中国黄金产业组织研究
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摘要
在转变经济发展方式、推进产业结构调整的背景下实现中国黄金产业的科学发展,需要对其进行系统性的梳理和分析。通过对中国黄金产业组织的研究,可以更加清晰的判断黄金产业的结构、行为和绩效现状及其相互作用关系,对加快黄金产业的结构升级步伐、推动黄金产业健康快速发展起到重要的参考作用。
黄金在世界历史和人类文明发展进程中具有独特的作用和地位。由于中国在历史上从未实行过金本位制,因此中国的普通民众对于黄金的认识大多只限于头脑当中的较为模糊的概念性认识。进入20世纪下半叶,改革开放的伟大国策推动中国的经济社会发展实现了实质性的飞跃,得益于此,中国的黄金产业和黄金市场真正的发展起来并逐步具备了一定的国际影响。中国黄金产业近年来的快速发展为世人所瞩目,但是注重规模更要注重质量、提升效益更要优化结构、重视增量更要关注存量,这应该是我们对中国黄金产业发展问题的理性思辨。
通过对中国黄金产业市场结构的研究可以得出：从储量结构上看,中国黄金地质储量总规模居世界前三位,规模占优,但是地区间、企业间差异仍然较为明显,中、西部基本持平,东部较少,黄金资源储备的集中度近年来呈现微弱上升趋势；从供给需求结构上看,2007年至今中国的供需总产量已经连续六年位居世界第一,但基于资源优势差异条件下的省区分布和区位分布仍不均衡,东部地区高于中部地区,西部地区最少；中国黄金产业的市场集中度与世界主要产金国相比明显不足,差距明显,产品种类较为单一,差异化尚不明显,产业进入壁垒较多。
通过对中国黄金产业市场行为的研究可以得出：政府的管制政策对市场行为的影响巨大,中国在1992年结束了“统购统配”的管理体制,市场化改革的背景和管制政策的宽松大大推动了黄金产业的发展；从技术进步行为上看,中国黄金产业的技术进步行为既随管制政策的开放而活跃,又与世界黄金产业的技术进步一脉相承,进入新世纪以来,中国主要产金企业的技术进步效果明显,多项具有自主知识产权的技术在国际上处于领先地位；黄金产业的横向一体化行为较为普遍,纵向一体化行为也有涉及,混合一体化行为较少；黄金产业的国际化行为自2000年以来逐渐起步,目前已有较大进展,但大多以优势企业为主。
通过对中国黄金产业市场绩效的研究可以得出：从生产成本上看,中国黄金产业的生产成本与世界平均水平基本持平,近年来有低于世界平均水平的趋势,行业利润连续11年稳步增长,产业总产值十年间增长九倍；从生产效率上看,实物全员和总产值全员生产效率近年来连续增加。从整体来看,黄金产业的高级化趋势较为明显,产业变动速度K值不断增加,超前发展趋势明显,结构偏离度在波动中增加,显示黄金产业对就业贡献比重在加大。
通过对集中度、进入退出壁垒、差异化和产业绩效之间的关系进行实证研究,结果表明,对中国黄金产业现状来说,集中度的增加能够显著提升产业绩效,结合目前集中度不高的现实可以发现提高集中度是提升产业发展绩效的有效途径；通过对进入退出壁垒的重要指标市场净进入率和黄金价格对产业绩效进行实证研究,表明两者对产业绩效的提升作用十分明显；通过差异化与绩效之间的实证检验发现,资源储备的差异化能够对产业绩效产生止向引导作用,表明非专业化的生产和加工会降低产业绩效,而经营模式的差异化会对产业绩效的提升产生负向引导作用,表明改变粗放型经营方式、提高产业附加值是黄金产业发展的当务之急。通过对中国黄金产业绩效的面板检验发现,经济发展水平、信息化程度、基础设施建设水平、贸易发展水平和市场化程度都对中国黄金产业整体绩效的提高起到显著的正向促进作用。
The scientific development of the China's gold industry in the context of the transformation of economic development and promoting industrial restructuring, the need for a systematic sort out and analyze. China's gold industry organizations can more clearly determine the gold industry structure, conduct and performance status and their interactions, rapid development, and promote the health of the gold industry to accelerate the pace of upgrading of the structure of the gold industry has played an important role in reference.
Gold in the process of world history and development of human civilization has a unique role and status. China has never practiced in the history of the gold standard, ordinary people in China's understanding of gold, mostly confined to the mind which is more vague conceptual understanding. The second half of the20th century, the great national policy of reform and opening up to promote China's economic and social development to achieve a substantial leap forward, thanks to this, China's gold industry and the real gold market developed gradually with certain international influence.The rapid development of China's gold industry in recent years attracted the attention of the world, but focus on the scale but also to focus on quality, enhance efficiency to optimize the structure, emphasis on the increment to pay attention to the stock, this should be a rational debate of China's gold industry development issues.
China's gold industry market structure can be drawn:from reserves structural point of view, the total scale of China's gold mine reserves in the world top three, the scale of dominant, but the inter-regional, inter-firm differences are still more obvious, central and western basic flat eastern less degree of concentration of gold resources and reserves in recent years showing a weak upward trend; from the structure of supply and demand point of view, since2007China's supply and demand output for six consecutive years ranked first in the world, but based on the differences in conditions of resource advantages under the provinces, autonomous regions, distribution and geographical distribution is uneven, the eastern region is higher than the central region, at least the western region; market concentration of China's gold industry is obviously insufficient compared with the world's major gold-producing countries, the gap significantly more single product range, the differenceThe technology is not yet clear, more industry barriers to entry.
China's gold industry market behavior can be drawn:the Government's regulatory policies have a tremendous impact on market behavior, the end of the state purchase system with management system in1992, easing the background of the market-oriented reforms and regulatory policy significantly promote the development of the gold industry; acts of technological progress from the point of view, the technological progress of China's gold industry behavior not only with the regulatory policies of open and active, with the technological progress of the world's gold industry, the same strain, into the new century, China's major gold-producing companies Obviously, the effect of technical progress and a number of technology with independent intellectual property rights in a leading position in the international community:more common horizontal integration behavior of the gold industry, vertical integration behavior involving mixed integration practices are less; the gold industry in the international behavior gradually start since2000. there are considerable progress, but the most competitive enterprises.
China's gold industry market performance can be drawn:the cost of production from the point of view, the production costs of China's gold industry was essentially flat with the world average, below the world average in recent years, the industry profit for11consecutive years of steady growth by nine; from a productivity point of view, the kind staff and the output value of full production efficiency continuously increasing in recent years.Overall, the gold industry's high-class trend is more obvious, the speed of industrial change in K value increasing ahead of the trend is clearly structure deviation increase in fluctuation, showing gold industry to increase the proportion of the contribution to employment.
Concentration, entry and exit barriers, the relationship between differentiation and industrial performance, empirical research, the results show that the status quo of China's gold industry, the increase of the concentration to significantly upgrade the industrial performance, combined with the current concentration is not high reality can be found to improve the degree of concentration is the effective way to enhance the performance of industrial development:an important indicator of market entry and exit barriers.the net entry rates and gold prices on industry performance.empirical research.that is obvious both to enhance the role of industry performance;differentiated performance between the empirical test found that the differentiation of resource reserves of industry performance positive guiding role that non-professional production and processing will lower industrial performance, business model differentiation have industry performance enhance the negative, indicating that the change to the guiding role of the extensive management and improve the industrial added value is the top priority of the gold industry. Found that the level of economic development, the degree of information technology, the level of infrastructure construction, trade and level of development and degree of market play a significant positive role on the overall performance of the China's gold industry to improve the performance of the China's gold industry panel test.
黄金在世界历史和人类文明发展进程中具有独特的作用和地位。由于中国在历史上从未实行过金本位制,因此中国的普通民众对于黄金的认识大多只限于头脑当中的较为模糊的概念性认识。进入20世纪下半叶,改革开放的伟大国策推动中国的经济社会发展实现了实质性的飞跃,得益于此,中国的黄金产业和黄金市场真正的发展起来并逐步具备了一定的国际影响。中国黄金产业近年来的快速发展为世人所瞩目,但是注重规模更要注重质量、提升效益更要优化结构、重视增量更要关注存量,这应该是我们对中国黄金产业发展问题的理性思辨。
通过对中国黄金产业市场结构的研究可以得出：从储量结构上看,中国黄金地质储量总规模居世界前三位,规模占优,但是地区间、企业间差异仍然较为明显,中、西部基本持平,东部较少,黄金资源储备的集中度近年来呈现微弱上升趋势；从供给需求结构上看,2007年至今中国的供需总产量已经连续六年位居世界第一,但基于资源优势差异条件下的省区分布和区位分布仍不均衡,东部地区高于中部地区,西部地区最少；中国黄金产业的市场集中度与世界主要产金国相比明显不足,差距明显,产品种类较为单一,差异化尚不明显,产业进入壁垒较多。
通过对中国黄金产业市场行为的研究可以得出：政府的管制政策对市场行为的影响巨大,中国在1992年结束了“统购统配”的管理体制,市场化改革的背景和管制政策的宽松大大推动了黄金产业的发展；从技术进步行为上看,中国黄金产业的技术进步行为既随管制政策的开放而活跃,又与世界黄金产业的技术进步一脉相承,进入新世纪以来,中国主要产金企业的技术进步效果明显,多项具有自主知识产权的技术在国际上处于领先地位；黄金产业的横向一体化行为较为普遍,纵向一体化行为也有涉及,混合一体化行为较少；黄金产业的国际化行为自2000年以来逐渐起步,目前已有较大进展,但大多以优势企业为主。
通过对中国黄金产业市场绩效的研究可以得出：从生产成本上看,中国黄金产业的生产成本与世界平均水平基本持平,近年来有低于世界平均水平的趋势,行业利润连续11年稳步增长,产业总产值十年间增长九倍；从生产效率上看,实物全员和总产值全员生产效率近年来连续增加。从整体来看,黄金产业的高级化趋势较为明显,产业变动速度K值不断增加,超前发展趋势明显,结构偏离度在波动中增加,显示黄金产业对就业贡献比重在加大。
通过对集中度、进入退出壁垒、差异化和产业绩效之间的关系进行实证研究,结果表明,对中国黄金产业现状来说,集中度的增加能够显著提升产业绩效,结合目前集中度不高的现实可以发现提高集中度是提升产业发展绩效的有效途径；通过对进入退出壁垒的重要指标市场净进入率和黄金价格对产业绩效进行实证研究,表明两者对产业绩效的提升作用十分明显；通过差异化与绩效之间的实证检验发现,资源储备的差异化能够对产业绩效产生止向引导作用,表明非专业化的生产和加工会降低产业绩效,而经营模式的差异化会对产业绩效的提升产生负向引导作用,表明改变粗放型经营方式、提高产业附加值是黄金产业发展的当务之急。通过对中国黄金产业绩效的面板检验发现,经济发展水平、信息化程度、基础设施建设水平、贸易发展水平和市场化程度都对中国黄金产业整体绩效的提高起到显著的正向促进作用。
The scientific development of the China's gold industry in the context of the transformation of economic development and promoting industrial restructuring, the need for a systematic sort out and analyze. China's gold industry organizations can more clearly determine the gold industry structure, conduct and performance status and their interactions, rapid development, and promote the health of the gold industry to accelerate the pace of upgrading of the structure of the gold industry has played an important role in reference.
Gold in the process of world history and development of human civilization has a unique role and status. China has never practiced in the history of the gold standard, ordinary people in China's understanding of gold, mostly confined to the mind which is more vague conceptual understanding. The second half of the20th century, the great national policy of reform and opening up to promote China's economic and social development to achieve a substantial leap forward, thanks to this, China's gold industry and the real gold market developed gradually with certain international influence.The rapid development of China's gold industry in recent years attracted the attention of the world, but focus on the scale but also to focus on quality, enhance efficiency to optimize the structure, emphasis on the increment to pay attention to the stock, this should be a rational debate of China's gold industry development issues.
China's gold industry market structure can be drawn:from reserves structural point of view, the total scale of China's gold mine reserves in the world top three, the scale of dominant, but the inter-regional, inter-firm differences are still more obvious, central and western basic flat eastern less degree of concentration of gold resources and reserves in recent years showing a weak upward trend; from the structure of supply and demand point of view, since2007China's supply and demand output for six consecutive years ranked first in the world, but based on the differences in conditions of resource advantages under the provinces, autonomous regions, distribution and geographical distribution is uneven, the eastern region is higher than the central region, at least the western region; market concentration of China's gold industry is obviously insufficient compared with the world's major gold-producing countries, the gap significantly more single product range, the differenceThe technology is not yet clear, more industry barriers to entry.
China's gold industry market behavior can be drawn:the Government's regulatory policies have a tremendous impact on market behavior, the end of the state purchase system with management system in1992, easing the background of the market-oriented reforms and regulatory policy significantly promote the development of the gold industry; acts of technological progress from the point of view, the technological progress of China's gold industry behavior not only with the regulatory policies of open and active, with the technological progress of the world's gold industry, the same strain, into the new century, China's major gold-producing companies Obviously, the effect of technical progress and a number of technology with independent intellectual property rights in a leading position in the international community:more common horizontal integration behavior of the gold industry, vertical integration behavior involving mixed integration practices are less; the gold industry in the international behavior gradually start since2000. there are considerable progress, but the most competitive enterprises.
China's gold industry market performance can be drawn:the cost of production from the point of view, the production costs of China's gold industry was essentially flat with the world average, below the world average in recent years, the industry profit for11consecutive years of steady growth by nine; from a productivity point of view, the kind staff and the output value of full production efficiency continuously increasing in recent years.Overall, the gold industry's high-class trend is more obvious, the speed of industrial change in K value increasing ahead of the trend is clearly structure deviation increase in fluctuation, showing gold industry to increase the proportion of the contribution to employment.
Concentration, entry and exit barriers, the relationship between differentiation and industrial performance, empirical research, the results show that the status quo of China's gold industry, the increase of the concentration to significantly upgrade the industrial performance, combined with the current concentration is not high reality can be found to improve the degree of concentration is the effective way to enhance the performance of industrial development:an important indicator of market entry and exit barriers.the net entry rates and gold prices on industry performance.empirical research.that is obvious both to enhance the role of industry performance;differentiated performance between the empirical test found that the differentiation of resource reserves of industry performance positive guiding role that non-professional production and processing will lower industrial performance, business model differentiation have industry performance enhance the negative, indicating that the change to the guiding role of the extensive management and improve the industrial added value is the top priority of the gold industry. Found that the level of economic development, the degree of information technology, the level of infrastructure construction, trade and level of development and degree of market play a significant positive role on the overall performance of the China's gold industry to improve the performance of the China's gold industry panel test.
引文
《中华人民共和国国民经济和社会发展第十二个五年规划纲要》。
②1997年9月12日江泽民在中国共产党第十五次伞国代表大会上的报告《高举邓小平理论伟大旗帜,把建设有中国特色社会主义事业全面推向二十一世纪》。
4见《予经·旧约·出埃及记》,第25章。
20归纳自《山海经·五藏山经》和《管子·地数篇》。
10《荀子·王制篇》。
11《汉书·王莽传》。
12《魏书·食货志》。
13《旧唐书·食货志》上。
14《皮子文数》。
15《酉阳杂俎》。
16《宋史·食货志》。
17《宋史·食货志》。
18《宋史纪事本末》卷57。
19《宋史纪事本末》卷57。
20《大元圣政国朝典章》。
21《续文献通考·征榷·坑冶》。
22白寿彝：《明代矿业之发展》.《北京师范大学学报》1956(1)。
23《圣武纪》卷十一
24孙翊刚、李渭清《中国则政史》。
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②1997年9月12日江泽民在中国共产党第十五次伞国代表大会上的报告《高举邓小平理论伟大旗帜,把建设有中国特色社会主义事业全面推向二十一世纪》。
4见《予经·旧约·出埃及记》,第25章。
20归纳自《山海经·五藏山经》和《管子·地数篇》。
10《荀子·王制篇》。
11《汉书·王莽传》。
12《魏书·食货志》。
13《旧唐书·食货志》上。
14《皮子文数》。
15《酉阳杂俎》。
16《宋史·食货志》。
17《宋史·食货志》。
18《宋史纪事本末》卷57。
19《宋史纪事本末》卷57。
20《大元圣政国朝典章》。
21《续文献通考·征榷·坑冶》。
22白寿彝：《明代矿业之发展》.《北京师范大学学报》1956(1)。
23《圣武纪》卷十一
24孙翊刚、李渭清《中国则政史》。
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