媒介的直观
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摘要
作为一位在传播学史上具有重要地位和深远影响的学者,麦克卢汉的声名曾经大起大落,几度沉浮。有关他的评论无论是褒是贬,大都局限为一种随意性的言说,少有学理层面的探讨,缺乏严格意义上的学术价值;而对于其思维方法的认识则尤为肤浅混乱,长期充斥着各种不合事实、不负责任的狭隘偏颇的观点,严重阻碍了“麦克卢汉研究”的发展和深入。
针对上述状况,本文提出可以通过将麦克卢汉的思维方法纳入现象学的视野加以考察而对之作出某种相对确切和深刻的判断与理解。本文认为,现象学作为现代西方最主要的哲学思潮之一,具有极其重大的方法论意义,根本上标志着一种以本质直观为核心的哲学方法。通过对麦克卢汉著作的文本学解读,本文发现,麦克卢汉的传播学研究明显体现出“面向事情本身”的现象学精神,其最具代表性的“媒介即讯息”的论点宣示了可被直观把握到的媒介本质,它作为对关于媒介效应的自我意识体验加以现象学的描述和反思的必然结果,实际上正表现了麦克卢汉在有关媒介的认识领域中对于本质直观的成功运用。基于上述认识,本文指出,麦克卢汉可被视为一位主观上虽未参加现象学运动而客观上却在其学术实践中的确遵循和运用了现象学的基本原则与方法的广义现象学家,其传播学研究与现象学方法之间存在显著联系。
在将麦克卢汉传播学研究的主要方法解释为现象学方法的基础上,本文进一步指出,作为传播学研究的两大传统方法的实证方法和批判方法,本质上分别是进行事实归纳的经验方法和进行理论演绎的思辨方法。通过比较,本文认为,现象学由于从哲学方法论上解决了传统的经验论和唯理论哲学所无法解决的“个别”与“一般”的关系问题,用强调“现象即本质”的本质直观弥合了“现象界”与“本体界”之间的鸿沟,因此有助于消除实证方法的“经验一般化”困境并补足批判方法的“总体性”缺陷,在某种意义上实现了对这两种传统的传播学研究方法的超越。
鉴于现象学方法相对于传统方法所具有的上述优越性,本文提出有必要将现象学方法引入传播学研究,其意义在于现象学方法可以丰富传播学研究的方法论体系、凸现传播学研究的时代特征并敞开传播学研究的思维视域。本文指出,在研究方法的薄弱业已成为阻碍我国传播学发展的巨大路障的情形下,必须兼容并包地借鉴包括现象学在内的西方传播学的方法论思想,以扎实的方法论研究来推进我国传播学的理论建设。
As a scholar who has an important status and profound influence in the history of communication research, McLuhan has a reputation which once went through repeated rises and falls. The reviews about him are mostly confined to one kind of speech at will, short of discussions on the level of scientific principle and academic values in the strict sense, no matter they are praises or censures. In these reviews, the knowledge of McLuhan's method of thinking is particularly superficial and confused, flooded with kinds of unrealistic and irresponsible viewpoints based on a narrow field of vision all along. These prejudices seriously hinder the development in depth of McLuhan studies.
In view of the present situation, the dissertation proposes that McLuhan's method of thinking may be accurately judged and deeply understood in the phenomenological horizon. The dissertation considers that as one of the most important philosophic thoughts in the modern west, phenomenology is of extremely great methodological significance, and can be radically regarded as one kind of philosophic method which takes universal intuition as its core. Through the explanation of McLuhan's texts, the dissertation discovers that McLuhan's communication research obviously embodies the phenomenological spirit of facing matter itself, and as the inevitable result of phenomenological description and reflection on the self-consciousness about the effects of medium, his most representative argument that the medium is the message declares the essence of medium which can be grasped directly and in fact displays the successful application of universal intuition in medium understanding. For the above reasons, the dissertation points out that in a broad sense, McLuhan can be regarded as a phenomenologist who did not participate in the movement of phenomenology subjectively but really follows the basic principles of phenomenology and utilizes the basic methods of phenomenology objectively in his academic practice, and there is a remarkable relationship between McLuhan's communication research and phenomenological method.
On the basis of expounding the chief method of McLuhan's communication research as phenomenological method, the dissertation further points out that as the two basic traditional methods of communication research, positive method and critical method radically are empirical method based on induction and speculative method based on deduction respectively. By comparison, the dissertation considers that on the level of philosophic methodology, phenomenology solves the problem of the relationship between individuality and generality, phenomenon and essence which can not be solved by the traditional philosophy of empiricism and rationalism, so in a sense, its universal intuition which regards phenomenon as essence bridges the gap between phenomenon and body, thus contributes to counteract the weaknesses of positive method and critical method, and realizes the transcendence over these two traditional methods of communication research.
In view of the above-mentioned superiority of phenomenological method compared with the traditional methods, the dissertation proposes that it is necessary to introduce phenomenological method into communication research, because phenomenological method can enrich the methodological system of communication research, highlight the characteristics of the times of communication research and widen open the vision of thought of communication research. The dissertation points out that in the situation that the lack of research method's having been a huge roadblock which hinders the development of Chinese communication, it is necessary to make use of all kinds of the methodological thought of western communication research including phenomenology, and advance the theoretical construction of Chinese communication with the solid methodology research.
针对上述状况,本文提出可以通过将麦克卢汉的思维方法纳入现象学的视野加以考察而对之作出某种相对确切和深刻的判断与理解。本文认为,现象学作为现代西方最主要的哲学思潮之一,具有极其重大的方法论意义,根本上标志着一种以本质直观为核心的哲学方法。通过对麦克卢汉著作的文本学解读,本文发现,麦克卢汉的传播学研究明显体现出“面向事情本身”的现象学精神,其最具代表性的“媒介即讯息”的论点宣示了可被直观把握到的媒介本质,它作为对关于媒介效应的自我意识体验加以现象学的描述和反思的必然结果,实际上正表现了麦克卢汉在有关媒介的认识领域中对于本质直观的成功运用。基于上述认识,本文指出,麦克卢汉可被视为一位主观上虽未参加现象学运动而客观上却在其学术实践中的确遵循和运用了现象学的基本原则与方法的广义现象学家,其传播学研究与现象学方法之间存在显著联系。
在将麦克卢汉传播学研究的主要方法解释为现象学方法的基础上,本文进一步指出,作为传播学研究的两大传统方法的实证方法和批判方法,本质上分别是进行事实归纳的经验方法和进行理论演绎的思辨方法。通过比较,本文认为,现象学由于从哲学方法论上解决了传统的经验论和唯理论哲学所无法解决的“个别”与“一般”的关系问题,用强调“现象即本质”的本质直观弥合了“现象界”与“本体界”之间的鸿沟,因此有助于消除实证方法的“经验一般化”困境并补足批判方法的“总体性”缺陷,在某种意义上实现了对这两种传统的传播学研究方法的超越。
鉴于现象学方法相对于传统方法所具有的上述优越性,本文提出有必要将现象学方法引入传播学研究,其意义在于现象学方法可以丰富传播学研究的方法论体系、凸现传播学研究的时代特征并敞开传播学研究的思维视域。本文指出,在研究方法的薄弱业已成为阻碍我国传播学发展的巨大路障的情形下,必须兼容并包地借鉴包括现象学在内的西方传播学的方法论思想,以扎实的方法论研究来推进我国传播学的理论建设。
As a scholar who has an important status and profound influence in the history of communication research, McLuhan has a reputation which once went through repeated rises and falls. The reviews about him are mostly confined to one kind of speech at will, short of discussions on the level of scientific principle and academic values in the strict sense, no matter they are praises or censures. In these reviews, the knowledge of McLuhan's method of thinking is particularly superficial and confused, flooded with kinds of unrealistic and irresponsible viewpoints based on a narrow field of vision all along. These prejudices seriously hinder the development in depth of McLuhan studies.
In view of the present situation, the dissertation proposes that McLuhan's method of thinking may be accurately judged and deeply understood in the phenomenological horizon. The dissertation considers that as one of the most important philosophic thoughts in the modern west, phenomenology is of extremely great methodological significance, and can be radically regarded as one kind of philosophic method which takes universal intuition as its core. Through the explanation of McLuhan's texts, the dissertation discovers that McLuhan's communication research obviously embodies the phenomenological spirit of facing matter itself, and as the inevitable result of phenomenological description and reflection on the self-consciousness about the effects of medium, his most representative argument that the medium is the message declares the essence of medium which can be grasped directly and in fact displays the successful application of universal intuition in medium understanding. For the above reasons, the dissertation points out that in a broad sense, McLuhan can be regarded as a phenomenologist who did not participate in the movement of phenomenology subjectively but really follows the basic principles of phenomenology and utilizes the basic methods of phenomenology objectively in his academic practice, and there is a remarkable relationship between McLuhan's communication research and phenomenological method.
On the basis of expounding the chief method of McLuhan's communication research as phenomenological method, the dissertation further points out that as the two basic traditional methods of communication research, positive method and critical method radically are empirical method based on induction and speculative method based on deduction respectively. By comparison, the dissertation considers that on the level of philosophic methodology, phenomenology solves the problem of the relationship between individuality and generality, phenomenon and essence which can not be solved by the traditional philosophy of empiricism and rationalism, so in a sense, its universal intuition which regards phenomenon as essence bridges the gap between phenomenon and body, thus contributes to counteract the weaknesses of positive method and critical method, and realizes the transcendence over these two traditional methods of communication research.
In view of the above-mentioned superiority of phenomenological method compared with the traditional methods, the dissertation proposes that it is necessary to introduce phenomenological method into communication research, because phenomenological method can enrich the methodological system of communication research, highlight the characteristics of the times of communication research and widen open the vision of thought of communication research. The dissertation points out that in the situation that the lack of research method's having been a huge roadblock which hinders the development of Chinese communication, it is necessary to make use of all kinds of the methodological thought of western communication research including phenomenology, and advance the theoretical construction of Chinese communication with the solid methodology research.
引文
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