水体的偏振特性研究
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摘要
地球表面的水体约占总面积的70%以上，针对水体监测成为全球环境研究的重要的组成部分，而利用遥感技术对水体的监测也伴随着遥感科学技术的快速发展成为一项至关重要和有效可行的技术。在遥感技术背景的讨论前提下，水体表面的反射辐射强度与其它地物类型相比是较小的，但是仍然包含很多水体的特征信息，例如：水体泡沫、水面溢油、水中悬浮泥沙、水中浮游生物等，这些都可以通过水体的光学特性直接或者间接地反映出来。
但是在实际水体遥感中，想要获取真正的水体反射信息要受到很多条件的制约。主要表现在大气的影响、太阳入射角度变化的影响、探测器观测方位的影响、水面状态的影响。其中，大气的影响是不可避免的，而且随时间变化大气状态的变化非常迅速。无论是在可见光还是红外光谱范围内，进入到传感器内的大气反射发射辐射信息往往会将水体信息淹没。而太阳角度变化、探测器观测方位的变化与水面状态变化将共同影响传感器获取真实的水体反射与发射信息。其中最为常见的就是镜面反射引起的耀斑的影响，这会使在耀斑覆盖的范围内得到的反射信息比正常的高出几十倍甚至更多，传感器因为达到饱和状态而不能得到水体的信息。
尤其在可见光范围，水体遥感必须避免太阳直射的反射方向(也就是镜面方向)才能得到真正的水体信息。如果能够将耀斑从总反射部分消除，那么水体遥感中反演水中叶绿素、悬浮泥沙等的精度就会得到很大的提升。从而也使得现有的多角度传感器可以在更多角度进行水体观测。在红外波段，太阳耀斑依然对水体的发射辐射会有影响，而这种影响主要是在镜面反射中体现的。正是在镜面反射方向，无论是可见光还是红外波段都会产生由水面特征决定的偏振光。从而使偏振技术在常规遥感中无法实现的范围起到一定的作用。利用偏振探测技术可以将反射光分解成不同的分量，从而，目标偏振程度的测量不依赖于校准传感器，而且不需对反射信息标准化就可以计算出来；在获取偏振测量结果的同时，还能得到辐射测量的信息。
本论文主要以辐射传输理论、菲涅尔理论、入射辐射场与斯托克斯参量之间的关系为理论依据，结合不同探测角度、入射角度信息与偏振信息，从可见光到近红外再到热红外波段分析了水体表面反射辐射和发射辐射的偏振态。同时分析了油膜、大气与水面耀斑对偏振反射的影响。最后，利用斯托克斯参量与菲涅尔反射折射定律建立了基于平静水面利用偏振测量方法在不同角度获取水体反射信息的模型，并证明了离水辐射亮度信息的偏振度为零的假设是可行的，同时将计算值与实际测量值进行了对比分析，两者的差异较小，可以满足离水辐射测量的精度。
水体偏振反射的研究不仅对水的辐射传输过程的描述更加详细，也为水体遥感提供了一种额外的辅助手段，可以结合现有多角度传感器不用避免太阳直射而在较大观测范围内实现水体反射信息的获取，从而使遥感技术能更好的为水环境监测服务。
More than70%of the earth’s surface area is covered by water, so it is veryimportant to monitor water body for the global environmental research. Aquaticmonitoring by remote sensing has been an effective technology along with thedevelopment of remote sensing technology. The reflection strength of water surface,on the premise of remote sensing, is weaker than other surface features, but it containsmany characteristics of the water body, such as water bubble, oil spill, suspendedsediment and plankton, which can be reflected directly or indirectly, by the opticscharacteristics of the water body.
There are many constraints to get real aquatic reflection information in practicaloperations, such as atmospheric effect, variation of the solar incident angles,observing position of detectors, and water status, and atmospheric effect is inevitablein these factors. Because the atmospheric statue varies swiftly, atmospheric reflectiveradiation information usually mask the aquatic information, in both visible spectrumand infrared spectrum. And variation of the solar incident angles, observing positionof detectors and water status make great effect on the aquatic reflection informationreceived by sensors. The most common factor is the solar flare by specular reflection,which makes the information in flares over several tens times stronger than itscounterpart in common range, because sensors are not able to obtain any aquaticinformation in the saturated condition.
Aquatic remote sensors are able to obtain real aquatic information, only afteravoiding the reflection direction of the solar vertical incident rays (i.e. surfacedirection). The inverting accuracy to chlorophylls in the water, suspended sedimentswill get great improved, if flares can be eliminated from the total reflection, somulti-angle sensors are able to make aquatic observations from more angles. Ininfrared band, solar flares are still making influence on the water radiation, which ismainly embodied in the specular reflection. In the specular direction, polarized light happens which is caused by aquatic features in both visible and infrared band. Sopolarization technique can make effects in the range that conventional remote sensorcan not achieve. Decomposing reflected lights into different components bypolarization detection technology can make the object polarization degreemeasurement independent from calibrating sensors. So the calculation doesn’t have tostandardize the reflection information.
The dissertation, whose theoretical foundation is radiation transfer theory,Fresnel theory and the relationship between Stokes scattering parameters and incidentradiation field, analyzes water surface reflective radiation and emitted radiationpolarization from visible and near infrared to thermal infrared band and the effect ofoil films, atmosphere and water surface flares on polarizations, combining differentdetection angles, incident angles and polarization information. Finally, it, on the basisof Stokes parameters and Fresnel reflection refraction theory, sets up a model forobtaining water reflection information on the calm water surface at different angles bypolarization measurement, and proves the hypothesis is feasible that the polarizationdegree of water-leaving radiance luminance information is zero. The comparisonbetween calculation values and actual measured ones shows that the difference isminor and it’s able to satisfy the measurement precision to water-leaving radiance.
The research on water polarization reflection can not only make a more detaileddescription to water radiation and transfer process, but also provide an additionalauxiliary method for water body remote sensing. It can obtain water reflectioninformation in large observation range cooperating with multi-angle sensors withoutavoiding direct sunlight, so that remote sensing technology offers more benefits towater environment monitoring.
但是在实际水体遥感中，想要获取真正的水体反射信息要受到很多条件的制约。主要表现在大气的影响、太阳入射角度变化的影响、探测器观测方位的影响、水面状态的影响。其中，大气的影响是不可避免的，而且随时间变化大气状态的变化非常迅速。无论是在可见光还是红外光谱范围内，进入到传感器内的大气反射发射辐射信息往往会将水体信息淹没。而太阳角度变化、探测器观测方位的变化与水面状态变化将共同影响传感器获取真实的水体反射与发射信息。其中最为常见的就是镜面反射引起的耀斑的影响，这会使在耀斑覆盖的范围内得到的反射信息比正常的高出几十倍甚至更多，传感器因为达到饱和状态而不能得到水体的信息。
尤其在可见光范围，水体遥感必须避免太阳直射的反射方向(也就是镜面方向)才能得到真正的水体信息。如果能够将耀斑从总反射部分消除，那么水体遥感中反演水中叶绿素、悬浮泥沙等的精度就会得到很大的提升。从而也使得现有的多角度传感器可以在更多角度进行水体观测。在红外波段，太阳耀斑依然对水体的发射辐射会有影响，而这种影响主要是在镜面反射中体现的。正是在镜面反射方向，无论是可见光还是红外波段都会产生由水面特征决定的偏振光。从而使偏振技术在常规遥感中无法实现的范围起到一定的作用。利用偏振探测技术可以将反射光分解成不同的分量，从而，目标偏振程度的测量不依赖于校准传感器，而且不需对反射信息标准化就可以计算出来；在获取偏振测量结果的同时，还能得到辐射测量的信息。
本论文主要以辐射传输理论、菲涅尔理论、入射辐射场与斯托克斯参量之间的关系为理论依据，结合不同探测角度、入射角度信息与偏振信息，从可见光到近红外再到热红外波段分析了水体表面反射辐射和发射辐射的偏振态。同时分析了油膜、大气与水面耀斑对偏振反射的影响。最后，利用斯托克斯参量与菲涅尔反射折射定律建立了基于平静水面利用偏振测量方法在不同角度获取水体反射信息的模型，并证明了离水辐射亮度信息的偏振度为零的假设是可行的，同时将计算值与实际测量值进行了对比分析，两者的差异较小，可以满足离水辐射测量的精度。
水体偏振反射的研究不仅对水的辐射传输过程的描述更加详细，也为水体遥感提供了一种额外的辅助手段，可以结合现有多角度传感器不用避免太阳直射而在较大观测范围内实现水体反射信息的获取，从而使遥感技术能更好的为水环境监测服务。
More than70%of the earth’s surface area is covered by water, so it is veryimportant to monitor water body for the global environmental research. Aquaticmonitoring by remote sensing has been an effective technology along with thedevelopment of remote sensing technology. The reflection strength of water surface,on the premise of remote sensing, is weaker than other surface features, but it containsmany characteristics of the water body, such as water bubble, oil spill, suspendedsediment and plankton, which can be reflected directly or indirectly, by the opticscharacteristics of the water body.
There are many constraints to get real aquatic reflection information in practicaloperations, such as atmospheric effect, variation of the solar incident angles,observing position of detectors, and water status, and atmospheric effect is inevitablein these factors. Because the atmospheric statue varies swiftly, atmospheric reflectiveradiation information usually mask the aquatic information, in both visible spectrumand infrared spectrum. And variation of the solar incident angles, observing positionof detectors and water status make great effect on the aquatic reflection informationreceived by sensors. The most common factor is the solar flare by specular reflection,which makes the information in flares over several tens times stronger than itscounterpart in common range, because sensors are not able to obtain any aquaticinformation in the saturated condition.
Aquatic remote sensors are able to obtain real aquatic information, only afteravoiding the reflection direction of the solar vertical incident rays (i.e. surfacedirection). The inverting accuracy to chlorophylls in the water, suspended sedimentswill get great improved, if flares can be eliminated from the total reflection, somulti-angle sensors are able to make aquatic observations from more angles. Ininfrared band, solar flares are still making influence on the water radiation, which ismainly embodied in the specular reflection. In the specular direction, polarized light happens which is caused by aquatic features in both visible and infrared band. Sopolarization technique can make effects in the range that conventional remote sensorcan not achieve. Decomposing reflected lights into different components bypolarization detection technology can make the object polarization degreemeasurement independent from calibrating sensors. So the calculation doesn’t have tostandardize the reflection information.
The dissertation, whose theoretical foundation is radiation transfer theory,Fresnel theory and the relationship between Stokes scattering parameters and incidentradiation field, analyzes water surface reflective radiation and emitted radiationpolarization from visible and near infrared to thermal infrared band and the effect ofoil films, atmosphere and water surface flares on polarizations, combining differentdetection angles, incident angles and polarization information. Finally, it, on the basisof Stokes parameters and Fresnel reflection refraction theory, sets up a model forobtaining water reflection information on the calm water surface at different angles bypolarization measurement, and proves the hypothesis is feasible that the polarizationdegree of water-leaving radiance luminance information is zero. The comparisonbetween calculation values and actual measured ones shows that the difference isminor and it’s able to satisfy the measurement precision to water-leaving radiance.
The research on water polarization reflection can not only make a more detaileddescription to water radiation and transfer process, but also provide an additionalauxiliary method for water body remote sensing. It can obtain water reflectioninformation in large observation range cooperating with multi-angle sensors withoutavoiding direct sunlight, so that remote sensing technology offers more benefits towater environment monitoring.
引文
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