油/水过渡层能够稳定存在的重要原因。通过试验证实,二氧化氯对油/水过渡层有较好的治理效果。油/水过渡层的脱水率受反应温度、搅拌时间、反应时间、加酸量以及二氧化氯溶液浓度的影响。新鲜的油/水过渡层在55℃,搅拌5 min,反应4 h,ClO_2浓度10%,加酸量0.3%的条件下脱水率可达86%。陈化的油/水过渡层在50℃,搅拌5 min,反应5 h,ClO_2浓度15%,加酸量0.5%的条件下脱水率可达到90%。在此条件下,腐蚀率在均匀腐蚀三级标准中的可用(0.1~1.0 mm/a)范围内。按照理论计算,二氧化氯的残余量不大,在控制好治理工艺的前提下,可以确保系统安全。
With the successive increase of water content, most oilfields have entered into the late development stage. So crude oil dehydration is the key procedure in the oil gathering and transportation system. In order to enhance dewatering rate and improve the quality of oil, many methods have been used in oilfields, such as thermal dehydration, electric dehydration, mechanical centrifugal dehydration, adding chemical reagent, ultrasonic dehydration and so on. The survey found that the quality of crude oil has been seriously affected as the existence of oil/water transition layers resulting in the dehydration of crude oil is not timely or inefficient. Therefore, we focus on analyzing the formation mechanism of oil/water transition layers, discussing its impact on crude oil dehydration and using the method of ClO_2 oxidation demulsification for the remediation of oil/water transition layers.
The method of analysis and chemistry experiment was used in the research. Firstly, the structure and composition of the oil/water transition layers were analyzed and its formation mechanism. Then, the survey for the remediation of oil/water transition layers with ClO_2 oxidation had been performed. With the dewatering rate as target, the rules for temperature, stirring time, reaction time, acid volume and concentration of ClO_2 impacting on oil/water transition layers were researched. The best remediation option was determined with orthogonal experiment analysis,. In addition, causticity and security of the process of oil/water transition layers’remediation were discussed under the best option.
The study found that oil/water transition layers is an oil/water emulsion which is formed under the joint action of natural emulsifiers, solid particle emulsifiers and polymers. The content of solid particle emulsifiers especially FeS is not much, but their existence decides the steady state of oil/water transition layers. The experimental results show that ClO_2 could effectively improve the dehydration rate of oil/water transition layers. The dehydration rate depends on stirring time, reaction temperature, reaction time, acid volume and concentration of ClO_2. For fresh oil/water transition layers, the dehydration rate could reach to 86% with option 55℃, stirring 5min, reaction time 4h, concentration of ClO_2 10% and acid volume 0.3%. For aging oil/water transition layers, the dehydration rate could reach to 90% with option 50℃, stirring 5min, reaction time 5h, concentration of ClO_2 15% and acid volume 0.5%. Under these conditions, the corrosion rate of corrosion is in the range of available standards (0.1 ~ 1.0 mm / a). Theoretically less residual ClO_2 content will ensure system safe on the condition of controlling well with the remediation process.
本课题通过调查研究和化学分析等手段,首先分析油/水过渡层的结构特征和组成特征,根据油/水过渡层的组成和系统环境的特征,研究了油/水过渡层的形成机理;然后进行了二氧化氯氧化治理油/水过渡层的技术研究,并以脱水率为考察指标,考察了反应温度、搅拌时间、反应时间、加酸量以及二氧化氯溶液浓度对二氧化氯治理油/水过渡层脱水效果的影响规律,通过正交实验分析得出最佳治理方案。最后,考察了二氧化氯治理油/水过渡层的腐蚀性和安全性。
研究结果表明,油/水过渡层是在天然乳化剂(胶质、沥青质等)、固体颗粒乳化剂(硫化亚铁、碳酸盐等)和聚合物共同作用下形成的稳定性强的油水乳化层,其中固体颗粒乳化剂含量虽然不多,但却起着决定性作用,特别是其中的FeS胶态颗粒的存在是油/水过渡层能够稳定存在的重要原因。通过试验证实,二氧化氯对油/水过渡层有较好的治理效果。油/水过渡层的脱水率受反应温度、搅拌时间、反应时间、加酸量以及二氧化氯溶液浓度的影响。新鲜的油/水过渡层在55℃,搅拌5 min,反应4 h,ClO_2浓度10%,加酸量0.3%的条件下脱水率可达86%。陈化的油/水过渡层在50℃,搅拌5 min,反应5 h,ClO_2浓度15%,加酸量0.5%的条件下脱水率可达到90%。在此条件下,腐蚀率在均匀腐蚀三级标准中的可用(0.1~1.0 mm/a)范围内。按照理论计算,二氧化氯的残余量不大,在控制好治理工艺的前提下,可以确保系统安全。
With the successive increase of water content, most oilfields have entered into the late development stage. So crude oil dehydration is the key procedure in the oil gathering and transportation system. In order to enhance dewatering rate and improve the quality of oil, many methods have been used in oilfields, such as thermal dehydration, electric dehydration, mechanical centrifugal dehydration, adding chemical reagent, ultrasonic dehydration and so on. The survey found that the quality of crude oil has been seriously affected as the existence of oil/water transition layers resulting in the dehydration of crude oil is not timely or inefficient. Therefore, we focus on analyzing the formation mechanism of oil/water transition layers, discussing its impact on crude oil dehydration and using the method of ClO_2 oxidation demulsification for the remediation of oil/water transition layers.
The method of analysis and chemistry experiment was used in the research. Firstly, the structure and composition of the oil/water transition layers were analyzed and its formation mechanism. Then, the survey for the remediation of oil/water transition layers with ClO_2 oxidation had been performed. With the dewatering rate as target, the rules for temperature, stirring time, reaction time, acid volume and concentration of ClO_2 impacting on oil/water transition layers were researched. The best remediation option was determined with orthogonal experiment analysis,. In addition, causticity and security of the process of oil/water transition layers’remediation were discussed under the best option.
The study found that oil/water transition layers is an oil/water emulsion which is formed under the joint action of natural emulsifiers, solid particle emulsifiers and polymers. The content of solid particle emulsifiers especially FeS is not much, but their existence decides the steady state of oil/water transition layers. The experimental results show that ClO_2 could effectively improve the dehydration rate of oil/water transition layers. The dehydration rate depends on stirring time, reaction temperature, reaction time, acid volume and concentration of ClO_2. For fresh oil/water transition layers, the dehydration rate could reach to 86% with option 55℃, stirring 5min, reaction time 4h, concentration of ClO_2 10% and acid volume 0.3%. For aging oil/water transition layers, the dehydration rate could reach to 90% with option 50℃, stirring 5min, reaction time 5h, concentration of ClO_2 15% and acid volume 0.5%. Under these conditions, the corrosion rate of corrosion is in the range of available standards (0.1 ~ 1.0 mm / a). Theoretically less residual ClO_2 content will ensure system safe on the condition of controlling well with the remediation process.
引文
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