OFDM系统的信道估计和信号均衡技术的研究
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摘要
正交频分复用(OFDM)是一种多载波数字调制技术，具有抗多径能力强、频谱利用率高、实现简单等优点，已被许多无线通信标准选为物理层传输方案。
为了获得较高的数据传输速率和频谱利用率，OFDM系统需要采用相干检测技术，这就要求接收端通过信道估计得到实时、准确的信道状态信息。而且，在自适应调制、波束成形及多天线传输等与OFDM结合的系统中，同样也需要信道状态信息。因此信道估计在OFDM系统中是必不可少的。论文围绕OFDM系统的信道估计展开，在研究现有信道估计与干扰消除技术基础上，提出了新思路和新算法。
论文首先讨论了无线信道的衰落特性，对信道的时域与频域特性作了简单的分析，详细介绍了常用的确定性衰落信道模型。在深入研究传统LS估计器、LMMSE估计器和基于DFT的变换域估计器的优缺点后，提出了基于统计分析的信道估计方法。
传统的基于DFT的信道估计算法只消除了信道冲激响应估计中循环前缀长度之外的噪声，循环前缀长度内的噪声并没有得到抑制。大多数基于DFT的信道估计改进算法通过设立一个阈值门限，对循环前缀内CIR估计值进行判断，进一步消除噪声，从而提高信道估计的精度。这些方法的关键是如何找到一个最佳的阈值以获得期望的结果。另外，阈值门限法，难以处理阈值附近的CIR估计值。因为无线信道冲激响应由有用信号部分和噪声部分组成，所以从多元分析方法出发，抑制噪声问题是一个典型的辨别分析问题。为了避免阈值方法无法处理阈值附近的采样值，通过引入Mahalanobis距离进行辨别分析，有效的克服了阈值门限法的缺陷。基于DFT的OFDM信道估计方法适用于采样间隔信道。当信道为非采样间隔信道时，经DFT运算后，会出现信道冲激响应的能量泄漏。通过改变辨别范围，提出的算法也适用于非采样间隔信道。
通常，假设在一个OFDM符号间隔内移动信道是拟平稳的。随着载频及终端移动速度的提高，信道时变引起的多普勒频移将破坏子载波正交性，由此造成的ICI将严重影响系统性能。针对时变信道估计算法的局限性，Choi等人提出了最小均方误差估计方法，由于该方法计算量较大且需要信道统计信息，所以很难实用。在大多数实际应用条件下，信道在一个OFDM符号周期内的变化近似满足线性模型。根据这一特性对时变信道进行线性建模，然后通过估计线性模型的斜率和参考点值来获得信道响应的估计值。利用线性模型拟合信道在一个符号内的线性时变，难免会带来误差，且信道同时受到噪声的干扰，也会带来误差。根据基于总体最小二乘准则，本文提出了一种新的快变信道估计方法，该方法同时考虑了模型误差和噪声，且不需要信道的统计特性信息。仿真结果表明，当多普勒频移增加时，该方法具有较好的鲁棒性。
在OFDM系统中通过加入循环前缀来避免符号间干扰，导致了系统利用率的下降。对于延时较长的信道，难免会出现信道长度超过循环前缀长度的情况。论文分析了OFDM系统中由于循环前缀的不充分而导致的符号间干扰和子载波间干扰，并提出了基于总体最小二乘准则的干扰消除算法。
在无线通信系统中，由于系统终端存在移动性以及信道的多径效应，信道难以保持稳定。当信道参数快速变化时，OFDM系统存在载波间干扰（ICI），这会影响信道估计的精度，导致传统的单抽头频域均衡器不再适用。为了同时兼顾信道估计误差和噪声提出基于正则总体最小二乘准则的信号恢复算法。该方法弥补了现有OFDM均衡估计算法不考虑信道误差的缺陷，确保在均衡时较好的去除信道干扰和噪声。理论分析和仿真结果表明，该算法能有效地恢复传输信号。
Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is a multi-carrier modulationtechnology. It has many well known advantages such as robustness to multi-path fadingchannels, high bandwidth efficiency, and efficient implementation. OFDM has beenchosen as a solution for physical layer transmission in many wireless communicationstandards.
In order to transmit data rapidly with high spectral efficiency, the coherentdetection is usually employed in OFDM system, where the real-time and accuratechannel state information (CSI) should be known by the receiver. The CSI also shouldbe known in other situations, which combine OFDM and adaptive modulation, beamforming or multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) transmission. Therefore,channel estimation is the essential part of OFDM systems. In this dissertation, newsolutions and algorithms related on OFDM channel estimation and interferencecancellation techniques are proposed for time-varying channels.
In the first part of the dissertation, the properties of the fading channel and itsmathematical model is discussed. After the briefly introduction of the conventional LSestimator, the LMMSE estimator, the DFT-based transform domain estimator, a newchannel estimation algorithm based on statistical analysis is proposed.
The traditional DFT-based channel estimator only removes the noise in the channelimpulse response (CIR) beyond the length of the cyclic prefix (CP)，while the noisewithin the length of the CP is not suppressed at all．In most of the improved DFT-basedchannel estimation algorithm, one decision threshold is obtained by some methods.When this threshold was applied to the CIR within the length of the CP to remove noise,the accuracy of channel estimation is improved. To obtain the desired results, a crucialproblem is how to find an optimal threshold value. In addition, these kinds of methodsare invalid, when the value of CIR estimation is close to the threshold. From themultivariate analysis method, the noise suppression problem is a typical discriminantanalysis problem, since the CIR is composed of the ideal channel taps and the addednoise taps. To discriminate the uncertain taps, the Mahalanobis distance is used todiscriminate the CIR. By introducing the distance measure, the defects of thethreshold-discrimination method are overcome effectively. The channel estimationmethod based on DFT for OFDM is suitable for sample spaced channel. The energy of channel impulse response will leak to all taps when the non-sample spaced channel istransformed by the DFT. By changing the discriminated range, the improved channelestimation method is presented, which is suitable for the non-sample spaced channelbased on DFT for OFDM systems.
In the interval of one OFDM symbol, the wireless channel is usually assumed to besmooth. The high speed motion of subscribers gives rise to Doppler effects that destroyorthogonality between sub-carriers, leading to ICI and performance degradation for theOFDM system. An algorithm for fast-varying channel estimation was proposed by Choi.This method need to know the channel statistical knowledge, which cannot be obtainedaccurately in practice. Furthermore, its computational complexity is very high.
The time-varying channel can be approximated by a linear model during anOFDM block, when the normalized Doppler frequency shift is less than0.2. In this case,the channel is modeled as a linear function, and the CIR can be obtained by onlyestimating the slope and the reference signal of linear model. When the linear model isused to approximate the time variations of channel transmission function, there will becertainly some errors. Based on total least squares (TLS) criterion，a novel method forestimating channel parameters variation within an OFDM symbol is proposed. Thesimulation results show that the new method is more robust when Doppler frequency ishigh.
Using the CP as the guard interval is a simple way to combat the inter-symbolinterference (ISI). However, it also reduces the transmission efficiency of the system.For some channels with a very long delay spread, it is possible that the length of the CPis beyond the channel length. The interference due to the insufficient CP was analyzedand the SIR was derived for OFDM systems. In order to cancel interference, a newmethod for interference cancellation, based on total least squares (TLS) criterion, isproposed.
Due system terminal mobility and multi-path effects channel stability is difficult tobe maintained in wireless communication systems. Time variations of doubly-selectivechannels lead to the loss of orthogonality between sub-carriers, resulting in the increaseof the ICI energy and error of the channel estimation at pilot sub-carriers. Furthermore,the one tap frequency equalizer is not applicable any more in this case. The new methodwas proposed for the signal restoration via the regularized constrained total leastsquares. Errors caused by channel inaccuracies can be mitigated after equalization.Theoretical analysis and simulation results show that the method can not only eliminate noise and interference, but also recover the transmitted data．
为了获得较高的数据传输速率和频谱利用率，OFDM系统需要采用相干检测技术，这就要求接收端通过信道估计得到实时、准确的信道状态信息。而且，在自适应调制、波束成形及多天线传输等与OFDM结合的系统中，同样也需要信道状态信息。因此信道估计在OFDM系统中是必不可少的。论文围绕OFDM系统的信道估计展开，在研究现有信道估计与干扰消除技术基础上，提出了新思路和新算法。
论文首先讨论了无线信道的衰落特性，对信道的时域与频域特性作了简单的分析，详细介绍了常用的确定性衰落信道模型。在深入研究传统LS估计器、LMMSE估计器和基于DFT的变换域估计器的优缺点后，提出了基于统计分析的信道估计方法。
传统的基于DFT的信道估计算法只消除了信道冲激响应估计中循环前缀长度之外的噪声，循环前缀长度内的噪声并没有得到抑制。大多数基于DFT的信道估计改进算法通过设立一个阈值门限，对循环前缀内CIR估计值进行判断，进一步消除噪声，从而提高信道估计的精度。这些方法的关键是如何找到一个最佳的阈值以获得期望的结果。另外，阈值门限法，难以处理阈值附近的CIR估计值。因为无线信道冲激响应由有用信号部分和噪声部分组成，所以从多元分析方法出发，抑制噪声问题是一个典型的辨别分析问题。为了避免阈值方法无法处理阈值附近的采样值，通过引入Mahalanobis距离进行辨别分析，有效的克服了阈值门限法的缺陷。基于DFT的OFDM信道估计方法适用于采样间隔信道。当信道为非采样间隔信道时，经DFT运算后，会出现信道冲激响应的能量泄漏。通过改变辨别范围，提出的算法也适用于非采样间隔信道。
通常，假设在一个OFDM符号间隔内移动信道是拟平稳的。随着载频及终端移动速度的提高，信道时变引起的多普勒频移将破坏子载波正交性，由此造成的ICI将严重影响系统性能。针对时变信道估计算法的局限性，Choi等人提出了最小均方误差估计方法，由于该方法计算量较大且需要信道统计信息，所以很难实用。在大多数实际应用条件下，信道在一个OFDM符号周期内的变化近似满足线性模型。根据这一特性对时变信道进行线性建模，然后通过估计线性模型的斜率和参考点值来获得信道响应的估计值。利用线性模型拟合信道在一个符号内的线性时变，难免会带来误差，且信道同时受到噪声的干扰，也会带来误差。根据基于总体最小二乘准则，本文提出了一种新的快变信道估计方法，该方法同时考虑了模型误差和噪声，且不需要信道的统计特性信息。仿真结果表明，当多普勒频移增加时，该方法具有较好的鲁棒性。
在OFDM系统中通过加入循环前缀来避免符号间干扰，导致了系统利用率的下降。对于延时较长的信道，难免会出现信道长度超过循环前缀长度的情况。论文分析了OFDM系统中由于循环前缀的不充分而导致的符号间干扰和子载波间干扰，并提出了基于总体最小二乘准则的干扰消除算法。
在无线通信系统中，由于系统终端存在移动性以及信道的多径效应，信道难以保持稳定。当信道参数快速变化时，OFDM系统存在载波间干扰（ICI），这会影响信道估计的精度，导致传统的单抽头频域均衡器不再适用。为了同时兼顾信道估计误差和噪声提出基于正则总体最小二乘准则的信号恢复算法。该方法弥补了现有OFDM均衡估计算法不考虑信道误差的缺陷，确保在均衡时较好的去除信道干扰和噪声。理论分析和仿真结果表明，该算法能有效地恢复传输信号。
Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is a multi-carrier modulationtechnology. It has many well known advantages such as robustness to multi-path fadingchannels, high bandwidth efficiency, and efficient implementation. OFDM has beenchosen as a solution for physical layer transmission in many wireless communicationstandards.
In order to transmit data rapidly with high spectral efficiency, the coherentdetection is usually employed in OFDM system, where the real-time and accuratechannel state information (CSI) should be known by the receiver. The CSI also shouldbe known in other situations, which combine OFDM and adaptive modulation, beamforming or multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) transmission. Therefore,channel estimation is the essential part of OFDM systems. In this dissertation, newsolutions and algorithms related on OFDM channel estimation and interferencecancellation techniques are proposed for time-varying channels.
In the first part of the dissertation, the properties of the fading channel and itsmathematical model is discussed. After the briefly introduction of the conventional LSestimator, the LMMSE estimator, the DFT-based transform domain estimator, a newchannel estimation algorithm based on statistical analysis is proposed.
The traditional DFT-based channel estimator only removes the noise in the channelimpulse response (CIR) beyond the length of the cyclic prefix (CP)，while the noisewithin the length of the CP is not suppressed at all．In most of the improved DFT-basedchannel estimation algorithm, one decision threshold is obtained by some methods.When this threshold was applied to the CIR within the length of the CP to remove noise,the accuracy of channel estimation is improved. To obtain the desired results, a crucialproblem is how to find an optimal threshold value. In addition, these kinds of methodsare invalid, when the value of CIR estimation is close to the threshold. From themultivariate analysis method, the noise suppression problem is a typical discriminantanalysis problem, since the CIR is composed of the ideal channel taps and the addednoise taps. To discriminate the uncertain taps, the Mahalanobis distance is used todiscriminate the CIR. By introducing the distance measure, the defects of thethreshold-discrimination method are overcome effectively. The channel estimationmethod based on DFT for OFDM is suitable for sample spaced channel. The energy of channel impulse response will leak to all taps when the non-sample spaced channel istransformed by the DFT. By changing the discriminated range, the improved channelestimation method is presented, which is suitable for the non-sample spaced channelbased on DFT for OFDM systems.
In the interval of one OFDM symbol, the wireless channel is usually assumed to besmooth. The high speed motion of subscribers gives rise to Doppler effects that destroyorthogonality between sub-carriers, leading to ICI and performance degradation for theOFDM system. An algorithm for fast-varying channel estimation was proposed by Choi.This method need to know the channel statistical knowledge, which cannot be obtainedaccurately in practice. Furthermore, its computational complexity is very high.
The time-varying channel can be approximated by a linear model during anOFDM block, when the normalized Doppler frequency shift is less than0.2. In this case,the channel is modeled as a linear function, and the CIR can be obtained by onlyestimating the slope and the reference signal of linear model. When the linear model isused to approximate the time variations of channel transmission function, there will becertainly some errors. Based on total least squares (TLS) criterion，a novel method forestimating channel parameters variation within an OFDM symbol is proposed. Thesimulation results show that the new method is more robust when Doppler frequency ishigh.
Using the CP as the guard interval is a simple way to combat the inter-symbolinterference (ISI). However, it also reduces the transmission efficiency of the system.For some channels with a very long delay spread, it is possible that the length of the CPis beyond the channel length. The interference due to the insufficient CP was analyzedand the SIR was derived for OFDM systems. In order to cancel interference, a newmethod for interference cancellation, based on total least squares (TLS) criterion, isproposed.
Due system terminal mobility and multi-path effects channel stability is difficult tobe maintained in wireless communication systems. Time variations of doubly-selectivechannels lead to the loss of orthogonality between sub-carriers, resulting in the increaseof the ICI energy and error of the channel estimation at pilot sub-carriers. Furthermore,the one tap frequency equalizer is not applicable any more in this case. The new methodwas proposed for the signal restoration via the regularized constrained total leastsquares. Errors caused by channel inaccuracies can be mitigated after equalization.Theoretical analysis and simulation results show that the method can not only eliminate noise and interference, but also recover the transmitted data．
引文
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