京郊低山风景游憩林质量评价及调控关键技术研究
|
摘要
随着短线旅游和城市周边游的增加,以及城郊交通等基础设施的完善,北京市近郊森林无疑将成为容纳居民休闲游憩和锻炼的重要场所,恢复、提高和完善北京近郊森林景观已成为北京市森林经营工作的核心之一。本研究从单木景观、林内景观、视域近景、视域中远景等4个景观尺度对京郊低山风景游憩林资源进行系统调查；对京郊低山典型风景游憩林的林木质量与生长动态、林分质量与生长动态和景观斑块结构合理性进行研究；从上述4个尺度构建北京低山风景游憩林质量评价指标体系,并对其质量现状进行综合评价；针对京郊低山风景游憩林质量存在的问题,从单木质量调控、林分质量调控和斑块合理配置等方面提出北京低山风景游憩林质量调控的关键技术。主要研究结论如下：
(1)对不同林分密度下油松(Pinus tabulaeformis)、山桃(Prunus davidiana)的树冠特征进行研究。结果表明,不同林分密度油松平均木和优势木枝长的轴向生长过程遵循“S”型曲线,优势木的轴向生长明显优于平均木但年际间变幅大；林分密度影响着山桃的树冠结构特征和开花量。高密度林分山桃的活枝下高分别比中(2500株／hm2-3500株／hm2)、低(<2500株／hm2)密度林分林木高20.0%和14.3%,树冠率则低于中、低密度林分个体16.7%,高密度(>3500株／hm2)；林分密度在一定程度上对一级侧枝的各种树冠形态参数产生影响,但不同处理间差异不显著,而对较高序级枝条的枝长度、基径、枝角和侧枝密度有显著或极显著影响；各序级枝条的基径随密度提高而增大,且与枝角呈负相关,与枝长度呈显著正相关；山桃总花量和花密度均表现为低密度>中密度>高密度,但不同林分密度之间的花密度差异不显著,不同密度林分中,各序级枝条的花密度均表现为低密度较高；在低密度(<2500株／hm2)林分中,各树冠层次中的枝条结构均有利于光的吸收,长短枝比例相对比较合理,建议山桃风景林的经营密度应控制在2500株／hm2以内。
(2)分别对油松人工林、侧柏(Platycladus orientalis)人工林和山桃人工林的合理竞争指数指标进行筛选,其中,油松林和侧柏林适宜采用RCS竞争指数来拟合冠幅的生长,山桃林适宜CI_(CV)竞争指数作为因变量拟合树冠的生长。
(3)在对油松、侧柏的直径和树高生长动态进行分析的基础上,利用生长量修正法对油松林、侧柏林的单木树冠半径生长动态进行模拟,建立不同立地指数侧柏、油松人工林不同竞争强度下林分密度表,并以油松林为例对间伐起始期、间伐量和间伐间隔期进行分析。
(4)以油松和侧柏林木、林内景观、视域近景为研究对象,通过主成分分析得到各研究对象的主要美学质量影响因子；利用各景观要素的主成分得分值作为各研究对象类型划分新指标,用欧氏距离衡量各景观要素的差异大小,采用类平均法对各研究对象进行系统聚类,将油松林木和侧柏林木分为4个美学质量等级,将美景度值较高的林分景观、春景林和秋景林分别分为5、4和6种类型；并提出了5种林内景观经营模式、4种春景林经营模式和6种秋景林经营模式。
(5)以各个尺度的景观要素主成分分析结果的基础,并吸收前人相关研究成果,采用层次分析法从单木景观、林内景观、视域近景和视域中远景等4个尺度(共41个景观要素)构建了京郊低山风景游憩林质量评价指标体系,并利用构建的评价指标体系对对北京市园林绿化局西山试验林场昌华景区风景游憩林的风景质量进行评价,该风景游憩林风景质量总体水平不高,综合值为32.33分,属于接近较好水平的一般等级,需进行质量调控。
(6)提出了单木质量调控技术、林分质量调控技术和景观斑块配置的一般性原则。
本研究成果可为京郊低山风景游憩质量评价和调控提供理论依据和技术支撑,并为国内其他地区风景游憩林质量提升和低效风景游憩林的评定提供参考。
As toruism and travel aroud the city become more and more popular and the infrastructure has being improved, the forests in suburbans of Beijing have become a more important space for the residents to refresh and exercise. However, the poor quality of forest landscape and the shortage of recreational facilities can rarely meet the recreational needs. So, how to restore and improve the forest landscape becomes the key problem of the forest management in suburbans of Beijing. In this paper, firstly, the resource of scenic-recreational forest in suburbans of Beijing was systematically investigated from four landscape scales, including single trees landscape, in-forest landscape, foreground landscape and prospect landscape. Secondly, single tree quality and growth dynamics, stand quality and growth dynamics, and the arrangement of landscape patches were also studied. Thirdly, a comprehensive evaluation system of landscape elements was constructed on the four scales mentioned above. And the comprehensive quality of forest landscape in suburbans of Beijing was assessed. Lastly, some adjusting technics for improving the quality of scenic-recreational forests of diverse scales was put forward respectively.
The main conclusions are as follows:
(1) The crown characters of Pinus tabulaeformis and Prunus davidiana were studied. The results show that the elongation growth of branches of both average trees and dominant trees in different stock densities of Pinus tabulaeformis stands were following the curve as S. But the amount and interannual change of elongation growth of dominant trees were significantly higher than the average trees. And the crown structure character and flowers of Prunus davidiana were affected by stand density. Crown development was restrained in high density stand, so the height of the first live branch increases and caused the crown ratio to decrease, however, because of the competition between different individual trees, the crown width decreases as a result of the increase of stock density. Even though the differences of 1st branch with various stock density were not significant, the branch length, branch angle, basal diameter of branch and lateral branch density of other order branches were evidently influenced by stock density. And basal diameter increases with the increasing stock density. Length of branch significantly increased with its basal diameter but decreases with branch angle. Low stock density has a relatively reasonable proportion of branches and spurs. And the branch structure had more advantages for the photosynthesis of leaves in different crown depth and had a large quantity of flowers. Accordingly, the stock density of scenic forest of Prunus davidiana should be less than 2500 trees/hm2.
(2) The reasonable competition indices of Pinus tabulaeformis plantation, Platycladus orientalis plantation and Prunus davidiana plantation were stuied. The result shows that the competition index of RCS was proper to construct the crown growth models of Pinus tabulaeformis plantation and Platycladus orientalis plantation, while the competition index of CI_(CV) is proper to construct the crown growth models of Prunus davidiana plantation.
(3) Based on the analysis of the diameter and height growth of Pinus tabulaeformis plantation and Platycladus orientalis plantation, the crown diameter growth of the two type of forest was developed. And the stand density table for different cite indices in different competition indices was constructed respectively. Taking Pinus tabulaeformis plantation for example, the start time for tinning, the tinning intensity and the tinning plastochrone were proposed.
(4) The main landscape elements of Pinus tabulaeformis and Platycladus orientalis on the three scales of single tree, in-forest landscape and foreground landscape were studied by principal component analysis. Using principal component score of each research object as the new classification indices, the qualities of Pinus tabulaeformis and Platycladus orientalis single trees were divided into 4 types, the in-forest of higher scenic beauty were divided into 5 types, and spring scenic forest and autumn scenic forest are divided into 4 types and 6 types respectively by cluster analysis. And 5 types of in-forest landscape construction models,4 types of spring scenic forest construction models and 6 types of autumn scenic forest construction models were also proposed.
(5) By taking analytic hierarchy process on single trees landscape, in-forest landscape, foreground landscape and prospect landscape, a comprehensive evaluation system was constructed. By using the system, the quality of the forest landscape in Changhua was assessed. The result shows that the quality of forest landscape was little less than fair average quality and the overall value is 32.33 points, so the forest in the zone should be modulated.
(6) The techniques for adjusting single tree quality, stand quality and landscape patches arrangement were proposed.
The results not only provide the theoretical and technical support for assessing and modulating the quality of scenic-recreational forest in the Suburban Mountains in Beijing, but also help to improve and assess the scenic beauty of forest landscape in other regions.
(1)对不同林分密度下油松(Pinus tabulaeformis)、山桃(Prunus davidiana)的树冠特征进行研究。结果表明,不同林分密度油松平均木和优势木枝长的轴向生长过程遵循“S”型曲线,优势木的轴向生长明显优于平均木但年际间变幅大；林分密度影响着山桃的树冠结构特征和开花量。高密度林分山桃的活枝下高分别比中(2500株／hm2-3500株／hm2)、低(<2500株／hm2)密度林分林木高20.0%和14.3%,树冠率则低于中、低密度林分个体16.7%,高密度(>3500株／hm2)；林分密度在一定程度上对一级侧枝的各种树冠形态参数产生影响,但不同处理间差异不显著,而对较高序级枝条的枝长度、基径、枝角和侧枝密度有显著或极显著影响；各序级枝条的基径随密度提高而增大,且与枝角呈负相关,与枝长度呈显著正相关；山桃总花量和花密度均表现为低密度>中密度>高密度,但不同林分密度之间的花密度差异不显著,不同密度林分中,各序级枝条的花密度均表现为低密度较高；在低密度(<2500株／hm2)林分中,各树冠层次中的枝条结构均有利于光的吸收,长短枝比例相对比较合理,建议山桃风景林的经营密度应控制在2500株／hm2以内。
(2)分别对油松人工林、侧柏(Platycladus orientalis)人工林和山桃人工林的合理竞争指数指标进行筛选,其中,油松林和侧柏林适宜采用RCS竞争指数来拟合冠幅的生长,山桃林适宜CI_(CV)竞争指数作为因变量拟合树冠的生长。
(3)在对油松、侧柏的直径和树高生长动态进行分析的基础上,利用生长量修正法对油松林、侧柏林的单木树冠半径生长动态进行模拟,建立不同立地指数侧柏、油松人工林不同竞争强度下林分密度表,并以油松林为例对间伐起始期、间伐量和间伐间隔期进行分析。
(4)以油松和侧柏林木、林内景观、视域近景为研究对象,通过主成分分析得到各研究对象的主要美学质量影响因子；利用各景观要素的主成分得分值作为各研究对象类型划分新指标,用欧氏距离衡量各景观要素的差异大小,采用类平均法对各研究对象进行系统聚类,将油松林木和侧柏林木分为4个美学质量等级,将美景度值较高的林分景观、春景林和秋景林分别分为5、4和6种类型；并提出了5种林内景观经营模式、4种春景林经营模式和6种秋景林经营模式。
(5)以各个尺度的景观要素主成分分析结果的基础,并吸收前人相关研究成果,采用层次分析法从单木景观、林内景观、视域近景和视域中远景等4个尺度(共41个景观要素)构建了京郊低山风景游憩林质量评价指标体系,并利用构建的评价指标体系对对北京市园林绿化局西山试验林场昌华景区风景游憩林的风景质量进行评价,该风景游憩林风景质量总体水平不高,综合值为32.33分,属于接近较好水平的一般等级,需进行质量调控。
(6)提出了单木质量调控技术、林分质量调控技术和景观斑块配置的一般性原则。
本研究成果可为京郊低山风景游憩质量评价和调控提供理论依据和技术支撑,并为国内其他地区风景游憩林质量提升和低效风景游憩林的评定提供参考。
As toruism and travel aroud the city become more and more popular and the infrastructure has being improved, the forests in suburbans of Beijing have become a more important space for the residents to refresh and exercise. However, the poor quality of forest landscape and the shortage of recreational facilities can rarely meet the recreational needs. So, how to restore and improve the forest landscape becomes the key problem of the forest management in suburbans of Beijing. In this paper, firstly, the resource of scenic-recreational forest in suburbans of Beijing was systematically investigated from four landscape scales, including single trees landscape, in-forest landscape, foreground landscape and prospect landscape. Secondly, single tree quality and growth dynamics, stand quality and growth dynamics, and the arrangement of landscape patches were also studied. Thirdly, a comprehensive evaluation system of landscape elements was constructed on the four scales mentioned above. And the comprehensive quality of forest landscape in suburbans of Beijing was assessed. Lastly, some adjusting technics for improving the quality of scenic-recreational forests of diverse scales was put forward respectively.
The main conclusions are as follows:
(1) The crown characters of Pinus tabulaeformis and Prunus davidiana were studied. The results show that the elongation growth of branches of both average trees and dominant trees in different stock densities of Pinus tabulaeformis stands were following the curve as S. But the amount and interannual change of elongation growth of dominant trees were significantly higher than the average trees. And the crown structure character and flowers of Prunus davidiana were affected by stand density. Crown development was restrained in high density stand, so the height of the first live branch increases and caused the crown ratio to decrease, however, because of the competition between different individual trees, the crown width decreases as a result of the increase of stock density. Even though the differences of 1st branch with various stock density were not significant, the branch length, branch angle, basal diameter of branch and lateral branch density of other order branches were evidently influenced by stock density. And basal diameter increases with the increasing stock density. Length of branch significantly increased with its basal diameter but decreases with branch angle. Low stock density has a relatively reasonable proportion of branches and spurs. And the branch structure had more advantages for the photosynthesis of leaves in different crown depth and had a large quantity of flowers. Accordingly, the stock density of scenic forest of Prunus davidiana should be less than 2500 trees/hm2.
(2) The reasonable competition indices of Pinus tabulaeformis plantation, Platycladus orientalis plantation and Prunus davidiana plantation were stuied. The result shows that the competition index of RCS was proper to construct the crown growth models of Pinus tabulaeformis plantation and Platycladus orientalis plantation, while the competition index of CI_(CV) is proper to construct the crown growth models of Prunus davidiana plantation.
(3) Based on the analysis of the diameter and height growth of Pinus tabulaeformis plantation and Platycladus orientalis plantation, the crown diameter growth of the two type of forest was developed. And the stand density table for different cite indices in different competition indices was constructed respectively. Taking Pinus tabulaeformis plantation for example, the start time for tinning, the tinning intensity and the tinning plastochrone were proposed.
(4) The main landscape elements of Pinus tabulaeformis and Platycladus orientalis on the three scales of single tree, in-forest landscape and foreground landscape were studied by principal component analysis. Using principal component score of each research object as the new classification indices, the qualities of Pinus tabulaeformis and Platycladus orientalis single trees were divided into 4 types, the in-forest of higher scenic beauty were divided into 5 types, and spring scenic forest and autumn scenic forest are divided into 4 types and 6 types respectively by cluster analysis. And 5 types of in-forest landscape construction models,4 types of spring scenic forest construction models and 6 types of autumn scenic forest construction models were also proposed.
(5) By taking analytic hierarchy process on single trees landscape, in-forest landscape, foreground landscape and prospect landscape, a comprehensive evaluation system was constructed. By using the system, the quality of the forest landscape in Changhua was assessed. The result shows that the quality of forest landscape was little less than fair average quality and the overall value is 32.33 points, so the forest in the zone should be modulated.
(6) The techniques for adjusting single tree quality, stand quality and landscape patches arrangement were proposed.
The results not only provide the theoretical and technical support for assessing and modulating the quality of scenic-recreational forest in the Suburban Mountains in Beijing, but also help to improve and assess the scenic beauty of forest landscape in other regions.
引文
[1]艾运盛.武夷山国家风景名胜区游憩效益的评价[J].北京林业大学学报,1996,18(3)：89～97.
[2]包为民,万新宇,京艳东,等.基于主成分分析的河流洪水系统聚类法[J].河海大学学报(自然科学版),2008,36(1)：1～5.
[3]包战雄,潘辉,陈平留.风景林评价及生态风景林建设的研究——以厦门天竺山森林公园两二水库风景林为例[J].林业勘察设计(福建),2003,(1)：36～39.
[4]北京市规划委员会《北京城市总体规划(2004年—2020年)》http://www.bjghw.gov.cn/web/static/catalogs/catalog_233/233.html.
[5]北京市统计信息网http://www.bjstats.gov.cn/xwgb/tjgb/ndgb/201002/t20100202_165217.htm.
[6]北京市园林绿化局统计资料http://www.bjyl.gov.cn/bjyl-outside/includes/articleContent.jsp
[7]蔡碧凡,顾晓艳.森林游憩对生态环境的影响及其对策[J].西部林业科学,2005,34(1)：74～78.
[8]曹辉,兰思仁.福州国家森林公园森林景观游憩效益评价[J].林业经济问题,2001,21(5)：296～298.
[9]陈崇贵.平凉地区山桃资源的开发利用[J].中国水土保持,1989(5)：20～22.
[10]陈华成,曾锋,邱治军.深圳凤凰山生态风景林林分改造效果[J].广东林业科技,2004,20(4)：35～42.
[11]陈景和.华山森林公园旅游资源的综合评价[J].山东林业科技,2003,(3)：20～21.
[12]陈秋华.森林旅游资源P-R评价法的研究[J].福建林学院学报,2003,23(1)：57～60.
[13]陈涛,李刚,梁正阳.深圳生态风景林树种选择与示范林营造[J].中国园林,1999,15(4)：48～51.
[14]陈鑫峰,贾黎明,王雁,等.京西山区风景游憩林季相景观评价及经营技术原则[J].北京林业大学学报,2008,30(4)：39～45.
[15]陈鑫峰,贾黎明.京西山区森林林内景观评价研究[J].林业科学,2003,39(4)：59～66.
[16]陈鑫峰,沈国舫.森林游憩的几个重要概念辨析[J].世界林业研究,2000,13(1)：69～76.
[17]陈鑫峰,王雁.森林游憩业发展回顾[J].世界林业研究,1999,12(12)：32～37.
[18]陈鑫峰.京西山区森林景观评价和风景游憩林营建研究——兼论太行山区的森林游憩业建设[D].北京林业大学,2000.
[19]程广有,沈熙环.东北红豆杉开花结实的规律[J].东北林业大学学报,2001,29(3)：44～46.
[20]但新球,周光辉.森林游憩对环境与景观生态系统的影响[J].中南林业调查规划,1996,15(1)：56～60.
[21]董建文,兰思仁,林洁,等.观光茶园景观美景度评价及营建技术[J].中南林业科技大学学报,2009b,29(3)：142～145.
[22]董建文,廖艳梅,许贤书,等.秋季观赏植物单株美景度评价[J].东北林业大学学报,2010a,38(3)：42～46.
[23]董建文,翟明普,徐程扬,等.京郊侧柏刺槐林植物组成特征对林内景观美景度的影响[J].江西农业大学学报,2007,29(5)：756～761
[24]董建文,翟明普,徐程扬,等.京郊风景游憩林侧柏——刺槐群落林下植被生态位研究[J].中国生态农业学报,2007a,15(4)：13～17.
[25]董建文,翟明普,徐程扬,等.京郊风景游憩林侧柏——刺槐群落林下植被种间联结研究[J].江西农业大学学报,2007b,29(1)：66～71.
[26]董建文,翟明普,章志都,等.福建省山地坡面风景游憩林单因素美景度评价研究[J].北京林业大学学报(自然科学版),2009a,31(6)：154～158.
[27]董建文,章志都,许贤书,等.福建省山地坡面风景游憩林美景度综合评价及构建技术[J].东北林业大学学报,2010b,38(4)：45～48.
[28]董建文.福建中、南亚热带风景游憩林构建技术研究[D].北京林业大学,2006.
[29]董义虎,杨增海,胡霓云,等.山桃茎尖培养研究[J].果树科学,1985(3)：10～14.
[30]段劫,马履一,贾黎明,等.北京低山地区油松人工林立地指数表的编制及应用[J].林业科学,2009,45(3)：7～12.
[31]段仁燕,黄敏毅,吴甘霖,等.天柱山黄山松种内与种间竞争的研究[J].广西植物,2008,28(1)：78～81.
[32]段仁燕,王孝安.太白红杉种群邻体范围与邻体竞争强度的研究[J].西北植物学报,2004,24(12)：23～35.
[33]邓送求,闫家锋,王宁,等.间伐强度对不同林分类型美景度的影响[J].东北林业大学学报,2010,38(3)：4～7.
[34]房城,王成,郭二果,等.城郊森林公园游憩与游人生理健康关系[J].东北林业大学学报,2010,38(3)：87～90,107.
[35]丰炳财,徐高福,胡锦生,等.千岛湖区新型多功能景观游憩林建设研究[J].浙江林业科技,2000,20(5)：64～70.
[36]冯学华,林爵平.深圳市主要植被类型与生态风景林营造模式[J].长沙电力学院学报(自然科学版),2001,16(2)：87～90.
[37]甘敬.北京山区森林健康评价研究[D].北京林业大学,2007.
[38]郭宝章,严玉玲.森林美景之特征与育林作业之配合[J].现代育林,1991,(1)：32～38.
[39]郭亮.浅议白云山生态风景林建设规划[J].华东森林经理,2004,18(2)：38～41.
[40]韩国君,李凤日,沈海龙.城市绿化红皮云杉枝条的分布规律[J].东北林业大学学报,2007,35(4)：3～6.
[41]韩蕊莲,侯庆春.山桃山杏苗木耗水特性研究[J].西北植物学报,1996,16(6)：92～94.
[42]韩兴吉.油松树冠枝生长规律的探讨[J].北京林学院学报,1985,(3)：50～59.
[43]郝小飞.我国森林景观视觉设计途径初探——以北京西山森林景观调整为例[D].北京林业大学,2007.
[44]何忠伟,王友年.京郊旅游发展现状及方向[J].科技与经济,2007,20(2)：50～52.
[45]胡锦生,潘兰贵.千岛湖景观游憩林的建设构想[J].杭州科技,2001,(6)：22～26.
[46]胡淑萍,李卫忠,余燕玲,等.基于TCM的太白山森林公园游憩效益评估[J].西北林学院学报,2005,20(2)：171～174.
[47]黄启堂,董建文,王艳霞,等.寿宁南山风景区森林景观格局研究[J].中国农学通报,2009a,25(5)：238～244.
[48]黄启堂,董建文,王艳霞,等.福建省南山风景区景观动态预测[J].热带作物学报,2009b,30(5)：704～709.
[49]霍亚贞.北京自然地理[M].北京：北京师范大学出版社,1989.
[50]贾黎明,李效文,郝小飞,等.基于SBE法的北京山区油松游憩林抚育技术原则[J].林业科学,2007,43(9)：144～149.
[51]贾炜玮.樟子松人工林枝条生长及节子大小预测模型的研究[D].东北林业大学,2006.
[52]姜春前,何艺玲,韦新良.森林生态旅游效益评价指标体系研究[J].林业科学研究,2004,17(3)：334～339.
[53]蒋伊尹,李凤日,李长胜.兴安落叶松幼、中龄林生长规律的研究[J].东北林业大学学报,1990,18(1)：1～7.
[54]蒋有绪,臧润国.海南岛尖峰岭树木园热带树木基本构筑型的初步研究[J].资源科学,1999,21(4)：80～84.
[55]金莹杉,翟明普,王超,等.北京西山风景林景观空间分布格局研究[J].北京林业大学学报,2007,29(3)：74～80.
[56]金幼菊,柳维波,吴京科,等.油松针叶精油萜烯组成的研究Ⅱ——萜烯含量与季节、叶龄及朝向的关系组成及其与其它两针松的比较[J].北京林业大学学报,1994,16(3)：38～47.
[57]金幼菊,吴京科,孙福,等.油松针叶精油萜烯组成的研究Ⅰ——油松针叶的萜烯组成及其与其它两针松的比较[J].北京林业大学学报,1994,16(3)：38～47.
[58]康华靖,陈子林,刘鹏,等.大盘山香树(Emmenopterys henryi)种内及其与常见伴生种之间的竞争关系[J].生态学报,2008,28(7)：3456～3463.
[59]兰思仁.福建省森林景观类型及地理分布概述[J].林业资源管理,2002,(1)：55～59.
[60]李博.植物竞争——作物与杂草相互作用的实验研究[M].北京：等教育出版社,2001.
[61]李宏彬,郭春华.风景林建设的艺术性与生态观[J].西北林学院学报,2006,21(3)：134～137.
[62]李晖.风景评价的灰色聚类——风景资源评价中一种新的量化方法[J].中国园林,2002,(1)：14～16.
[63]李明阳,崔志华,申世广,等.紫金山风景林美学评价与森林游憩活动适宜度量化模型研究[J].北京林业大学学报(社会科学版),2008,7(3)：6～11.
[64]李明阳,刘礼,吴翼,等.基于Geomatics可视化功能的风景林美学评价方法研究——以南京梅花山为例[J].西南林学院学报,2007,27(2)：11～15.
[65]李世东.张家界国家森林公园风景质量评价[J].南京林业大学学报,1993,17(4)：43～47.
[66]李树人,赵勇,李相宽,等.城市森林对热污染和人体舒适度影响的研究[J].河南农业大学学报,1995,29(1)：12～18.
[67]李文敏.宝鸡天台山风景名胜区森林植物景观与评价[J].中国园林,1998,14(60)：35～37.
[68]李文松,刘金福,林思祖,等.三明市梅列区北山风景林综合评价研究[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2008,36(8)：144～151.
[69]李晓储,黄利斌,刘泽东,等.要塞森林公园森林生态景观建设的探讨[J].江苏林业科技,1997,24(1)：51～53.
[70]李效文,贾黎明,郝小飞,等.森林景观SBE评价方法[J].中国城市林业,2007,5(3)：33～36.
[71]李效文,田甜,贾黎明.北京山区侧柏游憩林抚育技术模式研究[J].北京林业大学学报,2008,30(3)：44～50.
[72]李效文.北京低山主要风景游憩林抚育技术模式研究[D].北京林业大学,2008
[73]李运龙,谭文雄.深圳宝安区生态风景林改造成效分析[J].中南林业调查规划,2008,27(1)：16～18.
[74]李征宇,黄世满.海南岛海岸热带风景林带归化建设的研究[J].中国园林,2004,(8)：66～68.
[75]林翠新,廖庆文,彭星元.深圳市龙岗区生态风景林植被类型及其规划[J].林业建设,2003,(3)：12～16.
[76]林文镇.森林美学[M].台北：淑馨出版社,1991.
[77]林源祥,杨学军.模拟地带性植被类型建设高质量城市植被[J].中国城市林业,2003,1(2)：21～24.
[78]刘敏,陈田,刘爱利.旅游地游憩价值评估研究进展[J].人文地理,2008,(1)：13～19.
[79]刘平.美国森林植被模拟系统(FVS)在北京地区人工林上的应用研究[D].北京林业大学,2007
[80]刘星丽,安晨霞,吴继东,等.樟子松人工林一级枝条基径模型的研究[J].林业科技情报,2009,49(1)：24～26.
[81]刘兆刚,李凤日,于金成.落叶松人工林单木模型的研究[J].植物研究,2003,23(2)：237～245.
[82]刘兆刚,刘继明,李凤日,等.樟子松人工林树冠结构的分形分析[J].植物研究,2005,25(4)：465～470.
[83]陆兆苏,余国宝,张治强等.紫金山风景林的动态及其经营对策[J].南京林学院学报,1985,(3)：1～11.
[84]陆兆苏,赵德海,李明阳,等.按照风景林的特点建设森林公园[J].华东森林经理,1994,8(2)：12～17.
[85]陆兆苏.南京市中山风景区森林经理的实践和研究[J].华东森林经理,1991,(1)：1～6.
[86]陆兆苏.森林美学初探[J].华东森林经理,1995,9(3)：24～28.
[87]陆兆苏.森林美学与森林公园的建设[J].华东森林经理,1996,10(1)：44～49.
[88]罗明春.森林公园景点分级方法讨论[J].森林旅游,1998,(5)：12～14.
[89]罗艳菊.不同利用水平下游客对游憩利用影响感知的差异——兼论其对总体满意度的作用[J].经济地理,2006,26(4)：698～701.
[90]罗耀华,陈庆诚,张鹏云.兴隆山阴暗针叶林空间格局及其利用光能的对策[J].生态学报,1984,4(1)：10～20.
[91]马丰丰,贾黎明,段劫,等.北京山区侧柏人工林立地指数表的编制[J].北京林业大学学报,2008,30(6)：78～82.
[92]马剑英,孙学刚,贾戎.兰州地区森林公园质量综合定量评价[J].甘肃农业大学学报,2002,37(2)：174～179.
[93]马克明,祖元刚.兴安落叶松分枝格局的分形特征[J].植物研究,2000,20(2)：235～241.
[94]孟平,吴诗华.风景林概述[J].中国园林,1995,11(4)：39～41.
[95]孟宪宇.测树学[M].北京：中国林业出版社,2006
[96]孟永庆,陈应发.森林游憩价值评估的8种方法[J].林业经济.1994,6(5)：60～61.
[97]欧阳勋志,廖为民,彭世揆.天然阔叶林景观质量评价及其垂直结构优化技术[J].应用生态学报,200718(6)：1388～1392.
[98]欧阳勋志.婺源县森林景观美学评价及其对生态旅游影响的研究[D].南京林业大学,2004.
[99]欧阳志云,王效科,等.中国陆地生态系统服务功能及其生态经济价值的初步研究[J].生态学报,1999,19(5)：607～613.
[100]朴顺姬,杨持,黄绍峰,等.羊草种群密度与生长动态研究[J].植物生态学报,1997,21(1)：60-66.
[101]茹正忠,冯选记,高伯慰,等.山地风景林不同树种的造林效果分析[J].林业科技通 讯,2001,(10)：7～9.
[102]邵国凡,赵士洞,舒噶特.森林动态模拟——兼论红松林的优化经营[M].北京：中国林业出版社,1995.
[103]沈国舫.森林的社会、文化和景观功能及巴黎地区的城市林业[J].世界林业研究,1992,5(2)：2～6.
[104]沈国舫.森林培育学[M].北京：中国林业出版社,2001.
[105]施德法,吕洪飞,胡吉安等.金华双龙风景名胜区风景林植被研究[J].华东森林经理,1996,10(1)：55～57.
[106]孙冰,尹光天,廖绍波,等.深圳市生态风景林体系总体规划与布局研究[J].中国城市林业,2004,2(4)：8～11.
[107]孙玉军,王雪军,张志,等.基于GIS的森林景观定量分类[J].生态学报,2003,23(12)：2540～2544.
[108]汤孟平,陈永刚,施拥军,等.基于Voronoi图的群落优势树种种内种间竞争[J].生态学报,2007,27(11)：4708～4717.
[109]童丽丽,金波,汤庚国.南京地区风景林植物群落质量的综合评价体系[J].浙江林业科技,2008,28(3)：23～27.
[110]万志洲,李晓储,徐海兵,等.南京中山陵风景区常绿阔叶树种引进及风景林林相改造技术的研究[J].江苏林业科技,2001,28(5)：22～26.
[111]王炳贵.厦门天竺山森林公园森林景观资产初步评估[J].北京林业大学学报,1999,21(6)：84～88.
[112]王超.北京西山风景林抚育间伐技术[D].北京林业大学,2007.
[113]王传书,张钧成.林业哲学与森林美学问题研究[M].北京：科学出版社,1992.
[114]王鸿斌,张真,孔祥波等.油松萜烯类挥发物释放规律与红脂大小蠹危害的关系[J].北京林业大学学报,2005,27(2)：75～79.
[115]王菁黎,罗菊春.风景林植物群落质量的综合评价[J].福建林学院学报,2004,24(4)：379～384.
[116]王连茂.香山公园游憩效益的经济评价[J].林业经济,1993,(3)：66～71.
[117]王喜金,王娜丽.植树造林与观光旅游结合——古北口彩叶工程建设及效益分析[J].中国林业,2009,(11)：42.
[118]王小德.风景林景观建设初探[J].华东森林经理,2000,14(1)：12～14.
[119]韦翠鸾.北京西山风景林抚育技术研究[D].北京林业大学,2004.
[120]韦新良.会稽山旅游度假区森林景观配置研究[J].中南林业调查规划,1999,(1)：16～19.
[121]魏长晶,李江风,张志.森林旅游资源开发潜力定量评价研究——以武汉市为例[J].资源开发与市场,2006,22(3)：220～223.
[122]文益君,周根苗,张晓蕾,等.基于粗糙集的风景林景观美学评价[J].林业科学,2009,45(1)：1～7
[123]翁友恒.厦门市生态风景林建设与评价[J].华东森林经理,2001,15(1)：52～54
[124]邬建国.景观生态学：格局、过程、尺度与等级[M].北京：高等教育出版社,2001.
[125]吴楚材,黄绳纪.桃源洞国家森林公园的空气负氧离子含量及评价[J].中南林学院学报,1995,15(1)：9-12.
[126]吴楚材,郑群明,钟林生.森林游憩区空气负氧离子水平的研究[J].林业科学,2001,37(5)：75～81.
[127]吴楚材,钟林生.马尾松纯林林分因子对空气负离子浓度影响的研究[J].1998,18(1)：70～73.
[128]吴南生.北京西山风景游憩林抚育理论与技术研究[D].北京林业大学,2006.
[129]吴守蓉,詹桂汶,陈学群,等.利用TCM法和CBA法对日本朝日林进行经济效益评价[J].福建林业科技,2004,31(2)：26～30.
[130]吴章文.森林游憩区保健旅游资源的深度开发[J].北京林业大学学报,2003,25(2)：63～67.
[131]武国强,黄大庄,冯学全,等.国内外关于森林旅游对自然保护区环境影响的研究进展[J].河北林果研究,2005,20(3)：300～304.
[132]项卫东,薛建辉.旅游干扰对森林景观与环境的影响[J].南京林业大学学报(自然科学版),2000,24(Z1)：52～55.
[133]肖锐,李凤日,刘兆刚.樟子松人工林分枝结构的分析[J].植物研究,2006,26(4)：490～496.
[134]谢凝高,郑心舟,谷光灿.云南石林景观美学价值评价研究[J].地理研究,2001,20(5)：517～526.
[135]徐程扬.不同光环境下紫椴幼树树冠结构的可塑性响应[J].应用生态学报,2001,12(3)：339～343.
[136]徐高福.建设千岛湖新型多功能景观游憩林[J].云南林业调查规划设计,2000,25(1)：54～59.
[137]徐建华.现在地理学中的数学方法[M].北京：高等教育出版社,2002.
[138]闫家锋,关庆伟,邓送求,等.徐州云龙山侧柏林景观评价[J].中国城市林业,2009,7(1)：12～14.
[139]杨定海,彭重华,罗丽华.岳麓山风景名胜区景观资源综合评价研究[J].福建林业科技,2004,31(1)：17～20.
[140]杨学军,李永涛,石富超.东平国家森林公园风景林美学评价及经营对策[J].上海农学院学报,1999,17(3)：201～207,236.
[141]杨云良.区域旅游资源定量评价研究[J].干旱区地理,1999,22(4)：10～19.
[142]叶碧华,张鑫华.东源县主要植被类型与生态风景林营造模式[J].广东林业科技,2004,20(3)：68～71.
[143]于汝元,范兆飞,范琳科,等.北京西山国家森林公园人工林质量及景观效应分析[J].北京林业大学学报,1997,19(Supp.2)：29～35.
[144]余新晓,秦永胜,陈丽华,等.北京山地森林生态系统服务功能及其价值初步研究[J].生态学报,2002,22(5)：783～786.
[145]运筹学教材编写组.运筹学[M].北京：清华大学出版社,2001.
[146]俞孔坚,吉庆萍.专家与公众景观审美差异研究及对策[J].中国园林,1990,(2)：19～23.
[147]俞孔坚.系统景观美学方法研究——以湖泊景观为例[A].鲍世行主编.跨世纪规划师的思考[C],中国建工出版社,1990：69～86.
[148]翟明普,张荣,阎海平.风景评价在风景林建设中应用研究进展[J].世界林业研究,2003,16(6)：16～19.
[149]张荣.北京西山风景游憩林抚育的研究[D].北京林业大学,2003.
[150]张池,黄忠良,李炯,等.黄果厚壳桂种内与种间竞争的数量关系[J].应用生态学报,2006,17(1)：22～26.
[151]张景群,王志贞.森林景观资源评价指标体系研究[J].陕西林业科技,2003,(4)：49～53.
[152]张克俊.丰产苹果园的标准和修剪调节[J].西北园艺,1996(2)：19～20.
[153]张颖.森林社会效益价值评价研究综述[J].世界林业研究,2004,17(3)：6～11.
[154]张跃西,钟章成.木本植物邻体干扰研究进展[J].生态学杂志,1999,18(2)：55～59
[155]章志都,徐程扬,董建文,等.郁闭度对风景游憩林林下植被及林内景观影响的研究[J].中国城市林业,2008,6(2)：10～13.
[156]章志都.侧柏刺槐林群落生态学特征及林内景观影响的研究[D].福建农林大学,2007
[157]赵相健,王孝安.太白红杉顶芽动态及其对分枝格局的影响[J].应用生态学报,2005,16(1)：23～28.
[158]郑群明,吴楚材.论生态旅游区经营管理创新——以张家界国家森林公园为例[J].林业经济问题,2006,26(3)：203～206,240.
[159]郑彦妮.论城市风景林的营造[J].中南林业科技大学学报(社会科学版),2008,2(6)：56～59.
[160]郑友爱.山桃育苗和栽培技术[J].科技情报开发与经济,2004,14(9)：358～359.
[161]周廷刚,郭达志.基于GIS的城市绿地景观空间结构研究[J].生态学报,2003,23(5)：901～907.
[162]周忠.风景林景观抗旱植物选择与造景[J].林业实用技术,2009(4)：43～45.
[163]周忠朗,何文秀.风景林业及其经营对策初探[J].浙江林业科技,1990,10(4)：55～57.
[164]宗成文,曹后男,赵成日,等.桃品种种质资源的RAPD分析[J].南京农业大学学报,2005,28(4)：35～39.
[165]邹春静,徐文铎.沙地云杉种内、种间竞争的研究[J].植物生态学报,1998,22(3)：269～274.
[166]Aerts R. Interspecfic competition in natural plant communities:mechanisms, trade-offs and plant-soil feedbacks[J]. Journal of Experimental Botany,1999,50 (330):29-37.
[167]Arthur L M. Predicting Scenic Beauty of Forest Environments:Some Empirical Tests [J].Forest Science,1977,23(2):151-160
[168]Benson R E, McCool S F, Schlieter J A. Attaining visual quality objectives in timber harvest areas-landscape architects' evaluation. USDA Forest Service Research Paper INT-348 7p.1985
[169]Benson R E, Ulrich J R. Visual impacts of forest management activities:Findings on public preference. USDA Forest Service Research Paper.INT-262.14P.1981
[170]Bliss J C. Public perception of clearcutting [J]. Journal of forestry,2000,98(12):4-9.
[171]Briggs D J, France J. Landscape Evaluation:A comparative study [J].Journal of Environmental Management,1980,42(10):263-275.
[172]Buhyoff G J, Leuschner W A. Estimating psychological disutility from damaged forest stands [J].Forest Science,1978,24(3):424-432.
[173]Coles, R.W. and Bussey, S.C. Community forestry in an urban context-progressing the social agenda conference paper. In Community Forestry, a Change for the Better, Countryside Agency, Guildhall, London,7-8 December,1999.
[174]Daniel T C, Vining J. Methodological issues in the assessment of landscape quality[A]. Altman I. Wohlowill, J.F. (Eds).In behavior and natural environment[C].New York Plenum Press,1983:39-84.
[175]Daniel T C, Boster R S. Measuring landscape aesthetics:the scenic beauty estimation method[C].USDA Forest Service Research Paper,1976:66.
[176]Daniel T C, Vining J. Methodological issues in the assessment of landscape quality [C]//ALTMA I.
[177]Don C B. A local basal area adjustment for crown width prediction[J].Northern journal of applied forestry,2001,18(1):22-28.
[178]Dunn GM, Martin SR. A functional association in Vitis vinifera L. cv. Cabernet Sauvignon between the extent of primary branching and the number of flowers formed per inflorescence [J]. Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research,2007,13(2):95-100.
[179]Garber S M, Monserud R A., Maguire D A, Crown recession patterns in three conifer species of the Northern Rocky Mountains [J].Forest Science,2008,54(6):633-646.
[180]Hegyi F. A simulation model for managing jack-pine stands. In:Fries J. Growth models for tree and stand simulatiom. Sweden:Royal College of Forestry,Stockholm,1974:74-90.
[181]Hollenhorst S J,Brock S M,Freimund W A, et al.Predicting the Effects of Gypsy Moth on Near-View Aesthetic Preferences and Recreation Appeal [J].Forest Science,1993,39(1):28-40.
[182]Hull IV R B, Buhyoff G J,Cordell H K.Psychophysical models:An example with scenic beauty perceptions of roadside pine forests[J].Landscape Journal,1987,6(2):113-122.
[183]Hull IV R B, Buhyoff G J. The scenic beauty temporal distribution method:An attempt to make scenic beauty assessments compatible with forest planning efforts [J].Forest Science. 1986,32(2):271-286.
[184]Hummitt W E. The relationship of being-away at privacy in urban forest recreation environment [J]. Environment and Behavior,2000,32(4):521-540.
[185]Hammitt W E, Rutlin W M. Use encounter standards and curves of achieved privacy in wilderness [J]. Leisure Science.1995,17(4):245-262.
[186]Kaplan S, Kaplan R, Wendt J S. Rated preference and complexity for natural and urban visual material[J].Perception and Psychophysics,1972,12(4):354-356
[187]Karjalainen E. The visual prefernces for forest regeneration and field afforestation-four case studies in Finland[D].University of Helsinki,2006.
[188]Konijnendijk, C.C. Urban forestry:comparative analysis of policies and concepts in Europe. Contemporary Urban Forestry Policy-Making in Selected Cities and Countries of Europe. Working Paper 20. European Forest Institute, Joensuu, Finland,1999:266.
[189]Kopka S, Ross M. A study of the reliability of the Bureau of Land Management visual resource assessment scheme [J]. Landscape Planning,1984,11(2):161-176
[190]Li.H. J. F. Reynolds. On definition and quantification of heterogeneity [J]. Oikos,1995, 73(2):280-284.
[191]Litton, R B Jr, Tetlow R J. A landscape inventory framework:scenic analyses of the Nothern Great Plains. USD Forest Service Research Paper. PSW-RP-135,1978.
[192]Litton, R B Visual vulnerability of forest landscape [J]. Journal of Forestry,1974,72(7):392-397.
[193]Lothian A. Amenity value of scattered and isolated trees [M].report to south Australian native vegetation council.2004.
[194]Lucas R C. Visitor characteristics, attitude, and use patterns in the Bob Marshall Wilderness Complex 1970-1982[J].USDA, Forest Service Research Paper INT 345, Ogden, UT,1985.
[195]Lucas. O WR.The design of forest landscape[M].oxford:oxford university press,1991.
[196]Maguire D A,Hann D W.The relationship between gross crown dimensions and sap wood area at crown base in Douglas-fir[J].Canada journal forest research,1989,19(5):557-565.
[197]Makinen H.1999. Effect of stand density on radial growth of branches of Scots pine in southern and central Finland[J]. Canadian Journal of Forest Research.1999,29(8):1216-1224.
[198]Dettori M T, Quarta R, Verde I. A peach linkage map integration RFLPs, SSRs, RAPDs, and morphological markers[J].Genome Ottawa,2001,44(5):775-783.
[199]Mithen R, Harper J L, Weiner J. Growth and mortality of individual plants as a function of "available area" [J]. Oecologia,1984,62(1):57-60.
[200]Moravie M A, Durand M, Houllier F. Ecological meaning and predictive ability of social status, vigor and competiton indices in a tropical rain forest(India)[J].Forest ecology and management,1999,117 (1-3):221-240.
[201]Murakami T.Seasonal variation in classification accuracy of forest-cover types examined by a single band or band combinations [J]. Journal of Forest Research,2004,9(3):211-215.
[202]Ogawa K. Size dependence of leaf area and the mass of component organs during a course of self-thinning in a hinoki(Chamaecyparis obtusa) seedling population [J]. Ecological Research,2003,18(5):611-618.
[203]Oliver C D, Larson B C. Forest stand dynamics [M]. New York:John Wiley and Sons,1996.
[204]Paquet J, Belanger L.Public Acceptability Thresholds of Clearcutting to Maintain Visual Quality of Boreal Balsam Fir Landscapes[J]. Forest Science,1997,43(1):46-55.
[205]Purves D W, Caspersen J P, Moorcroft P R, et al. Human-induced changes in US biogenic volatile organic compound emissions:evidence from long-term forest inventory data [J]. Global Change Biology,2004,10(10):1737-1755.
[206]Robert G. R. Aesthetic perceptions of green-tree retention harvests in vista views——the interaction of cut level, retention pattern and harvest shape[J].landscape and urban planning, 2005,73 (4):277-293.
[207]Roeh R L, Maguire D A. Crown profile models based on branch attributes in coastal Douglas-fir [J].Forest Ecology and Management,1997,96(1-2):77-100.
[208]Ruddell E J, Gramann J H,Rudis V A et al. The Psychological Utility of Visual Penetration in near-view Forest Scenic-Beauty Models[J].Environment and Behavior.1989,21(4):393-412.
[209]Schmierer A C. Visual Resource Management in the US Forest Service:History of Litigation and Legislation, Application of Forest Resource, University of Washington, Seattle,1982.
[210]Turkington R, Goldberg D E, Olsvig-whittaker L, et al. Effects of density on timing of emergence and its consequences for survival and growth in two communities of annual plants[J].Journal of Arid Environments,2005,61(3):377-396.
[211]Vodak M C, Roberts P L, Wellman J D, et al. Scenic impacts of eastern hardwood management [J].Forest Science.1985,31(2):289-301.
[212]Watkinson A R. Density dependence in single-species population of plants [J]. Journal of Theoretical Biology,1980,83(2):345-357.
[213]Weiner J. Neighborhood interference amongst Pinus rigida individuals [J].Journal of Ecology,1984,72(11):183-195.
[214]Wellman J D. and Buhyoff G J. Effects of regional familiarity on landscape preference[J]. Journal of Environmental Management,1980,11:105-110.
[215]Yang B,Kaplan R.The perception of landscape style:a cross-cultural comparison[J]. Landscape Urban Planning,1990,19(3):251-262.
[216]Zube E H, Sell J L,Taylor J G. Landscape perception:research application and theory[J].Landscape Planning,1982,9 (1):1-33.
[217]Zube E H, Pitt D G, ANDERSON T W. Perception and prediction of scenic resource values of the Northeast[C]//ZUBE E H, BRUSH R O, FABOS J G. Landscape assessment:Values, perceptions and resources. Stroudsburg, PA:Dowden, Hutchinson & Ross Inc.,1975:151-167.
[2]包为民,万新宇,京艳东,等.基于主成分分析的河流洪水系统聚类法[J].河海大学学报(自然科学版),2008,36(1)：1～5.
[3]包战雄,潘辉,陈平留.风景林评价及生态风景林建设的研究——以厦门天竺山森林公园两二水库风景林为例[J].林业勘察设计(福建),2003,(1)：36～39.
[4]北京市规划委员会《北京城市总体规划(2004年—2020年)》http://www.bjghw.gov.cn/web/static/catalogs/catalog_233/233.html.
[5]北京市统计信息网http://www.bjstats.gov.cn/xwgb/tjgb/ndgb/201002/t20100202_165217.htm.
[6]北京市园林绿化局统计资料http://www.bjyl.gov.cn/bjyl-outside/includes/articleContent.jsp
[7]蔡碧凡,顾晓艳.森林游憩对生态环境的影响及其对策[J].西部林业科学,2005,34(1)：74～78.
[8]曹辉,兰思仁.福州国家森林公园森林景观游憩效益评价[J].林业经济问题,2001,21(5)：296～298.
[9]陈崇贵.平凉地区山桃资源的开发利用[J].中国水土保持,1989(5)：20～22.
[10]陈华成,曾锋,邱治军.深圳凤凰山生态风景林林分改造效果[J].广东林业科技,2004,20(4)：35～42.
[11]陈景和.华山森林公园旅游资源的综合评价[J].山东林业科技,2003,(3)：20～21.
[12]陈秋华.森林旅游资源P-R评价法的研究[J].福建林学院学报,2003,23(1)：57～60.
[13]陈涛,李刚,梁正阳.深圳生态风景林树种选择与示范林营造[J].中国园林,1999,15(4)：48～51.
[14]陈鑫峰,贾黎明,王雁,等.京西山区风景游憩林季相景观评价及经营技术原则[J].北京林业大学学报,2008,30(4)：39～45.
[15]陈鑫峰,贾黎明.京西山区森林林内景观评价研究[J].林业科学,2003,39(4)：59～66.
[16]陈鑫峰,沈国舫.森林游憩的几个重要概念辨析[J].世界林业研究,2000,13(1)：69～76.
[17]陈鑫峰,王雁.森林游憩业发展回顾[J].世界林业研究,1999,12(12)：32～37.
[18]陈鑫峰.京西山区森林景观评价和风景游憩林营建研究——兼论太行山区的森林游憩业建设[D].北京林业大学,2000.
[19]程广有,沈熙环.东北红豆杉开花结实的规律[J].东北林业大学学报,2001,29(3)：44～46.
[20]但新球,周光辉.森林游憩对环境与景观生态系统的影响[J].中南林业调查规划,1996,15(1)：56～60.
[21]董建文,兰思仁,林洁,等.观光茶园景观美景度评价及营建技术[J].中南林业科技大学学报,2009b,29(3)：142～145.
[22]董建文,廖艳梅,许贤书,等.秋季观赏植物单株美景度评价[J].东北林业大学学报,2010a,38(3)：42～46.
[23]董建文,翟明普,徐程扬,等.京郊侧柏刺槐林植物组成特征对林内景观美景度的影响[J].江西农业大学学报,2007,29(5)：756～761
[24]董建文,翟明普,徐程扬,等.京郊风景游憩林侧柏——刺槐群落林下植被生态位研究[J].中国生态农业学报,2007a,15(4)：13～17.
[25]董建文,翟明普,徐程扬,等.京郊风景游憩林侧柏——刺槐群落林下植被种间联结研究[J].江西农业大学学报,2007b,29(1)：66～71.
[26]董建文,翟明普,章志都,等.福建省山地坡面风景游憩林单因素美景度评价研究[J].北京林业大学学报(自然科学版),2009a,31(6)：154～158.
[27]董建文,章志都,许贤书,等.福建省山地坡面风景游憩林美景度综合评价及构建技术[J].东北林业大学学报,2010b,38(4)：45～48.
[28]董建文.福建中、南亚热带风景游憩林构建技术研究[D].北京林业大学,2006.
[29]董义虎,杨增海,胡霓云,等.山桃茎尖培养研究[J].果树科学,1985(3)：10～14.
[30]段劫,马履一,贾黎明,等.北京低山地区油松人工林立地指数表的编制及应用[J].林业科学,2009,45(3)：7～12.
[31]段仁燕,黄敏毅,吴甘霖,等.天柱山黄山松种内与种间竞争的研究[J].广西植物,2008,28(1)：78～81.
[32]段仁燕,王孝安.太白红杉种群邻体范围与邻体竞争强度的研究[J].西北植物学报,2004,24(12)：23～35.
[33]邓送求,闫家锋,王宁,等.间伐强度对不同林分类型美景度的影响[J].东北林业大学学报,2010,38(3)：4～7.
[34]房城,王成,郭二果,等.城郊森林公园游憩与游人生理健康关系[J].东北林业大学学报,2010,38(3)：87～90,107.
[35]丰炳财,徐高福,胡锦生,等.千岛湖区新型多功能景观游憩林建设研究[J].浙江林业科技,2000,20(5)：64～70.
[36]冯学华,林爵平.深圳市主要植被类型与生态风景林营造模式[J].长沙电力学院学报(自然科学版),2001,16(2)：87～90.
[37]甘敬.北京山区森林健康评价研究[D].北京林业大学,2007.
[38]郭宝章,严玉玲.森林美景之特征与育林作业之配合[J].现代育林,1991,(1)：32～38.
[39]郭亮.浅议白云山生态风景林建设规划[J].华东森林经理,2004,18(2)：38～41.
[40]韩国君,李凤日,沈海龙.城市绿化红皮云杉枝条的分布规律[J].东北林业大学学报,2007,35(4)：3～6.
[41]韩蕊莲,侯庆春.山桃山杏苗木耗水特性研究[J].西北植物学报,1996,16(6)：92～94.
[42]韩兴吉.油松树冠枝生长规律的探讨[J].北京林学院学报,1985,(3)：50～59.
[43]郝小飞.我国森林景观视觉设计途径初探——以北京西山森林景观调整为例[D].北京林业大学,2007.
[44]何忠伟,王友年.京郊旅游发展现状及方向[J].科技与经济,2007,20(2)：50～52.
[45]胡锦生,潘兰贵.千岛湖景观游憩林的建设构想[J].杭州科技,2001,(6)：22～26.
[46]胡淑萍,李卫忠,余燕玲,等.基于TCM的太白山森林公园游憩效益评估[J].西北林学院学报,2005,20(2)：171～174.
[47]黄启堂,董建文,王艳霞,等.寿宁南山风景区森林景观格局研究[J].中国农学通报,2009a,25(5)：238～244.
[48]黄启堂,董建文,王艳霞,等.福建省南山风景区景观动态预测[J].热带作物学报,2009b,30(5)：704～709.
[49]霍亚贞.北京自然地理[M].北京：北京师范大学出版社,1989.
[50]贾黎明,李效文,郝小飞,等.基于SBE法的北京山区油松游憩林抚育技术原则[J].林业科学,2007,43(9)：144～149.
[51]贾炜玮.樟子松人工林枝条生长及节子大小预测模型的研究[D].东北林业大学,2006.
[52]姜春前,何艺玲,韦新良.森林生态旅游效益评价指标体系研究[J].林业科学研究,2004,17(3)：334～339.
[53]蒋伊尹,李凤日,李长胜.兴安落叶松幼、中龄林生长规律的研究[J].东北林业大学学报,1990,18(1)：1～7.
[54]蒋有绪,臧润国.海南岛尖峰岭树木园热带树木基本构筑型的初步研究[J].资源科学,1999,21(4)：80～84.
[55]金莹杉,翟明普,王超,等.北京西山风景林景观空间分布格局研究[J].北京林业大学学报,2007,29(3)：74～80.
[56]金幼菊,柳维波,吴京科,等.油松针叶精油萜烯组成的研究Ⅱ——萜烯含量与季节、叶龄及朝向的关系组成及其与其它两针松的比较[J].北京林业大学学报,1994,16(3)：38～47.
[57]金幼菊,吴京科,孙福,等.油松针叶精油萜烯组成的研究Ⅰ——油松针叶的萜烯组成及其与其它两针松的比较[J].北京林业大学学报,1994,16(3)：38～47.
[58]康华靖,陈子林,刘鹏,等.大盘山香树(Emmenopterys henryi)种内及其与常见伴生种之间的竞争关系[J].生态学报,2008,28(7)：3456～3463.
[59]兰思仁.福建省森林景观类型及地理分布概述[J].林业资源管理,2002,(1)：55～59.
[60]李博.植物竞争——作物与杂草相互作用的实验研究[M].北京：等教育出版社,2001.
[61]李宏彬,郭春华.风景林建设的艺术性与生态观[J].西北林学院学报,2006,21(3)：134～137.
[62]李晖.风景评价的灰色聚类——风景资源评价中一种新的量化方法[J].中国园林,2002,(1)：14～16.
[63]李明阳,崔志华,申世广,等.紫金山风景林美学评价与森林游憩活动适宜度量化模型研究[J].北京林业大学学报(社会科学版),2008,7(3)：6～11.
[64]李明阳,刘礼,吴翼,等.基于Geomatics可视化功能的风景林美学评价方法研究——以南京梅花山为例[J].西南林学院学报,2007,27(2)：11～15.
[65]李世东.张家界国家森林公园风景质量评价[J].南京林业大学学报,1993,17(4)：43～47.
[66]李树人,赵勇,李相宽,等.城市森林对热污染和人体舒适度影响的研究[J].河南农业大学学报,1995,29(1)：12～18.
[67]李文敏.宝鸡天台山风景名胜区森林植物景观与评价[J].中国园林,1998,14(60)：35～37.
[68]李文松,刘金福,林思祖,等.三明市梅列区北山风景林综合评价研究[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2008,36(8)：144～151.
[69]李晓储,黄利斌,刘泽东,等.要塞森林公园森林生态景观建设的探讨[J].江苏林业科技,1997,24(1)：51～53.
[70]李效文,贾黎明,郝小飞,等.森林景观SBE评价方法[J].中国城市林业,2007,5(3)：33～36.
[71]李效文,田甜,贾黎明.北京山区侧柏游憩林抚育技术模式研究[J].北京林业大学学报,2008,30(3)：44～50.
[72]李效文.北京低山主要风景游憩林抚育技术模式研究[D].北京林业大学,2008
[73]李运龙,谭文雄.深圳宝安区生态风景林改造成效分析[J].中南林业调查规划,2008,27(1)：16～18.
[74]李征宇,黄世满.海南岛海岸热带风景林带归化建设的研究[J].中国园林,2004,(8)：66～68.
[75]林翠新,廖庆文,彭星元.深圳市龙岗区生态风景林植被类型及其规划[J].林业建设,2003,(3)：12～16.
[76]林文镇.森林美学[M].台北：淑馨出版社,1991.
[77]林源祥,杨学军.模拟地带性植被类型建设高质量城市植被[J].中国城市林业,2003,1(2)：21～24.
[78]刘敏,陈田,刘爱利.旅游地游憩价值评估研究进展[J].人文地理,2008,(1)：13～19.
[79]刘平.美国森林植被模拟系统(FVS)在北京地区人工林上的应用研究[D].北京林业大学,2007
[80]刘星丽,安晨霞,吴继东,等.樟子松人工林一级枝条基径模型的研究[J].林业科技情报,2009,49(1)：24～26.
[81]刘兆刚,李凤日,于金成.落叶松人工林单木模型的研究[J].植物研究,2003,23(2)：237～245.
[82]刘兆刚,刘继明,李凤日,等.樟子松人工林树冠结构的分形分析[J].植物研究,2005,25(4)：465～470.
[83]陆兆苏,余国宝,张治强等.紫金山风景林的动态及其经营对策[J].南京林学院学报,1985,(3)：1～11.
[84]陆兆苏,赵德海,李明阳,等.按照风景林的特点建设森林公园[J].华东森林经理,1994,8(2)：12～17.
[85]陆兆苏.南京市中山风景区森林经理的实践和研究[J].华东森林经理,1991,(1)：1～6.
[86]陆兆苏.森林美学初探[J].华东森林经理,1995,9(3)：24～28.
[87]陆兆苏.森林美学与森林公园的建设[J].华东森林经理,1996,10(1)：44～49.
[88]罗明春.森林公园景点分级方法讨论[J].森林旅游,1998,(5)：12～14.
[89]罗艳菊.不同利用水平下游客对游憩利用影响感知的差异——兼论其对总体满意度的作用[J].经济地理,2006,26(4)：698～701.
[90]罗耀华,陈庆诚,张鹏云.兴隆山阴暗针叶林空间格局及其利用光能的对策[J].生态学报,1984,4(1)：10～20.
[91]马丰丰,贾黎明,段劫,等.北京山区侧柏人工林立地指数表的编制[J].北京林业大学学报,2008,30(6)：78～82.
[92]马剑英,孙学刚,贾戎.兰州地区森林公园质量综合定量评价[J].甘肃农业大学学报,2002,37(2)：174～179.
[93]马克明,祖元刚.兴安落叶松分枝格局的分形特征[J].植物研究,2000,20(2)：235～241.
[94]孟平,吴诗华.风景林概述[J].中国园林,1995,11(4)：39～41.
[95]孟宪宇.测树学[M].北京：中国林业出版社,2006
[96]孟永庆,陈应发.森林游憩价值评估的8种方法[J].林业经济.1994,6(5)：60～61.
[97]欧阳勋志,廖为民,彭世揆.天然阔叶林景观质量评价及其垂直结构优化技术[J].应用生态学报,200718(6)：1388～1392.
[98]欧阳勋志.婺源县森林景观美学评价及其对生态旅游影响的研究[D].南京林业大学,2004.
[99]欧阳志云,王效科,等.中国陆地生态系统服务功能及其生态经济价值的初步研究[J].生态学报,1999,19(5)：607～613.
[100]朴顺姬,杨持,黄绍峰,等.羊草种群密度与生长动态研究[J].植物生态学报,1997,21(1)：60-66.
[101]茹正忠,冯选记,高伯慰,等.山地风景林不同树种的造林效果分析[J].林业科技通 讯,2001,(10)：7～9.
[102]邵国凡,赵士洞,舒噶特.森林动态模拟——兼论红松林的优化经营[M].北京：中国林业出版社,1995.
[103]沈国舫.森林的社会、文化和景观功能及巴黎地区的城市林业[J].世界林业研究,1992,5(2)：2～6.
[104]沈国舫.森林培育学[M].北京：中国林业出版社,2001.
[105]施德法,吕洪飞,胡吉安等.金华双龙风景名胜区风景林植被研究[J].华东森林经理,1996,10(1)：55～57.
[106]孙冰,尹光天,廖绍波,等.深圳市生态风景林体系总体规划与布局研究[J].中国城市林业,2004,2(4)：8～11.
[107]孙玉军,王雪军,张志,等.基于GIS的森林景观定量分类[J].生态学报,2003,23(12)：2540～2544.
[108]汤孟平,陈永刚,施拥军,等.基于Voronoi图的群落优势树种种内种间竞争[J].生态学报,2007,27(11)：4708～4717.
[109]童丽丽,金波,汤庚国.南京地区风景林植物群落质量的综合评价体系[J].浙江林业科技,2008,28(3)：23～27.
[110]万志洲,李晓储,徐海兵,等.南京中山陵风景区常绿阔叶树种引进及风景林林相改造技术的研究[J].江苏林业科技,2001,28(5)：22～26.
[111]王炳贵.厦门天竺山森林公园森林景观资产初步评估[J].北京林业大学学报,1999,21(6)：84～88.
[112]王超.北京西山风景林抚育间伐技术[D].北京林业大学,2007.
[113]王传书,张钧成.林业哲学与森林美学问题研究[M].北京：科学出版社,1992.
[114]王鸿斌,张真,孔祥波等.油松萜烯类挥发物释放规律与红脂大小蠹危害的关系[J].北京林业大学学报,2005,27(2)：75～79.
[115]王菁黎,罗菊春.风景林植物群落质量的综合评价[J].福建林学院学报,2004,24(4)：379～384.
[116]王连茂.香山公园游憩效益的经济评价[J].林业经济,1993,(3)：66～71.
[117]王喜金,王娜丽.植树造林与观光旅游结合——古北口彩叶工程建设及效益分析[J].中国林业,2009,(11)：42.
[118]王小德.风景林景观建设初探[J].华东森林经理,2000,14(1)：12～14.
[119]韦翠鸾.北京西山风景林抚育技术研究[D].北京林业大学,2004.
[120]韦新良.会稽山旅游度假区森林景观配置研究[J].中南林业调查规划,1999,(1)：16～19.
[121]魏长晶,李江风,张志.森林旅游资源开发潜力定量评价研究——以武汉市为例[J].资源开发与市场,2006,22(3)：220～223.
[122]文益君,周根苗,张晓蕾,等.基于粗糙集的风景林景观美学评价[J].林业科学,2009,45(1)：1～7
[123]翁友恒.厦门市生态风景林建设与评价[J].华东森林经理,2001,15(1)：52～54
[124]邬建国.景观生态学：格局、过程、尺度与等级[M].北京：高等教育出版社,2001.
[125]吴楚材,黄绳纪.桃源洞国家森林公园的空气负氧离子含量及评价[J].中南林学院学报,1995,15(1)：9-12.
[126]吴楚材,郑群明,钟林生.森林游憩区空气负氧离子水平的研究[J].林业科学,2001,37(5)：75～81.
[127]吴楚材,钟林生.马尾松纯林林分因子对空气负离子浓度影响的研究[J].1998,18(1)：70～73.
[128]吴南生.北京西山风景游憩林抚育理论与技术研究[D].北京林业大学,2006.
[129]吴守蓉,詹桂汶,陈学群,等.利用TCM法和CBA法对日本朝日林进行经济效益评价[J].福建林业科技,2004,31(2)：26～30.
[130]吴章文.森林游憩区保健旅游资源的深度开发[J].北京林业大学学报,2003,25(2)：63～67.
[131]武国强,黄大庄,冯学全,等.国内外关于森林旅游对自然保护区环境影响的研究进展[J].河北林果研究,2005,20(3)：300～304.
[132]项卫东,薛建辉.旅游干扰对森林景观与环境的影响[J].南京林业大学学报(自然科学版),2000,24(Z1)：52～55.
[133]肖锐,李凤日,刘兆刚.樟子松人工林分枝结构的分析[J].植物研究,2006,26(4)：490～496.
[134]谢凝高,郑心舟,谷光灿.云南石林景观美学价值评价研究[J].地理研究,2001,20(5)：517～526.
[135]徐程扬.不同光环境下紫椴幼树树冠结构的可塑性响应[J].应用生态学报,2001,12(3)：339～343.
[136]徐高福.建设千岛湖新型多功能景观游憩林[J].云南林业调查规划设计,2000,25(1)：54～59.
[137]徐建华.现在地理学中的数学方法[M].北京：高等教育出版社,2002.
[138]闫家锋,关庆伟,邓送求,等.徐州云龙山侧柏林景观评价[J].中国城市林业,2009,7(1)：12～14.
[139]杨定海,彭重华,罗丽华.岳麓山风景名胜区景观资源综合评价研究[J].福建林业科技,2004,31(1)：17～20.
[140]杨学军,李永涛,石富超.东平国家森林公园风景林美学评价及经营对策[J].上海农学院学报,1999,17(3)：201～207,236.
[141]杨云良.区域旅游资源定量评价研究[J].干旱区地理,1999,22(4)：10～19.
[142]叶碧华,张鑫华.东源县主要植被类型与生态风景林营造模式[J].广东林业科技,2004,20(3)：68～71.
[143]于汝元,范兆飞,范琳科,等.北京西山国家森林公园人工林质量及景观效应分析[J].北京林业大学学报,1997,19(Supp.2)：29～35.
[144]余新晓,秦永胜,陈丽华,等.北京山地森林生态系统服务功能及其价值初步研究[J].生态学报,2002,22(5)：783～786.
[145]运筹学教材编写组.运筹学[M].北京：清华大学出版社,2001.
[146]俞孔坚,吉庆萍.专家与公众景观审美差异研究及对策[J].中国园林,1990,(2)：19～23.
[147]俞孔坚.系统景观美学方法研究——以湖泊景观为例[A].鲍世行主编.跨世纪规划师的思考[C],中国建工出版社,1990：69～86.
[148]翟明普,张荣,阎海平.风景评价在风景林建设中应用研究进展[J].世界林业研究,2003,16(6)：16～19.
[149]张荣.北京西山风景游憩林抚育的研究[D].北京林业大学,2003.
[150]张池,黄忠良,李炯,等.黄果厚壳桂种内与种间竞争的数量关系[J].应用生态学报,2006,17(1)：22～26.
[151]张景群,王志贞.森林景观资源评价指标体系研究[J].陕西林业科技,2003,(4)：49～53.
[152]张克俊.丰产苹果园的标准和修剪调节[J].西北园艺,1996(2)：19～20.
[153]张颖.森林社会效益价值评价研究综述[J].世界林业研究,2004,17(3)：6～11.
[154]张跃西,钟章成.木本植物邻体干扰研究进展[J].生态学杂志,1999,18(2)：55～59
[155]章志都,徐程扬,董建文,等.郁闭度对风景游憩林林下植被及林内景观影响的研究[J].中国城市林业,2008,6(2)：10～13.
[156]章志都.侧柏刺槐林群落生态学特征及林内景观影响的研究[D].福建农林大学,2007
[157]赵相健,王孝安.太白红杉顶芽动态及其对分枝格局的影响[J].应用生态学报,2005,16(1)：23～28.
[158]郑群明,吴楚材.论生态旅游区经营管理创新——以张家界国家森林公园为例[J].林业经济问题,2006,26(3)：203～206,240.
[159]郑彦妮.论城市风景林的营造[J].中南林业科技大学学报(社会科学版),2008,2(6)：56～59.
[160]郑友爱.山桃育苗和栽培技术[J].科技情报开发与经济,2004,14(9)：358～359.
[161]周廷刚,郭达志.基于GIS的城市绿地景观空间结构研究[J].生态学报,2003,23(5)：901～907.
[162]周忠.风景林景观抗旱植物选择与造景[J].林业实用技术,2009(4)：43～45.
[163]周忠朗,何文秀.风景林业及其经营对策初探[J].浙江林业科技,1990,10(4)：55～57.
[164]宗成文,曹后男,赵成日,等.桃品种种质资源的RAPD分析[J].南京农业大学学报,2005,28(4)：35～39.
[165]邹春静,徐文铎.沙地云杉种内、种间竞争的研究[J].植物生态学报,1998,22(3)：269～274.
[166]Aerts R. Interspecfic competition in natural plant communities:mechanisms, trade-offs and plant-soil feedbacks[J]. Journal of Experimental Botany,1999,50 (330):29-37.
[167]Arthur L M. Predicting Scenic Beauty of Forest Environments:Some Empirical Tests [J].Forest Science,1977,23(2):151-160
[168]Benson R E, McCool S F, Schlieter J A. Attaining visual quality objectives in timber harvest areas-landscape architects' evaluation. USDA Forest Service Research Paper INT-348 7p.1985
[169]Benson R E, Ulrich J R. Visual impacts of forest management activities:Findings on public preference. USDA Forest Service Research Paper.INT-262.14P.1981
[170]Bliss J C. Public perception of clearcutting [J]. Journal of forestry,2000,98(12):4-9.
[171]Briggs D J, France J. Landscape Evaluation:A comparative study [J].Journal of Environmental Management,1980,42(10):263-275.
[172]Buhyoff G J, Leuschner W A. Estimating psychological disutility from damaged forest stands [J].Forest Science,1978,24(3):424-432.
[173]Coles, R.W. and Bussey, S.C. Community forestry in an urban context-progressing the social agenda conference paper. In Community Forestry, a Change for the Better, Countryside Agency, Guildhall, London,7-8 December,1999.
[174]Daniel T C, Vining J. Methodological issues in the assessment of landscape quality[A]. Altman I. Wohlowill, J.F. (Eds).In behavior and natural environment[C].New York Plenum Press,1983:39-84.
[175]Daniel T C, Boster R S. Measuring landscape aesthetics:the scenic beauty estimation method[C].USDA Forest Service Research Paper,1976:66.
[176]Daniel T C, Vining J. Methodological issues in the assessment of landscape quality [C]//ALTMA I.
[177]Don C B. A local basal area adjustment for crown width prediction[J].Northern journal of applied forestry,2001,18(1):22-28.
[178]Dunn GM, Martin SR. A functional association in Vitis vinifera L. cv. Cabernet Sauvignon between the extent of primary branching and the number of flowers formed per inflorescence [J]. Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research,2007,13(2):95-100.
[179]Garber S M, Monserud R A., Maguire D A, Crown recession patterns in three conifer species of the Northern Rocky Mountains [J].Forest Science,2008,54(6):633-646.
[180]Hegyi F. A simulation model for managing jack-pine stands. In:Fries J. Growth models for tree and stand simulatiom. Sweden:Royal College of Forestry,Stockholm,1974:74-90.
[181]Hollenhorst S J,Brock S M,Freimund W A, et al.Predicting the Effects of Gypsy Moth on Near-View Aesthetic Preferences and Recreation Appeal [J].Forest Science,1993,39(1):28-40.
[182]Hull IV R B, Buhyoff G J,Cordell H K.Psychophysical models:An example with scenic beauty perceptions of roadside pine forests[J].Landscape Journal,1987,6(2):113-122.
[183]Hull IV R B, Buhyoff G J. The scenic beauty temporal distribution method:An attempt to make scenic beauty assessments compatible with forest planning efforts [J].Forest Science. 1986,32(2):271-286.
[184]Hummitt W E. The relationship of being-away at privacy in urban forest recreation environment [J]. Environment and Behavior,2000,32(4):521-540.
[185]Hammitt W E, Rutlin W M. Use encounter standards and curves of achieved privacy in wilderness [J]. Leisure Science.1995,17(4):245-262.
[186]Kaplan S, Kaplan R, Wendt J S. Rated preference and complexity for natural and urban visual material[J].Perception and Psychophysics,1972,12(4):354-356
[187]Karjalainen E. The visual prefernces for forest regeneration and field afforestation-four case studies in Finland[D].University of Helsinki,2006.
[188]Konijnendijk, C.C. Urban forestry:comparative analysis of policies and concepts in Europe. Contemporary Urban Forestry Policy-Making in Selected Cities and Countries of Europe. Working Paper 20. European Forest Institute, Joensuu, Finland,1999:266.
[189]Kopka S, Ross M. A study of the reliability of the Bureau of Land Management visual resource assessment scheme [J]. Landscape Planning,1984,11(2):161-176
[190]Li.H. J. F. Reynolds. On definition and quantification of heterogeneity [J]. Oikos,1995, 73(2):280-284.
[191]Litton, R B Jr, Tetlow R J. A landscape inventory framework:scenic analyses of the Nothern Great Plains. USD Forest Service Research Paper. PSW-RP-135,1978.
[192]Litton, R B Visual vulnerability of forest landscape [J]. Journal of Forestry,1974,72(7):392-397.
[193]Lothian A. Amenity value of scattered and isolated trees [M].report to south Australian native vegetation council.2004.
[194]Lucas R C. Visitor characteristics, attitude, and use patterns in the Bob Marshall Wilderness Complex 1970-1982[J].USDA, Forest Service Research Paper INT 345, Ogden, UT,1985.
[195]Lucas. O WR.The design of forest landscape[M].oxford:oxford university press,1991.
[196]Maguire D A,Hann D W.The relationship between gross crown dimensions and sap wood area at crown base in Douglas-fir[J].Canada journal forest research,1989,19(5):557-565.
[197]Makinen H.1999. Effect of stand density on radial growth of branches of Scots pine in southern and central Finland[J]. Canadian Journal of Forest Research.1999,29(8):1216-1224.
[198]Dettori M T, Quarta R, Verde I. A peach linkage map integration RFLPs, SSRs, RAPDs, and morphological markers[J].Genome Ottawa,2001,44(5):775-783.
[199]Mithen R, Harper J L, Weiner J. Growth and mortality of individual plants as a function of "available area" [J]. Oecologia,1984,62(1):57-60.
[200]Moravie M A, Durand M, Houllier F. Ecological meaning and predictive ability of social status, vigor and competiton indices in a tropical rain forest(India)[J].Forest ecology and management,1999,117 (1-3):221-240.
[201]Murakami T.Seasonal variation in classification accuracy of forest-cover types examined by a single band or band combinations [J]. Journal of Forest Research,2004,9(3):211-215.
[202]Ogawa K. Size dependence of leaf area and the mass of component organs during a course of self-thinning in a hinoki(Chamaecyparis obtusa) seedling population [J]. Ecological Research,2003,18(5):611-618.
[203]Oliver C D, Larson B C. Forest stand dynamics [M]. New York:John Wiley and Sons,1996.
[204]Paquet J, Belanger L.Public Acceptability Thresholds of Clearcutting to Maintain Visual Quality of Boreal Balsam Fir Landscapes[J]. Forest Science,1997,43(1):46-55.
[205]Purves D W, Caspersen J P, Moorcroft P R, et al. Human-induced changes in US biogenic volatile organic compound emissions:evidence from long-term forest inventory data [J]. Global Change Biology,2004,10(10):1737-1755.
[206]Robert G. R. Aesthetic perceptions of green-tree retention harvests in vista views——the interaction of cut level, retention pattern and harvest shape[J].landscape and urban planning, 2005,73 (4):277-293.
[207]Roeh R L, Maguire D A. Crown profile models based on branch attributes in coastal Douglas-fir [J].Forest Ecology and Management,1997,96(1-2):77-100.
[208]Ruddell E J, Gramann J H,Rudis V A et al. The Psychological Utility of Visual Penetration in near-view Forest Scenic-Beauty Models[J].Environment and Behavior.1989,21(4):393-412.
[209]Schmierer A C. Visual Resource Management in the US Forest Service:History of Litigation and Legislation, Application of Forest Resource, University of Washington, Seattle,1982.
[210]Turkington R, Goldberg D E, Olsvig-whittaker L, et al. Effects of density on timing of emergence and its consequences for survival and growth in two communities of annual plants[J].Journal of Arid Environments,2005,61(3):377-396.
[211]Vodak M C, Roberts P L, Wellman J D, et al. Scenic impacts of eastern hardwood management [J].Forest Science.1985,31(2):289-301.
[212]Watkinson A R. Density dependence in single-species population of plants [J]. Journal of Theoretical Biology,1980,83(2):345-357.
[213]Weiner J. Neighborhood interference amongst Pinus rigida individuals [J].Journal of Ecology,1984,72(11):183-195.
[214]Wellman J D. and Buhyoff G J. Effects of regional familiarity on landscape preference[J]. Journal of Environmental Management,1980,11:105-110.
[215]Yang B,Kaplan R.The perception of landscape style:a cross-cultural comparison[J]. Landscape Urban Planning,1990,19(3):251-262.
[216]Zube E H, Sell J L,Taylor J G. Landscape perception:research application and theory[J].Landscape Planning,1982,9 (1):1-33.
[217]Zube E H, Pitt D G, ANDERSON T W. Perception and prediction of scenic resource values of the Northeast[C]//ZUBE E H, BRUSH R O, FABOS J G. Landscape assessment:Values, perceptions and resources. Stroudsburg, PA:Dowden, Hutchinson & Ross Inc.,1975:151-167.