公共伦理视角下我国公务员职业道德建设的研究
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摘要
公共伦理,亦称公共管理伦理、行政伦理,是公务员在行使公共权力、管理公共事务、提供公共服务、履行公共管理职责中形成并必须遵守的原则和规范,是作为个体的公共行政人员和作为群体的各级党政机关在管理国家和社会事务的过程中应当遵循的伦理道德要求的总称。在我国社会主义市场经济建设迈入21世纪的关键转型时期,党的第三代领导集体制定了“以德治国”的基本治国方略。由于公共伦理在“以德治国”的过程中具有关键性作用,因此,要从事公共行政管理活动,就必须对公共伦理进行研究,切实加强公共伦理建设。
公务员职业道德,作为一种有效的内在自我约束机制,有助于促使公务员廉洁自律和提高工作效率。公务员职业道德水平也成为衡量一个社会整体道德水平的重要标尺。在我国,党政机关和公务员既是“治国”的决策者又是“治国”执行者,可以说,公务员的道德素质在很大程度上引导着广大公民群众的道德风尚,是公民道德的榜样。因此,我们必须切实加强公务员的道德修养,在依法行政的基础之上,构建与社会主义市场经济相适应的公共伦理体系,建立健全公务员的自律、他律机制,期望能以此带动整个社会道德水平的提高。
我国正处于体制转轨和社会急剧转型的过渡时期,随着社会利益格局大幅调整,随着经济成份多样化、社会组织形式复杂化、利益主体多元化以及信息网络化而来的强势文化的入侵与渗透,公务员思想观念和思维方式也随之出现了多元化趋势。这使得代表党和国家机关形象的公务员的职业道德素质与道德操守也呈现出相对复杂的情形,对公务员职业道德建设和发展不断提出新的挑战。公共伦理道德的缺失是公务员职业道德失衡现象产生的重要原因之一。本文正是从公共伦理的角度分析我国公务员职业道德建设的现状与道德失范的原因,明确公共伦理主体在社会关系中的角色与职能定位,借鉴国外公务员职业道德建设之精华,通过政府、社会、市场三者关系的构建,相应提出我国公务员职业道德建设的发展对策,以期对我国早日形成公务员职业道德综合体制有所帮助。本文首先对公共伦理、职业道德及公务员职业道德的基本理论进行概述,揭示公共伦理的发展脉络及趋势,介绍职业道德和公务员职业道德的相关涵义,进而从公共伦理的视角,对我国公务员道德建设的新形势和新环境,公务员职业道德的特殊性质、内容和地位,当前公务员职业道德的现状,以及如何加强公务员职业道德建设的具体对策等进行比较系统、深入的研究。
"Run the country by virtue" is the fundamental principal of the rule which is established by the third generation collective of our party after the social and economic construction in our country entered a new development period in the 21st century. Party and government offices and civil servant are the subject of decision-making and implementation of the "state governing", therefore, an important task of the "Run the country by virtue" is that, in the basis of law-based administration, establishing civil servants' self-discipline mechanism, and striving to improving its moral quality, forging the public ethics system which is compatible with the market economic, making the civil servants moral construction play a guiding and demonstrating role to citizen's ethical construction, using the civil servants' demonstration role power to promoting the development and perfection of the whole social morality.
Public ethics is the principles and norms which civil servant should abide, which is formed in the process of exercising the public power, managing the public affairs, providing public services and performing the duty of the public management activities. Due to the key role public ethics plays in the process of the "Run the country by virtue", so, if we want to be engaged in the management activities of public administrative, we must study the public ethics, strengthen the construction of public ethics exhaustively. Public ethics, is also called public utilities management ethics or administrative ethics, it is the requirements of the moral principles, which the civil servants should follow, in the process of managing state and social affairs, including the requirements of the administrative ethics which should be followed by both public administrators and government offices at several levels which stand for individual and group respectively. Public ethics permeate and merge in all aspects of the process of national governance and public administration, is embodied in public management's system, leadership, decision-making, execution, coordination, supervision and efficiency, and receives the whole society's general recognition, acceptance and practice.
Civil servants professional ethics, as a kind of effective internal self-discipline mechanism, is good for prompting civil servants' honesty and self-discipline and improving working efficiency. The level of civil servants professional ethics also become an important ruler of the level of the whole social morality. Our country is in the transition system and sharply social transformation and transition period, along with the pattern of the social benefit is in tremendous adjustment, economic sector diversification, interests subjects pluralistic, social organization composition complicate and information networked make an strong culture incursion, civil servants' mindset and the mode of thinking also become pluralistic. All these changes make the professional ethics quality and moral integrity of the pubic officers assume a comparative complicated kind of situation, also constantly bring forward new challenges to the construction and the development of the civil servants professional ethics. The lack of public ethics is the important reason for the out-of-balance phenomenon of civil servant professional ethics. This article is from the perspective of public ethics to analyze the present condition of our civil servant professional ethics construction and the reasons for the out-of-balance phenomenon of civil servant professional ethics, clearing the role and function orientation of the public ethics subject in social relations, using the experience of other countries' civil servants professional ethics construction for reference, through the relationship building of the government, society and the market, providing a corresponding proposal about the construction and development of the civil servants professional ethics, hoping to be good to forming the sophisticated system construction of our civil servants professional ethics. This paper first summarize the public ethics, professional ethics and the basic theory of the civil servants professional ethics, revealing the development context and trend of the public ethic, introducing the occupational connotation of professional ethic and the professional ethics related civil service, and then, from the perspective of public ethics, making an intensive study of the new situation and new environment of our civil servants professional ethics construction, the special properties, content, status and current situation of our civil servants professional ethics, and the specific countermeasure and advice on strengthening civil servant professional ethics construction.
公务员职业道德,作为一种有效的内在自我约束机制,有助于促使公务员廉洁自律和提高工作效率。公务员职业道德水平也成为衡量一个社会整体道德水平的重要标尺。在我国,党政机关和公务员既是“治国”的决策者又是“治国”执行者,可以说,公务员的道德素质在很大程度上引导着广大公民群众的道德风尚,是公民道德的榜样。因此,我们必须切实加强公务员的道德修养,在依法行政的基础之上,构建与社会主义市场经济相适应的公共伦理体系,建立健全公务员的自律、他律机制,期望能以此带动整个社会道德水平的提高。
我国正处于体制转轨和社会急剧转型的过渡时期,随着社会利益格局大幅调整,随着经济成份多样化、社会组织形式复杂化、利益主体多元化以及信息网络化而来的强势文化的入侵与渗透,公务员思想观念和思维方式也随之出现了多元化趋势。这使得代表党和国家机关形象的公务员的职业道德素质与道德操守也呈现出相对复杂的情形,对公务员职业道德建设和发展不断提出新的挑战。公共伦理道德的缺失是公务员职业道德失衡现象产生的重要原因之一。本文正是从公共伦理的角度分析我国公务员职业道德建设的现状与道德失范的原因,明确公共伦理主体在社会关系中的角色与职能定位,借鉴国外公务员职业道德建设之精华,通过政府、社会、市场三者关系的构建,相应提出我国公务员职业道德建设的发展对策,以期对我国早日形成公务员职业道德综合体制有所帮助。本文首先对公共伦理、职业道德及公务员职业道德的基本理论进行概述,揭示公共伦理的发展脉络及趋势,介绍职业道德和公务员职业道德的相关涵义,进而从公共伦理的视角,对我国公务员道德建设的新形势和新环境,公务员职业道德的特殊性质、内容和地位,当前公务员职业道德的现状,以及如何加强公务员职业道德建设的具体对策等进行比较系统、深入的研究。
"Run the country by virtue" is the fundamental principal of the rule which is established by the third generation collective of our party after the social and economic construction in our country entered a new development period in the 21st century. Party and government offices and civil servant are the subject of decision-making and implementation of the "state governing", therefore, an important task of the "Run the country by virtue" is that, in the basis of law-based administration, establishing civil servants' self-discipline mechanism, and striving to improving its moral quality, forging the public ethics system which is compatible with the market economic, making the civil servants moral construction play a guiding and demonstrating role to citizen's ethical construction, using the civil servants' demonstration role power to promoting the development and perfection of the whole social morality.
Public ethics is the principles and norms which civil servant should abide, which is formed in the process of exercising the public power, managing the public affairs, providing public services and performing the duty of the public management activities. Due to the key role public ethics plays in the process of the "Run the country by virtue", so, if we want to be engaged in the management activities of public administrative, we must study the public ethics, strengthen the construction of public ethics exhaustively. Public ethics, is also called public utilities management ethics or administrative ethics, it is the requirements of the moral principles, which the civil servants should follow, in the process of managing state and social affairs, including the requirements of the administrative ethics which should be followed by both public administrators and government offices at several levels which stand for individual and group respectively. Public ethics permeate and merge in all aspects of the process of national governance and public administration, is embodied in public management's system, leadership, decision-making, execution, coordination, supervision and efficiency, and receives the whole society's general recognition, acceptance and practice.
Civil servants professional ethics, as a kind of effective internal self-discipline mechanism, is good for prompting civil servants' honesty and self-discipline and improving working efficiency. The level of civil servants professional ethics also become an important ruler of the level of the whole social morality. Our country is in the transition system and sharply social transformation and transition period, along with the pattern of the social benefit is in tremendous adjustment, economic sector diversification, interests subjects pluralistic, social organization composition complicate and information networked make an strong culture incursion, civil servants' mindset and the mode of thinking also become pluralistic. All these changes make the professional ethics quality and moral integrity of the pubic officers assume a comparative complicated kind of situation, also constantly bring forward new challenges to the construction and the development of the civil servants professional ethics. The lack of public ethics is the important reason for the out-of-balance phenomenon of civil servant professional ethics. This article is from the perspective of public ethics to analyze the present condition of our civil servant professional ethics construction and the reasons for the out-of-balance phenomenon of civil servant professional ethics, clearing the role and function orientation of the public ethics subject in social relations, using the experience of other countries' civil servants professional ethics construction for reference, through the relationship building of the government, society and the market, providing a corresponding proposal about the construction and development of the civil servants professional ethics, hoping to be good to forming the sophisticated system construction of our civil servants professional ethics. This paper first summarize the public ethics, professional ethics and the basic theory of the civil servants professional ethics, revealing the development context and trend of the public ethic, introducing the occupational connotation of professional ethic and the professional ethics related civil service, and then, from the perspective of public ethics, making an intensive study of the new situation and new environment of our civil servants professional ethics construction, the special properties, content, status and current situation of our civil servants professional ethics, and the specific countermeasure and advice on strengthening civil servant professional ethics construction.
引文
[1]张康之.公共管理伦理学[M].北京：中国人民大学出版社,2003.
[2]张康之,李传军.行政伦理学教程[M].北京：中国人民大学出版社,2004.
[3]周奋进.转型期的行政伦理[M].北京：中国审计出版社,2000.
[4]张荣臣.公共行政管理[M].北京：研究出版社,2004.
[5]丁煌.西方行政学理论概要[M].北京：中国人民大学出版社,2003.
[6]竺乾威.公共行政学[M].上海：复旦大学出版社,2003.
[7]刘祖云.当代中国公共行政的伦理审视[M].人民出版社,2006.
[8][美]特里·L·库珀著,张秀琴译.行政伦理学：实现行政责任的途径[M].北京：中国人民大学出版社,2001.
[9]鲍静.公共行政责任[J].中国行政管理,1999(11).
[10]孔凡宏.中西方行政伦理建设差异比较[J].中共福建省委党校学报,2002(8).
[11]苏平富.服务型社会治理模式下的行政伦理制度建设[J].学术论坛,2004(4).
[12]于秀琴,纪新青,仝震.提升政府行政伦理与构建社会主义和谐社会[J].山东社会科学,2007(7).
[13]中国人事部国际交流与合作司.外国公务员制度[C].北京：中国人事出版社,1991.
[14]黄达强,朱庆芳.各国公务员制度比较研究[M].北京：人民大学出版社,1991.
[15]邢传,李文钊.西方行政伦理探源[M].四川行政学院学报,2003(12).
[16]徐振寰,王晓初.世界各国公务员比较[M].北京：中国人事出版社,1998.
[17]中华人民共和国公务员法.2005(4).
[18]李亚梅.国家公务员依法行政能力[M].北京：中国社会科学出版社,2004.
[19]唐之享.以德治国论[M].长沙：湖南人民出版社,2002.
[20]孙居涛,俞思念.邓小平理论[M].武汉：武汉大学出版社,2001.
[21]邓小平文选(第2卷)[M].北京：人民出版社,1994.
[22]符文祥.我国公务员职业精神的制度性缺失与培育[J].湘潭大学硕士论文,2009(06).
[23]中共中央关于制定十一五规划的建议.2005(10).
[24]中共中央关于加强党的执政能力的决定.2004(09).
[25]十六大报告辅导读本[M].北京：人民出版社,2002.
[26]张鹏.公务员职业道德伦理探析[J].广东行政学院学报,2001(02).
[27]刘倩.浅议公务员道德建设[D].福建师范大学,2009.
[28]冯洁丽.公务员制度改革与服务型政府建设[D].厦门大学,2009.
[29]林峰.我国公务员职业道德建设工作研究[D].吉林大学,2008.
[30]岳贤猛.我国公务员道德建设研究[D].南昌大学,2008.
[31]段萱.服务型政府公务员职业道德建设[D].合肥工业大学,2008.
[32]董汉良.我国公务员思想道德教育探析[D].首都师范大学,2009.
[33]张红琼.我国经济转型中的公务员职业道德建设[J].华中师范大学硕士论文,2004(12).
[34]陆远权,赵大鹏.公共伦理视角下的腐败预防建设——基于个人与公共组织的伦理认知[J].重庆工商大学学报(社会科学版),2008(06).
[35]饶俊新.试论我国公务员职业道德建设的方向[J].党政干部论坛,2003(07).
[36]王春峰等.社会主义市场经济条件下国家公务员道德建设研究[J].河南社会科学,1997(2).
[37]杨园.论新形势下我国公务员的职业道德建设[J].首都师范大学硕士论文,2005(05).
[38]刘振通.国外公务员职业道德建设的法制化倾向对我国的启示[J].领导与管理,2008.
[39]华晓晨,冯向荣.美英两国公务员职业道德建设概览及启示[J].中国人 才,2009(01).
[40]张蕾,姜照辉.美国公务员道德规范建设及借鉴意义[J].理论观察,2006(05).
[41]吴志华.美国的公务员制度改革及其启示[J].公共管理学报,2005(04).
[42]吕其昌.美国宗教及其对政治的影响[J].国际论坛,2003(01).
[43]唐晓阳.美国公务员制度改革的新动向[J].国外社会科学,1995(08).
[44]姜华跃.美国的公务员制度[J].经济社会体制比较,1994(05).
[45]刘洋.美国公务员职业道德建设对我国的启示[J].湖南科技大学学报(社会科学版),2008(03).
[2]张康之,李传军.行政伦理学教程[M].北京：中国人民大学出版社,2004.
[3]周奋进.转型期的行政伦理[M].北京：中国审计出版社,2000.
[4]张荣臣.公共行政管理[M].北京：研究出版社,2004.
[5]丁煌.西方行政学理论概要[M].北京：中国人民大学出版社,2003.
[6]竺乾威.公共行政学[M].上海：复旦大学出版社,2003.
[7]刘祖云.当代中国公共行政的伦理审视[M].人民出版社,2006.
[8][美]特里·L·库珀著,张秀琴译.行政伦理学：实现行政责任的途径[M].北京：中国人民大学出版社,2001.
[9]鲍静.公共行政责任[J].中国行政管理,1999(11).
[10]孔凡宏.中西方行政伦理建设差异比较[J].中共福建省委党校学报,2002(8).
[11]苏平富.服务型社会治理模式下的行政伦理制度建设[J].学术论坛,2004(4).
[12]于秀琴,纪新青,仝震.提升政府行政伦理与构建社会主义和谐社会[J].山东社会科学,2007(7).
[13]中国人事部国际交流与合作司.外国公务员制度[C].北京：中国人事出版社,1991.
[14]黄达强,朱庆芳.各国公务员制度比较研究[M].北京：人民大学出版社,1991.
[15]邢传,李文钊.西方行政伦理探源[M].四川行政学院学报,2003(12).
[16]徐振寰,王晓初.世界各国公务员比较[M].北京：中国人事出版社,1998.
[17]中华人民共和国公务员法.2005(4).
[18]李亚梅.国家公务员依法行政能力[M].北京：中国社会科学出版社,2004.
[19]唐之享.以德治国论[M].长沙：湖南人民出版社,2002.
[20]孙居涛,俞思念.邓小平理论[M].武汉：武汉大学出版社,2001.
[21]邓小平文选(第2卷)[M].北京：人民出版社,1994.
[22]符文祥.我国公务员职业精神的制度性缺失与培育[J].湘潭大学硕士论文,2009(06).
[23]中共中央关于制定十一五规划的建议.2005(10).
[24]中共中央关于加强党的执政能力的决定.2004(09).
[25]十六大报告辅导读本[M].北京：人民出版社,2002.
[26]张鹏.公务员职业道德伦理探析[J].广东行政学院学报,2001(02).
[27]刘倩.浅议公务员道德建设[D].福建师范大学,2009.
[28]冯洁丽.公务员制度改革与服务型政府建设[D].厦门大学,2009.
[29]林峰.我国公务员职业道德建设工作研究[D].吉林大学,2008.
[30]岳贤猛.我国公务员道德建设研究[D].南昌大学,2008.
[31]段萱.服务型政府公务员职业道德建设[D].合肥工业大学,2008.
[32]董汉良.我国公务员思想道德教育探析[D].首都师范大学,2009.
[33]张红琼.我国经济转型中的公务员职业道德建设[J].华中师范大学硕士论文,2004(12).
[34]陆远权,赵大鹏.公共伦理视角下的腐败预防建设——基于个人与公共组织的伦理认知[J].重庆工商大学学报(社会科学版),2008(06).
[35]饶俊新.试论我国公务员职业道德建设的方向[J].党政干部论坛,2003(07).
[36]王春峰等.社会主义市场经济条件下国家公务员道德建设研究[J].河南社会科学,1997(2).
[37]杨园.论新形势下我国公务员的职业道德建设[J].首都师范大学硕士论文,2005(05).
[38]刘振通.国外公务员职业道德建设的法制化倾向对我国的启示[J].领导与管理,2008.
[39]华晓晨,冯向荣.美英两国公务员职业道德建设概览及启示[J].中国人 才,2009(01).
[40]张蕾,姜照辉.美国公务员道德规范建设及借鉴意义[J].理论观察,2006(05).
[41]吴志华.美国的公务员制度改革及其启示[J].公共管理学报,2005(04).
[42]吕其昌.美国宗教及其对政治的影响[J].国际论坛,2003(01).
[43]唐晓阳.美国公务员制度改革的新动向[J].国外社会科学,1995(08).
[44]姜华跃.美国的公务员制度[J].经济社会体制比较,1994(05).
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