球墨铸铁冲击韧性的改善及其摩擦焊接工艺的研究
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摘要
本文着重研究了铁素体球墨铸铁冲击韧性的改善途径,尤其是低温冲击韧性的改善。通过试验制定了合理的球化与孕育工艺,并分析了热处理方法、化学成分以及冷却速度对球墨铸铁的组织和冲击韧性的影响。
结果表明:采用稀土镁球化剂球化处理,加入量为1%,孕育处理为0.6%硅铁75浇包孕育,并且采用快速冷却的方法能够保证得到良好的球化和孕育效果,石墨球圆整细小,数量较多。采用两阶段退火可以保证得到100%的铁素体基体组织。同时将化学成分控制为3.3～3.7%C,1.5～2.0%Si,Mn≤0.2%,S≤0.03%,P≤0.07%,铁素体球墨铸铁的冲击韧性尤其是低温冲击韧性较高。
本文还对高韧性铁素体球墨铸铁与低碳钢的摩擦焊做了初步探索。研究了摩擦焊接头的组织性能,探讨了其摩擦焊接性。结果表明:在合适的焊接工艺参数下,球墨铸铁与低碳钢的焊接接头具有一定的强度,采用摩擦焊的方法焊接球墨铸铁与低碳钢是可行的。
The way of improving room-temperature and low-temperature impacttoughness of ductile cast iron has been studied in this article. Reasonablenodularization and inoculation technology were established through someexperiments. The effects of heat treatment, chemical composition and coolingspeed on structure and impact toughness of ductile cast iron have been analyzed.
The results achieved are: Nodularization treatment used RE-Mg nodularizer,the amount of which was 1%. Inoculation treatment used 0.6%75SiFe in ladleinoculation. The way of fast cooling was adopted. The technique ensured theeffects of nodularization and inoculation. Spherical graphite gained was small andthe number of spherical graphite was more. Ductile cast iron gained ferrite baseby two-stage annealing. At the same time, room-temperature and low-temperatureimpact toughness of ductile cast iron were excellent when chemical compositionwas 3.3～3.7%C,1.5～2.0%Si,Mn≤0.2%,S≤0.03%,P≤0.07%.
The friction welding of ductile cast iron and low carbon steel has been stillexplored in this article. The weldability and mechanical property of the weldingjoints have been studied. The results show that under certain welding parameter,the joints of ductile cast iron and low carbon steel were sound, and the joints hadadequate strength. So the friction welding was fit for ductile cast iron and lowcarbon steel.
结果表明:采用稀土镁球化剂球化处理,加入量为1%,孕育处理为0.6%硅铁75浇包孕育,并且采用快速冷却的方法能够保证得到良好的球化和孕育效果,石墨球圆整细小,数量较多。采用两阶段退火可以保证得到100%的铁素体基体组织。同时将化学成分控制为3.3～3.7%C,1.5～2.0%Si,Mn≤0.2%,S≤0.03%,P≤0.07%,铁素体球墨铸铁的冲击韧性尤其是低温冲击韧性较高。
本文还对高韧性铁素体球墨铸铁与低碳钢的摩擦焊做了初步探索。研究了摩擦焊接头的组织性能,探讨了其摩擦焊接性。结果表明:在合适的焊接工艺参数下,球墨铸铁与低碳钢的焊接接头具有一定的强度,采用摩擦焊的方法焊接球墨铸铁与低碳钢是可行的。
The way of improving room-temperature and low-temperature impacttoughness of ductile cast iron has been studied in this article. Reasonablenodularization and inoculation technology were established through someexperiments. The effects of heat treatment, chemical composition and coolingspeed on structure and impact toughness of ductile cast iron have been analyzed.
The results achieved are: Nodularization treatment used RE-Mg nodularizer,the amount of which was 1%. Inoculation treatment used 0.6%75SiFe in ladleinoculation. The way of fast cooling was adopted. The technique ensured theeffects of nodularization and inoculation. Spherical graphite gained was small andthe number of spherical graphite was more. Ductile cast iron gained ferrite baseby two-stage annealing. At the same time, room-temperature and low-temperatureimpact toughness of ductile cast iron were excellent when chemical compositionwas 3.3～3.7%C,1.5～2.0%Si,Mn≤0.2%,S≤0.03%,P≤0.07%.
The friction welding of ductile cast iron and low carbon steel has been stillexplored in this article. The weldability and mechanical property of the weldingjoints have been studied. The results show that under certain welding parameter,the joints of ductile cast iron and low carbon steel were sound, and the joints hadadequate strength. So the friction welding was fit for ductile cast iron and lowcarbon steel.
引文
[1] 中国机械工程学会铸造专业学会, 铸造手册(第一卷), 机械工业出版社, 1993
[2] 崔忠析, 金属学与热处理, 机械工业出版社, 1989
[3] 沈阳铸造研究所, 球墨铸铁, 机械工业出版社, 1982
[4] 冶金工业部建筑研究院, 摩擦焊, 冶金工业出版社, 1958
[5] 赵熹华, 压力焊, 机械工业出版社, 1989
[6] 李志远等, 先进连接方法, 机械工业出版社, 2000
[7] 李少安, 刘承东, 摩擦焊接及其工艺发展, 机械制造, 2003,11:24～27
[8] 段立宇, 摩擦焊接的现状和展望, 西北工业大学学报, 1993(11 增刊): 94～99
[9] Li X, Maldonado C, North TH, Mechanical and metallurgical properties of MMC friction welds, Welding Journal,1997(9):367
[10] 沈红卫, 超临界 900MW 汽轮机轴承座铸件的铸造, 铸造, 2004, 53(1): 73～76
[11] Motx J.et al, The Influence of some Elements on the Matrix and the Properties of Ductile Iron Castings after Solidification in Sand and Ingot Molds, Modern Casting,1986,54(1):61
[12] 王昕, 张林, 叶以富等, 铸态球墨铸铁碳硅比的研究, 热加工工艺, 1994(3): 8～10
[13] Dodd, John Irvine, High Strength, High Ductility, Ductile Iron, Modern Casting, 1978(5): 60～68
[14] 高世爽, 高韧性铸态球墨铸铁的生产研究, 拖拉机与农用运输车, 1994(4): 38～39
[15] 薄德来, 铸态铁素体球墨铸铁的生产实验研究, 铸造, 1990(9): 19
[16] 房贵如, 王云昭, 现代球墨铸铁的诞生与发展前景, 机械工艺师, 2000(6): 13～15
[17] T Levin, Ti and copper in ductile Iron, FAS Tam Saction,1980,47(4): 21～23
[18] Nickel As An Alloy In Cast Iron, Modern Casting,1977,67(9): 79～92
[19] 周静一译, 轿车用球墨铸铁, 铸造, 2003,52(6): 452
[20] 清华大学等, 大断面球铁的研究, 球铁, 1983(4): 5～12
[21] 刘宏, 郭荣欣, 刘建国, 提高球墨铸铁强韧性的研究与应用, 山东轻工业学院学报, 2000,14(3): 9～12
[22] M.F Nikolai, Effect of Tinned Steel Scrap in Ductile Cast Iron, AFS Trans, 1994: 781～787
[23] John A. Lewensky, Conference Examines the Future of Ductile Iron Production, Modern Casting, 1999,89(1): 54～56
[24] Amjad Jawaid, Mechanical Properties in Thin-wall Ductile Iron Castings, Modern Casting,2000,90(6): 83～88
[25] W.A.Henning, Commercial Experience with5%Magnesium Ferrosilicon Alloys Containing Various RE Sources, AFS Trans,1983: 71～76
[26] 刘长锁, 陈卫铭, 南太渊等, 锌对铸态铁素体球铁的影响, 汽车工艺与材料, 1994,4: 23～27
[27] 陈言俊, 曹庆峰, 刘健等, 铁素体球铁在低温(-20℃)下的冲击实验, 山东工业大学学报, 2001(4): 134～139
[28] 农机研究院, 铸态高韧性球铁调查报告, 1965
[29] 沈阳农具厂等, 铸态孕育球墨铸铁韧性的研究, 1965, 8
[30] J.H.Doubrava et al, The Influence of Processing Variables on the Matrix Structure and Nodularity of Ductile Iron, AFS Trans,1981: 229～250
[31] G.M Goodrich, Effect of Cooling Rate on Ductile Iron Mechanical Properties, AFS Trans,vol110,2002: 1003～1032
[32] Y.S Lerner, Temper Embrittlement of Ferritic Ductile Cast Iron, AFS Trans, 1994: 715～719
[33] 周振丰, 铸铁焊接冶金与工艺, 机械工业出版社, 2001
[34] 骆晓纲, 球墨铸铁低温冲击韧性的改善, 铸造, 1994(10): 28～32
[35] 张博等, 球墨铸铁基础?理论?应用, 机械工业出版社, 1988
[36] 张忠仇, 我国等温淬火球铁的现状及前景, 铸造, 004, 53(2): 87～92
[37] J.M Csonka, Survey on Ductile Iron Practice, AFS Trans,2002:1099～1105
[38] Arron Rimmer, Develop of Austempered Ductile Iron, Materials World, 1997,5: 252～255
[39] 刘贯军, 等温淬火温度对奥贝球墨铸铁力学性能的影响, 铸造, 2001, 50(9): 567～569
[40] 宋强, 贝氏体球铁在手拉葫芦上的应用, 铸造, 1982(6): 26～29
[41] 何奖爱, 刘越, 刘云秋等, 热处理对含硼耐磨球墨球墨铸铁组织和性能的影响, 铸造, 1997(12): 3～5
[42] 魏秉庆等, 贝氏体球墨铸铁, 机械工业出版社, 2001
[43] 周荣等, 控制冷却获得贝氏体/马氏体球墨铸铁, 铸造, 1996(9): 14～17
[44] Hans.J.Heire, Ductile Iron Society Emphasizes Progress, Foundry M & T, 1980,108(9): 122～127
[45] Krohn Barbara R, Austempered Ductile Iron Emerging as a Structual Materials, Modern Casting,1984,74(7): 26～30
[46] Eduard Dordzil, Mechanical Properties of Austempered Ductile Iron. Foundry M & T,1986,114(7): 36～40
[47] Janowak Jay F, Austempered Ductile Iron for High Strength and Toughness, Modern Casting,1981,71(12): 34～36
[48] W.J. Evans et al, Factors Influencing the Occurrence of Carbides in Thin Sections of Ductile Iron, AFS Trans,1981: 293～322
[49] 辜祖勋, 球墨铸铁件生产中若干问题的探讨, 铸造, 2003,52(9): 709～712
[50] 李建明等, 铸态厚壁高韧性球铁冷却壁的研制, 铸造, 1995(6): 6～9
[51] T.Skaland, Inoculation Material Improves Graphite Formation in Ductile Iron, Modern Casting,2001,91(12): 43～45
[52] 谭银元, 薄壁高强韧铸态球墨铸铁排气管的研制, 铸造, 2003,27(10): 31～33
[53] 周淑兰, 朱玲, 孙传江, 汽车后桥焊接工艺及设备, 焊接, 1999(9): 35～37
[54] 孙勇, 陈岱民, 刘玉莲, 摩擦焊技术的现状与发展趋势, 机械工艺师, 1996(12): 34～35
[55] Ebweharb B J, Friction Weld Ductility and toughness As Inf1uenced by Inclusion Morphology, Welding Research Supplement,1983: 171～178
[56] Li X, Mechanical and Metallurgical Properties of MMC Friction Welds, Welding Journal,1997(9): 367
[57] Li X, Maldonado C,North T H, Mechanical and metallurgical properties of MMC friction welds, Welding Journal,1997,9: 367
[58] Sassani F, Neelam J R, Friction welding of incompatible Materials, Welding Journal,1988,67(11): 264～270
[59] Yashan D, Tsang S, Johns W L, et al, Inertia friction welding of 1100 aluminum to type 316 stainless, Welding Journal,1987,66(8): 27～36
[60] 傅莉, 毛信孚, 史学芳, LF6 防锈铝与 HR-2 抗氢不锈钢摩擦焊接, 焊接学报, 2003,(2): 9～13
[2] 崔忠析, 金属学与热处理, 机械工业出版社, 1989
[3] 沈阳铸造研究所, 球墨铸铁, 机械工业出版社, 1982
[4] 冶金工业部建筑研究院, 摩擦焊, 冶金工业出版社, 1958
[5] 赵熹华, 压力焊, 机械工业出版社, 1989
[6] 李志远等, 先进连接方法, 机械工业出版社, 2000
[7] 李少安, 刘承东, 摩擦焊接及其工艺发展, 机械制造, 2003,11:24～27
[8] 段立宇, 摩擦焊接的现状和展望, 西北工业大学学报, 1993(11 增刊): 94～99
[9] Li X, Maldonado C, North TH, Mechanical and metallurgical properties of MMC friction welds, Welding Journal,1997(9):367
[10] 沈红卫, 超临界 900MW 汽轮机轴承座铸件的铸造, 铸造, 2004, 53(1): 73～76
[11] Motx J.et al, The Influence of some Elements on the Matrix and the Properties of Ductile Iron Castings after Solidification in Sand and Ingot Molds, Modern Casting,1986,54(1):61
[12] 王昕, 张林, 叶以富等, 铸态球墨铸铁碳硅比的研究, 热加工工艺, 1994(3): 8～10
[13] Dodd, John Irvine, High Strength, High Ductility, Ductile Iron, Modern Casting, 1978(5): 60～68
[14] 高世爽, 高韧性铸态球墨铸铁的生产研究, 拖拉机与农用运输车, 1994(4): 38～39
[15] 薄德来, 铸态铁素体球墨铸铁的生产实验研究, 铸造, 1990(9): 19
[16] 房贵如, 王云昭, 现代球墨铸铁的诞生与发展前景, 机械工艺师, 2000(6): 13～15
[17] T Levin, Ti and copper in ductile Iron, FAS Tam Saction,1980,47(4): 21～23
[18] Nickel As An Alloy In Cast Iron, Modern Casting,1977,67(9): 79～92
[19] 周静一译, 轿车用球墨铸铁, 铸造, 2003,52(6): 452
[20] 清华大学等, 大断面球铁的研究, 球铁, 1983(4): 5～12
[21] 刘宏, 郭荣欣, 刘建国, 提高球墨铸铁强韧性的研究与应用, 山东轻工业学院学报, 2000,14(3): 9～12
[22] M.F Nikolai, Effect of Tinned Steel Scrap in Ductile Cast Iron, AFS Trans, 1994: 781～787
[23] John A. Lewensky, Conference Examines the Future of Ductile Iron Production, Modern Casting, 1999,89(1): 54～56
[24] Amjad Jawaid, Mechanical Properties in Thin-wall Ductile Iron Castings, Modern Casting,2000,90(6): 83～88
[25] W.A.Henning, Commercial Experience with5%Magnesium Ferrosilicon Alloys Containing Various RE Sources, AFS Trans,1983: 71～76
[26] 刘长锁, 陈卫铭, 南太渊等, 锌对铸态铁素体球铁的影响, 汽车工艺与材料, 1994,4: 23～27
[27] 陈言俊, 曹庆峰, 刘健等, 铁素体球铁在低温(-20℃)下的冲击实验, 山东工业大学学报, 2001(4): 134～139
[28] 农机研究院, 铸态高韧性球铁调查报告, 1965
[29] 沈阳农具厂等, 铸态孕育球墨铸铁韧性的研究, 1965, 8
[30] J.H.Doubrava et al, The Influence of Processing Variables on the Matrix Structure and Nodularity of Ductile Iron, AFS Trans,1981: 229～250
[31] G.M Goodrich, Effect of Cooling Rate on Ductile Iron Mechanical Properties, AFS Trans,vol110,2002: 1003～1032
[32] Y.S Lerner, Temper Embrittlement of Ferritic Ductile Cast Iron, AFS Trans, 1994: 715～719
[33] 周振丰, 铸铁焊接冶金与工艺, 机械工业出版社, 2001
[34] 骆晓纲, 球墨铸铁低温冲击韧性的改善, 铸造, 1994(10): 28～32
[35] 张博等, 球墨铸铁基础?理论?应用, 机械工业出版社, 1988
[36] 张忠仇, 我国等温淬火球铁的现状及前景, 铸造, 004, 53(2): 87～92
[37] J.M Csonka, Survey on Ductile Iron Practice, AFS Trans,2002:1099～1105
[38] Arron Rimmer, Develop of Austempered Ductile Iron, Materials World, 1997,5: 252～255
[39] 刘贯军, 等温淬火温度对奥贝球墨铸铁力学性能的影响, 铸造, 2001, 50(9): 567～569
[40] 宋强, 贝氏体球铁在手拉葫芦上的应用, 铸造, 1982(6): 26～29
[41] 何奖爱, 刘越, 刘云秋等, 热处理对含硼耐磨球墨球墨铸铁组织和性能的影响, 铸造, 1997(12): 3～5
[42] 魏秉庆等, 贝氏体球墨铸铁, 机械工业出版社, 2001
[43] 周荣等, 控制冷却获得贝氏体/马氏体球墨铸铁, 铸造, 1996(9): 14～17
[44] Hans.J.Heire, Ductile Iron Society Emphasizes Progress, Foundry M & T, 1980,108(9): 122～127
[45] Krohn Barbara R, Austempered Ductile Iron Emerging as a Structual Materials, Modern Casting,1984,74(7): 26～30
[46] Eduard Dordzil, Mechanical Properties of Austempered Ductile Iron. Foundry M & T,1986,114(7): 36～40
[47] Janowak Jay F, Austempered Ductile Iron for High Strength and Toughness, Modern Casting,1981,71(12): 34～36
[48] W.J. Evans et al, Factors Influencing the Occurrence of Carbides in Thin Sections of Ductile Iron, AFS Trans,1981: 293～322
[49] 辜祖勋, 球墨铸铁件生产中若干问题的探讨, 铸造, 2003,52(9): 709～712
[50] 李建明等, 铸态厚壁高韧性球铁冷却壁的研制, 铸造, 1995(6): 6～9
[51] T.Skaland, Inoculation Material Improves Graphite Formation in Ductile Iron, Modern Casting,2001,91(12): 43～45
[52] 谭银元, 薄壁高强韧铸态球墨铸铁排气管的研制, 铸造, 2003,27(10): 31～33
[53] 周淑兰, 朱玲, 孙传江, 汽车后桥焊接工艺及设备, 焊接, 1999(9): 35～37
[54] 孙勇, 陈岱民, 刘玉莲, 摩擦焊技术的现状与发展趋势, 机械工艺师, 1996(12): 34～35
[55] Ebweharb B J, Friction Weld Ductility and toughness As Inf1uenced by Inclusion Morphology, Welding Research Supplement,1983: 171～178
[56] Li X, Mechanical and Metallurgical Properties of MMC Friction Welds, Welding Journal,1997(9): 367
[57] Li X, Maldonado C,North T H, Mechanical and metallurgical properties of MMC friction welds, Welding Journal,1997,9: 367
[58] Sassani F, Neelam J R, Friction welding of incompatible Materials, Welding Journal,1988,67(11): 264～270
[59] Yashan D, Tsang S, Johns W L, et al, Inertia friction welding of 1100 aluminum to type 316 stainless, Welding Journal,1987,66(8): 27～36
[60] 傅莉, 毛信孚, 史学芳, LF6 防锈铝与 HR-2 抗氢不锈钢摩擦焊接, 焊接学报, 2003,(2): 9～13
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