论我国的结婚登记制度
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摘要
婚姻家庭是社会的基础,婚姻家庭的稳定关系到整个社会的和谐稳定。随着社会的发展,人们的婚姻家庭观念发生了较大变化,为了使婚姻法的相关制度与新形势相适应,我们需要在立法上继续探索,修改和完善调整婚姻家庭关系的相关制度。结婚登记制度是规范和调整婚姻关系的重要制度,本文试图从其概念及性质入手,结合我国结婚登记制度的历史沿革,以及外国的有关规定,对我国现行结婚登记制度的优点进行评价,对其不足之处进行反思,进而提出相关的完善建议。
本文除引言外,包括四个部分:
一、结婚登记制度概述。通过分析结婚登记的概念,认为契约性是婚姻本质属性,结婚登记的性质是行政确认行为;介绍结婚登记的机关和程序;对婚姻成立的形式要件进行分析,认为结婚登记是婚姻公示手段;概述事实婚姻与非婚同居的效力和处理,以及无效婚姻与可撤销婚姻制度。
二、我国现行的结婚登记制度。首先,回顾我国结婚登记制度的历史沿革,经历了“登记妥协、严格登记、登记可补办”三个阶段,具体为:取消了城市的街道办事处作为结婚登记机关,取消了由单位出具婚姻状况证明和强制婚前健康检查,对事实婚姻的态度经历了“承认-不承认-有条件地承认”的变化,增设了无效婚姻与可撤销婚姻制度。其次,介绍了法国、英国的结婚登记制度。最后,对我国现行的结婚登记制度的进步之处作出积极评价。
三、对我国现行结婚登记制度的反思。其一,现行结婚登记效力误区,把结婚登记的效力与婚姻的成立生效相混同。其二,结婚登记程序的公示性不强;结婚登记机关与户籍管理机关相分离导致信息失实;婚前健康检查率低。其三,对“受胁迫”之外的其他非自愿婚姻、虚假婚姻等结婚登记瑕疵的处理缺乏相关依据。其四,对仅欠缺结婚形式要件的事实婚姻效力呈立法空白;离婚诉讼中的“补办结婚登记”可操作性不强;未对非法同居作出规定。其五,无效婚姻规定为“当然无效”,不符合现代各国的立法趋势;无效与可撤销规定相同的法律后果不科学;婚姻无效或被撤销时未对当事人的善意与恶意进行区分。
四、关于完善我国结婚登记制度的建议。其一,重构结婚登记的效力,将其性质定为管理性的禁止性规范。其二,建立婚姻公告制度;将结婚登记机关改为公安机关的户籍管理部门;开展婚前教育,全面实行免费婚前健康检查。其三,将因欺诈或其他原因非自愿结婚的、虚假婚姻作为可撤销婚姻;其他形式上的登记瑕疵经补正后婚姻有效。其四,对事实婚姻,按违反结婚实质要件与仅欠缺形式要件予以区别处理,不把办理结婚登记作为保护事实婚姻的条件;设立调整非婚同居关系的法律制度。其五,将无效婚姻“宣告无效”上升到立法层面;将可撤销婚姻的法律后果修改为自宣告撤销之日起无效;区分婚姻无效或被撤销时当事人的善意与恶意,加强对善意一方的保护。
Marriage is the foundation of society. Marriage and family stability to the entire social harmony and stability. With the development of the society, people's marriage and family values changed significantly. Related to the marriage law system and adapt to the new situation, We need to continue to explore in legislation, Modify and improve the relationship between marriage and family adjustments related systems. Marriage registration system is to regulate and adjust the importance of marriage system. This article attempts to start from the concept and nature, Marriage registration system in our country history and the relevant provisions of foreign countries, Evaluation of the advantages of the present system of marriage registration, Reflect on its shortcomings, and make relevant improvement suggestions.
Addition to the introduction, this paper is divided into four parts:
First, an overview of marriage registration system. Through analysis of the concept of marriage registration, this paper consider that the contractual nature of marriage is the nature of property marriage registration and the properties of marriage registration are the acts of the executive confirmed. Describes the authority and procedures for marriage registration. Established by analyzing the formal requirements of marriage, that marriage is a marriage registration publicity means. Overview of marriage and the fact that the effectiveness of non-marital cohabitation and processing, and may revoke an invalid marriage and the institution of marriage.
Second, China's current system of marriage registration. First, the review of the historical evolution of marriage registration system, through the "Registration compromise, strict registration, registration can go through the" three stages, in particular: the streets of the city office to cancel the marriage registration authority as the abolition of marital status issued by the unit certification and compulsory pre-marital health check, the attitude of de facto marriage "recognition - does not recognize - conditionally admitted," and the addition of an invalid marriage may revoke the institution of marriage. Secondly, the introduction of the French, the British system of marriage registration. Finally, our current system of marriage registration office to make positive progress of the evaluation.
Third, reflection to current marriage registration system in China. First, the effectiveness of the current marriage registration errors, the effectiveness of the registration of marriage and marriage with the establishment of mixed effect. Second, the publicity of the marriage registration process is not strong, marriage registration authorities and result in separation of the household registration authorities false information, pre-marital health check rate. Third, the "coerced" other than involuntary marriage, false marriage, marriage registration, lack of basis for the processing defects. Fourth, only the lack of formal requirements of marriage was the fact that the effectiveness of legislative gaps marriage, divorce proceedings, "Marriage Recording" operability is not strong, does not make provision for illegal cohabitation. Fifth, the invalid marriage defined as "void of course" not in line with modern trends in national legislation; invalid and may revoke the legal consequences of the provisions of the same unscientific; marriage is invalid or revoked when the parties did not distinguish between good and malicious.
Fourth, on the improvement of marriage registration regime. First, the reconstruction of the effectiveness of marriage registration will be for the management of the nature of the prohibition of the specification. Second, the establishment of the marriage announcement system, the marriage registration office to household management of public security organs to carry out pre-marital education to pre-marital health check free of charge. Third, the result of fraud or other causes involuntary marriage, false marriage as voidable marriage, other forms of defect by the correction after the registration of the marriage valid. Fourth, on the fact that marriage, marriage by violating the lack of substantial elements and only the difference between the form elements to be handled, not to apply for marriage registration, marriage and the fact that the conditions for protection, the establishment of adjustment of non-marital cohabitation and its legal system. Fifth, the invalid marriage, "declared invalid" up to the legislative level; will be able to modify the dissolution of the marriage as the legal consequences of self-declared null and void from the date of revocation; distinguish the nullity or revocation of the parties in good faith and malice, to strengthen the party in good faith protection.
本文除引言外,包括四个部分:
一、结婚登记制度概述。通过分析结婚登记的概念,认为契约性是婚姻本质属性,结婚登记的性质是行政确认行为;介绍结婚登记的机关和程序;对婚姻成立的形式要件进行分析,认为结婚登记是婚姻公示手段;概述事实婚姻与非婚同居的效力和处理,以及无效婚姻与可撤销婚姻制度。
二、我国现行的结婚登记制度。首先,回顾我国结婚登记制度的历史沿革,经历了“登记妥协、严格登记、登记可补办”三个阶段,具体为:取消了城市的街道办事处作为结婚登记机关,取消了由单位出具婚姻状况证明和强制婚前健康检查,对事实婚姻的态度经历了“承认-不承认-有条件地承认”的变化,增设了无效婚姻与可撤销婚姻制度。其次,介绍了法国、英国的结婚登记制度。最后,对我国现行的结婚登记制度的进步之处作出积极评价。
三、对我国现行结婚登记制度的反思。其一,现行结婚登记效力误区,把结婚登记的效力与婚姻的成立生效相混同。其二,结婚登记程序的公示性不强;结婚登记机关与户籍管理机关相分离导致信息失实;婚前健康检查率低。其三,对“受胁迫”之外的其他非自愿婚姻、虚假婚姻等结婚登记瑕疵的处理缺乏相关依据。其四,对仅欠缺结婚形式要件的事实婚姻效力呈立法空白;离婚诉讼中的“补办结婚登记”可操作性不强;未对非法同居作出规定。其五,无效婚姻规定为“当然无效”,不符合现代各国的立法趋势;无效与可撤销规定相同的法律后果不科学;婚姻无效或被撤销时未对当事人的善意与恶意进行区分。
四、关于完善我国结婚登记制度的建议。其一,重构结婚登记的效力,将其性质定为管理性的禁止性规范。其二,建立婚姻公告制度;将结婚登记机关改为公安机关的户籍管理部门;开展婚前教育,全面实行免费婚前健康检查。其三,将因欺诈或其他原因非自愿结婚的、虚假婚姻作为可撤销婚姻;其他形式上的登记瑕疵经补正后婚姻有效。其四,对事实婚姻,按违反结婚实质要件与仅欠缺形式要件予以区别处理,不把办理结婚登记作为保护事实婚姻的条件;设立调整非婚同居关系的法律制度。其五,将无效婚姻“宣告无效”上升到立法层面;将可撤销婚姻的法律后果修改为自宣告撤销之日起无效;区分婚姻无效或被撤销时当事人的善意与恶意,加强对善意一方的保护。
Marriage is the foundation of society. Marriage and family stability to the entire social harmony and stability. With the development of the society, people's marriage and family values changed significantly. Related to the marriage law system and adapt to the new situation, We need to continue to explore in legislation, Modify and improve the relationship between marriage and family adjustments related systems. Marriage registration system is to regulate and adjust the importance of marriage system. This article attempts to start from the concept and nature, Marriage registration system in our country history and the relevant provisions of foreign countries, Evaluation of the advantages of the present system of marriage registration, Reflect on its shortcomings, and make relevant improvement suggestions.
Addition to the introduction, this paper is divided into four parts:
First, an overview of marriage registration system. Through analysis of the concept of marriage registration, this paper consider that the contractual nature of marriage is the nature of property marriage registration and the properties of marriage registration are the acts of the executive confirmed. Describes the authority and procedures for marriage registration. Established by analyzing the formal requirements of marriage, that marriage is a marriage registration publicity means. Overview of marriage and the fact that the effectiveness of non-marital cohabitation and processing, and may revoke an invalid marriage and the institution of marriage.
Second, China's current system of marriage registration. First, the review of the historical evolution of marriage registration system, through the "Registration compromise, strict registration, registration can go through the" three stages, in particular: the streets of the city office to cancel the marriage registration authority as the abolition of marital status issued by the unit certification and compulsory pre-marital health check, the attitude of de facto marriage "recognition - does not recognize - conditionally admitted," and the addition of an invalid marriage may revoke the institution of marriage. Secondly, the introduction of the French, the British system of marriage registration. Finally, our current system of marriage registration office to make positive progress of the evaluation.
Third, reflection to current marriage registration system in China. First, the effectiveness of the current marriage registration errors, the effectiveness of the registration of marriage and marriage with the establishment of mixed effect. Second, the publicity of the marriage registration process is not strong, marriage registration authorities and result in separation of the household registration authorities false information, pre-marital health check rate. Third, the "coerced" other than involuntary marriage, false marriage, marriage registration, lack of basis for the processing defects. Fourth, only the lack of formal requirements of marriage was the fact that the effectiveness of legislative gaps marriage, divorce proceedings, "Marriage Recording" operability is not strong, does not make provision for illegal cohabitation. Fifth, the invalid marriage defined as "void of course" not in line with modern trends in national legislation; invalid and may revoke the legal consequences of the provisions of the same unscientific; marriage is invalid or revoked when the parties did not distinguish between good and malicious.
Fourth, on the improvement of marriage registration regime. First, the reconstruction of the effectiveness of marriage registration will be for the management of the nature of the prohibition of the specification. Second, the establishment of the marriage announcement system, the marriage registration office to household management of public security organs to carry out pre-marital education to pre-marital health check free of charge. Third, the result of fraud or other causes involuntary marriage, false marriage as voidable marriage, other forms of defect by the correction after the registration of the marriage valid. Fourth, on the fact that marriage, marriage by violating the lack of substantial elements and only the difference between the form elements to be handled, not to apply for marriage registration, marriage and the fact that the conditions for protection, the establishment of adjustment of non-marital cohabitation and its legal system. Fifth, the invalid marriage, "declared invalid" up to the legislative level; will be able to modify the dissolution of the marriage as the legal consequences of self-declared null and void from the date of revocation; distinguish the nullity or revocation of the parties in good faith and malice, to strengthen the party in good faith protection.
引文
[1]邓伟志、徐榕著:《家庭社会学》,北京:中国社会科学出版社,2001年版。
[2]陈苇主编:《婚姻家庭继承法学》,北京:群众出版社,2005年版。
[3]苏彦来、王晨:《行政法与行政诉讼法》,哈尔滨:哈尔滨出版社,2003年版。
[4]陈苇:《中国婚姻家庭法立法研究》(第二版),北京:群众出版社,2010年版。
[5]夏吟兰、蒋月、薛宁兰:《21世纪婚姻家庭关系新规制》,北京:中国检察出版社,2001年版。
[6]何勤华主编:《法的移植与法的本土化》,北京:法律出版社,2001年版。
[7]陈苇主编:《外国婚姻家庭法比较研究》,北京:群众出版社,2006年版。
[8]曹诗权主编:《婚姻家庭继承法学》,北京:中国法制出版社,2008年版。
[9] [法]莱昴·狄骥:《〈拿破伦法典〉以来私法的普通变迁》,北京:中国政法大学出版社,2003年版。
[10]王胜明、孙礼海主编:《〈中华人民共和国婚姻法〉修改立法资料选》,北京:法律出版社,2001年版。
[11]巫昌祯:《我与婚姻法》,北京:法律出版社,2001年版。
[12]陈苇:《家事法研究》,北京:群众出版社,2008年版。
[13]王洪:《婚姻家庭法》,北京:法律出版社,2003年版。
[1]黎乃忠:“从婚姻的契约性本质论夫妻忠诚契约的效力”,西南政法大学硕士学位论文,2009年。
[2]蔡华:“论结婚要件”,黑龙江大学硕士学位论文,2006年。
[3]段凰:“简析新《婚姻法》对事实婚姻的态度——兼论《解释》4-6条”,《当代法学》,2002年第9期。
[4]王轶:“民法典的规范配置”,《烟台大学学报》,2005年第7期。
[5]彭黎:“对婚姻登记制度的反思”,郑州大学硕士学位论文,2006年。
[1]张春祥、王晶、李江玲、秦卫、余杨:“每年30万对新人结婚不婚检湖南婚检率比往年高3倍”,《重庆晨网》新闻, 2010年09月08日,http://www.cqcb.com/cbnews/instant/2010-09-08/275691.html。
1邓伟志、徐榕著:《家庭社会学》,北京:中国社会科学出版社,2001年版,第138页。
2陈苇主编:《婚姻家庭继承法学》,北京:群众出版社,2005年版,第68页。
3黎乃忠:“从婚姻的契约性本质论夫妻忠诚契约的效力”,重庆:西南政法大学硕士学位论文,2009年毕业,第21页。
4苏彦来、王晨:《行政法与行政诉讼法》,哈尔滨:哈尔滨出版社,2003年版,第52-53页。
5结婚的必备条件,又称为结婚的积极要件,是当事人结婚时必须具备的不可缺少的条件。参见陈苇主编:《婚姻家庭继承法学》,北京:群众出版社,2005年版,第76页。
6法定婚龄,是指法律规定的男女结婚必须达到的最低年龄。男女双方或一方未达法定婚龄的,不得结婚,只有双方达到或高于法定婚龄的,才允许结婚。参见同上注,第77页。
7结婚的禁止条件又称为结婚的消极要件或婚姻的障碍,是指当事人结婚时不得有法律规定的禁止结婚的婚姻障碍。参见同上注,第78页。
8陈苇主编,前注[2],第86页。
9蔡华:“论结婚要件”,哈尔滨:黑龙江大学硕士学位论文,2006年毕业,第26-27页。
10陈苇主编,前注[2],第86页。
11陈苇:《中国婚姻家庭法立法研究》(第二版),北京:群众出版社,2010年,第119-120页。
12夏吟兰、蒋月、薛宁兰:《21世纪婚姻家庭关系新规制》,北京:中国检察出版社,2001年版,第243页。
13陈苇主编,前注[2],第96页。
14陈苇主编,前注[2],第87页。
15同上注,第89页。
16何勤华主编:《法的移植与法的本土化》,北京:法律出版社,2001年版,第538页。
17陈苇主编:《外国婚姻家庭法比较研究》,北京:群众出版社,2006年版,第96页。
18陈苇主编,前注[2],第82页。
19曹诗权主编:《婚姻家庭继承法学》,北京:中国法制出版社,2008年版,第109页。
20陈苇主编,前注[2],第82页。
21陈苇,前注[11],第53页。
22 [法]莱昴·狄骥:《〈拿破伦法典〉以来私法的普通变迁》,北京:中国政法大学出版社,2003年版,第4页。转引自陈苇主编:《外国婚姻家庭法比较研究》,北京:群众出版社,2006年版,第6页。
23王胜明、孙礼海主编:《〈中华人民共和国婚姻法〉修改立法资料选》,北京:法律出版社,2001年版,第21页。
24段凰:“简析新《婚姻法》对事实婚姻的态度——兼论《解释》4-6条”,《当代法学》,2002年第9期,第63-68页。
25张春祥、王晶、李江玲、秦卫、余杨:“每年30万对新人结婚不婚检湖南婚检率比往年高3倍”,《重庆晨网》
26虚假婚姻是指“当事人无意建立婚姻共同生活,弄虚作假、骗取婚姻登记”。参见陈苇:《中国婚姻家庭法立法研究》(第二版),北京:群众出版社,2010年版,第73页。
27陈苇,前注[11],第175页。
28同上注,第183页。
29陈苇,前注[11],第76页。
30王轶:“民法典的规范配置”,《烟台大学学报》,2005年第7期,第276-282页。
31同上注,第276-282页。
32陈苇主编,前注[17],第169页。
33巫昌祯:《我与婚姻法》,北京:法律出版社,2001年版,第191页。
34陈苇主编,前注[17],第169页。
35同上注,第174页。
36陈苇,前注[11],第175页。
37同上注,第144页。
38陈苇,前注[11],第184页。
39同上注,第190页。
40陈苇主编,前注[17],第170页。
41陈苇,前注[11],第178-179页。
[2]陈苇主编:《婚姻家庭继承法学》,北京:群众出版社,2005年版。
[3]苏彦来、王晨:《行政法与行政诉讼法》,哈尔滨:哈尔滨出版社,2003年版。
[4]陈苇:《中国婚姻家庭法立法研究》(第二版),北京:群众出版社,2010年版。
[5]夏吟兰、蒋月、薛宁兰:《21世纪婚姻家庭关系新规制》,北京:中国检察出版社,2001年版。
[6]何勤华主编:《法的移植与法的本土化》,北京:法律出版社,2001年版。
[7]陈苇主编:《外国婚姻家庭法比较研究》,北京:群众出版社,2006年版。
[8]曹诗权主编:《婚姻家庭继承法学》,北京:中国法制出版社,2008年版。
[9] [法]莱昴·狄骥:《〈拿破伦法典〉以来私法的普通变迁》,北京:中国政法大学出版社,2003年版。
[10]王胜明、孙礼海主编:《〈中华人民共和国婚姻法〉修改立法资料选》,北京:法律出版社,2001年版。
[11]巫昌祯:《我与婚姻法》,北京:法律出版社,2001年版。
[12]陈苇:《家事法研究》,北京:群众出版社,2008年版。
[13]王洪:《婚姻家庭法》,北京:法律出版社,2003年版。
[1]黎乃忠:“从婚姻的契约性本质论夫妻忠诚契约的效力”,西南政法大学硕士学位论文,2009年。
[2]蔡华:“论结婚要件”,黑龙江大学硕士学位论文,2006年。
[3]段凰:“简析新《婚姻法》对事实婚姻的态度——兼论《解释》4-6条”,《当代法学》,2002年第9期。
[4]王轶:“民法典的规范配置”,《烟台大学学报》,2005年第7期。
[5]彭黎:“对婚姻登记制度的反思”,郑州大学硕士学位论文,2006年。
[1]张春祥、王晶、李江玲、秦卫、余杨:“每年30万对新人结婚不婚检湖南婚检率比往年高3倍”,《重庆晨网》新闻, 2010年09月08日,http://www.cqcb.com/cbnews/instant/2010-09-08/275691.html。
1邓伟志、徐榕著:《家庭社会学》,北京:中国社会科学出版社,2001年版,第138页。
2陈苇主编:《婚姻家庭继承法学》,北京:群众出版社,2005年版,第68页。
3黎乃忠:“从婚姻的契约性本质论夫妻忠诚契约的效力”,重庆:西南政法大学硕士学位论文,2009年毕业,第21页。
4苏彦来、王晨:《行政法与行政诉讼法》,哈尔滨:哈尔滨出版社,2003年版,第52-53页。
5结婚的必备条件,又称为结婚的积极要件,是当事人结婚时必须具备的不可缺少的条件。参见陈苇主编:《婚姻家庭继承法学》,北京:群众出版社,2005年版,第76页。
6法定婚龄,是指法律规定的男女结婚必须达到的最低年龄。男女双方或一方未达法定婚龄的,不得结婚,只有双方达到或高于法定婚龄的,才允许结婚。参见同上注,第77页。
7结婚的禁止条件又称为结婚的消极要件或婚姻的障碍,是指当事人结婚时不得有法律规定的禁止结婚的婚姻障碍。参见同上注,第78页。
8陈苇主编,前注[2],第86页。
9蔡华:“论结婚要件”,哈尔滨:黑龙江大学硕士学位论文,2006年毕业,第26-27页。
10陈苇主编,前注[2],第86页。
11陈苇:《中国婚姻家庭法立法研究》(第二版),北京:群众出版社,2010年,第119-120页。
12夏吟兰、蒋月、薛宁兰:《21世纪婚姻家庭关系新规制》,北京:中国检察出版社,2001年版,第243页。
13陈苇主编,前注[2],第96页。
14陈苇主编,前注[2],第87页。
15同上注,第89页。
16何勤华主编:《法的移植与法的本土化》,北京:法律出版社,2001年版,第538页。
17陈苇主编:《外国婚姻家庭法比较研究》,北京:群众出版社,2006年版,第96页。
18陈苇主编,前注[2],第82页。
19曹诗权主编:《婚姻家庭继承法学》,北京:中国法制出版社,2008年版,第109页。
20陈苇主编,前注[2],第82页。
21陈苇,前注[11],第53页。
22 [法]莱昴·狄骥:《〈拿破伦法典〉以来私法的普通变迁》,北京:中国政法大学出版社,2003年版,第4页。转引自陈苇主编:《外国婚姻家庭法比较研究》,北京:群众出版社,2006年版,第6页。
23王胜明、孙礼海主编:《〈中华人民共和国婚姻法〉修改立法资料选》,北京:法律出版社,2001年版,第21页。
24段凰:“简析新《婚姻法》对事实婚姻的态度——兼论《解释》4-6条”,《当代法学》,2002年第9期,第63-68页。
25张春祥、王晶、李江玲、秦卫、余杨:“每年30万对新人结婚不婚检湖南婚检率比往年高3倍”,《重庆晨网》
26虚假婚姻是指“当事人无意建立婚姻共同生活,弄虚作假、骗取婚姻登记”。参见陈苇:《中国婚姻家庭法立法研究》(第二版),北京:群众出版社,2010年版,第73页。
27陈苇,前注[11],第175页。
28同上注,第183页。
29陈苇,前注[11],第76页。
30王轶:“民法典的规范配置”,《烟台大学学报》,2005年第7期,第276-282页。
31同上注,第276-282页。
32陈苇主编,前注[17],第169页。
33巫昌祯:《我与婚姻法》,北京:法律出版社,2001年版,第191页。
34陈苇主编,前注[17],第169页。
35同上注,第174页。
36陈苇,前注[11],第175页。
37同上注,第144页。
38陈苇,前注[11],第184页。
39同上注,第190页。
40陈苇主编,前注[17],第170页。
41陈苇,前注[11],第178-179页。