二极管泵浦固体激光器若干重要问题的研究
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摘要
本文研究了激光二极管泵浦固体激光器的若干问题。激光晶体吸收的泵浦光能量中部分转化为热能,产生热耗,引起晶体的热效应。激光晶体的热效应是影响DPL功率、空域、时域、频域等特性的重要因素。本文研究的重点是激光晶体空域和时域热效应以及其对激光器性能的影响;本文还讨论了声光调Q激光器脉冲的产生、形态和输出特性;研究了激光二极管端面泵浦峰值功率百千瓦级紧凑型声光调Q Nd:YAG激光器设计方法并设计了软件。论文主要内容分为四部分:
论文第一部分,对晶体内空间非均匀分布的热耗及散热状况进行了综合研究,采用解析法和有限单元法分析了泵浦光空间分布对晶体内温度分布和热致畸变的影响。在端面泵浦条件下,研究了晶体热透镜的球差效应;偏心泵浦对晶体内热效应和热致畸变的影响。在侧面泵浦条件下,研究了晶体内泵浦光空间分布的影响因素,晶体的热致畸变规律。研究结果表明:由温度梯度导致的热透镜不能简单的采用理想透镜等效,热透镜焦距随晶体径向位置而改变;当平行光入射晶体后,不同径向位置的出射光不能汇聚在光轴上同一点,在不同轴向位置处观察到的出射光呈弥散斑;晶体的衍射损耗受泵浦光与振荡光半径之比、泵浦功率以及超高斯泵浦光阶数的影响;当偏心泵浦时,晶体的热致畸变效应发生了偏移;随着偏心度的增大,晶体端面温度最高值的位置逐渐移动且最高值下降。
研究了激光晶体的散热技术,理论和实验研究了多种热沉内的热传导问题,包括热沉的材质、结构及散热方式;重点研究了晶体和热沉之间的热传导问题,将铟箔、银箔、铝箔和碳纳米管等分别作为晶体和热沉之间填充材料进行了实验研究,由于材料热传导性和延展性的差异,采用银箔获得最佳实验结果。
论文第二部分,研究脉冲激光二极管泵浦激光器中激光晶体的时变热效应,着重讨论短脉冲、长周期泵浦状态下热效应的时变过程。研究中引入晶体的热弛豫时间并分析其影响因素;分析了激光晶体的热波动对谐振腔的影响;提出了几种基于激光晶体热效应的调Q方式。研究结果表明:晶体温度时变过程,受泵浦光、晶体特性和散热条件影响,温度上升过程主要受泵浦光和晶体掺杂浓度的影响;下降过程主要受晶体尺寸、热物性参数以及散热条件的影响。在周期性脉冲泵浦条件下,晶体中温度最终呈周期性变化,温度梯度周期性波动,并且受到热弛豫时间的影响。强烈的热弛豫变化,引起晶体的温度、折射率、热透镜和谐振腔急剧变化,使得整个脉冲过程中,受热透镜影响的谐振腔结构始终随时间变化,上述现象在短脉冲、长周期即低时间占空比的脉冲激光器中表现更加严重。
论文的第三部分,研究了腔内倍频声光调Q Nd:YAG激光器中的若干问题,包括输出激光脉冲的形成过程及影响因素;完全相位匹配时KTP晶体长度和谐振腔参数对激光输出的影响;KTP晶体的热效应对相位匹配的影响;考虑到完全相位匹配较难实现,本文研究了相位失配的程度对激光输出的影响。结果表明:倍频过程加剧了激光脉冲的时域非对称性;基频光功率提高使KTP晶体温度升高、折射率改变及相位失配程度加剧,导致倍频效率下降。
论文的第四部分,基于自适应调整算法,完成了激光二极管端面泵浦峰值功率百千瓦级紧凑型声光调Q Nd:YAG激光器的综合设计软件。该软件具有反向设计功能,在用户窗口输入峰值功率、脉冲宽度、重复频率及光束质量因子等激光器性能参数,运行软件可获得泵浦光功率、腔长、泵浦光半径、输出镜透过率和曲率半径等激光器参数;并可进行晶体热效应分析,绘制激光脉冲波形。该软件还具有正向设计功能,在用户窗口输入上述激光器参数,运行软件亦可给出相应激光器性能参数。
Several key issues of laser-diode-pumped solid-state laser (DPL) are discussed in this paper. A part of pumping energy absorbed by laser crystal is changed into heat and the thermal effects are caused by the heat consumption. The thermal effects of laser crystal are the important factors which affect the output power, spatial and time characteristics, frequency characteristics of DPL. The key issues of this paper are to study the spatial and time varying thermal effects of the laser crystal and the influences of thermal effects on laser performances. The generation and output characteristics of laser pulse output by acousto-optic Q-switched Nd:YAG lasers are also discussed in this paper; the laser design method is studied and a software is developed, it is suitable for the 100-kW-class compact laser-diode (LD) end-pumped acousto-optic Q-switched Nd:YAG laser. The key issues discussed in this paper are divided into four parts:
In the first part of this paper, the spatial non-uniform distribution of heat consumption and heat dissipation conditions of the laser crystal are studied synthetically, the analytical method and finite element method are used to analyze the influences of the pumping beam distribution on temperature and the thermal induced distortion of laser crystal. In the end-pumped solid-state lasers, the spherical aberration of crystal thermal lens is studied, and the influences of the eccentricity pumping on thermal effects and thermal induced distortion are also discussed. In the side-pumped lasers, the spatial distribution of pumping beam in the laser crystal and the thermal induced distortions of crystal are studied. The results show that, the thermal lens caused by the temperature gradient can not be equivalent by an ideal lens, and the focal length of thermal lens is varied with the radial coordinate. If the light rays transmitted parallel to the optical axis, they will not converged to one point after across the thermal lens, the dispersion speckle of output beam will be observed at different axial position. The thermal induced diffractive loss is influenced by the ratio of pumping beam and the oscillating beam radius, the pumping power and the order of super-Gaussian. In the eccentric pumping condition, the thermal induced distortion is shifted, the maximum temperature in the crystal is decreased gradually and the position of highest temperature is shifted when the eccentricity of pumping beam is increased.
The laser crystal cooling technology is studied. Theoretical and experimental researches of heat conduction in heat sinks are made, such as the material, structure and the heat dissipation method. Focuses on the problem of thermal conduction between the laser crystal and the heat sink, many experiments are made, the indium foil, silver foil, aluminum foil and carbon nanotubes is chosen as the filling material between the crystal and the heat sink respectively, due to the thermal conductivity and ductility of the material, the best results are obtained when using the silver foil.
In the second part of this paper, the time varying thermal effects in the pulsed laser-diode-pumped solid-state lasers are studied. The time varying thermal effects in the short-pulse, long-period lasers are mainly researched. The thermal relaxation time of the crystal is introduced and its influencing factors are analyzed. The influences of thermal fluctuation in the laser crystal on the resonator are researched and several Q-switch methods based on the thermal effect are presented. The results show that, the time varying temperature in the crystal is influenced by pumping beam, crystal properties and cooling conditions, the temperatures rising process is mainly affected by the pumping beam and the crystal doping concentration; the temperature decreasing process is mainly affected by the crystal size, thermal properties, and the cooling conditions. In the periodic pulse pumping conditions, the temperature of crystal and the temperature gradient periodically change with time and they are influenced by the thermal relaxation time. The temperature, refractive index, thermal lens and the resonant cavity are all changed rapidly because of the strong thermal relaxation effect, which induce the resonant cavity structure influenced by the thermal lens changed with time and can not reached steady state during the pulse process. The phenomenon is even more significant in the short-pulse, long-period (the low-duty-cycle) pulse laser.
In the third part of this paper, many issues about the intracavity frequency doubled acousto-optic Q-switched Nd:YAG lasers are discussed, including the generation process of laser pulse and its influencing factors. The influence of the KTP length and the cavity parameters on the output power under the completely phase-matched condition; the influences of KTP thermal effects on the phase matching; because of achieving the phase match is difficult in the actual condition, the influences of phase mismatch degree on the laser output performances are discussed in this paper. The results show that, the output laser pulse non-symmetry in time-domain is deterioration in the intracavity frequency doubled acousto-optic Q-switched lasers. The higher the basic frequency laser power, the higher the temperature of KTP, refractive index changed with the temperature so the phase mismatch condition is much more serious, which cause the efficiency of frequency doubling reducing.
In the fourth part of this paper, based on the adaptive method, an LD end-pumped 100-kW-class compact acousto-optic Q-switched Nd:YAG laser design software is completed. The reverse direction design function of this software: input the laser performance parameters such as peak power, pulse width, repetition rate and laser beam quality factor into the user window, the laser parameters such as pumping power, cavity length, pumping light radius, transparent rate of the output mirror and the curvature radius can be displayed in the output window by running the software, the analyses of crystal thermal effects and drawing the laser pulse waveform can also be down by running this software. The positive direction design function: enter the laser parameters above into the user window, the corresponding laser performance parameters can be displayed by running the software.
论文第一部分,对晶体内空间非均匀分布的热耗及散热状况进行了综合研究,采用解析法和有限单元法分析了泵浦光空间分布对晶体内温度分布和热致畸变的影响。在端面泵浦条件下,研究了晶体热透镜的球差效应;偏心泵浦对晶体内热效应和热致畸变的影响。在侧面泵浦条件下,研究了晶体内泵浦光空间分布的影响因素,晶体的热致畸变规律。研究结果表明:由温度梯度导致的热透镜不能简单的采用理想透镜等效,热透镜焦距随晶体径向位置而改变;当平行光入射晶体后,不同径向位置的出射光不能汇聚在光轴上同一点,在不同轴向位置处观察到的出射光呈弥散斑;晶体的衍射损耗受泵浦光与振荡光半径之比、泵浦功率以及超高斯泵浦光阶数的影响;当偏心泵浦时,晶体的热致畸变效应发生了偏移;随着偏心度的增大,晶体端面温度最高值的位置逐渐移动且最高值下降。
研究了激光晶体的散热技术,理论和实验研究了多种热沉内的热传导问题,包括热沉的材质、结构及散热方式;重点研究了晶体和热沉之间的热传导问题,将铟箔、银箔、铝箔和碳纳米管等分别作为晶体和热沉之间填充材料进行了实验研究,由于材料热传导性和延展性的差异,采用银箔获得最佳实验结果。
论文第二部分,研究脉冲激光二极管泵浦激光器中激光晶体的时变热效应,着重讨论短脉冲、长周期泵浦状态下热效应的时变过程。研究中引入晶体的热弛豫时间并分析其影响因素;分析了激光晶体的热波动对谐振腔的影响;提出了几种基于激光晶体热效应的调Q方式。研究结果表明:晶体温度时变过程,受泵浦光、晶体特性和散热条件影响,温度上升过程主要受泵浦光和晶体掺杂浓度的影响;下降过程主要受晶体尺寸、热物性参数以及散热条件的影响。在周期性脉冲泵浦条件下,晶体中温度最终呈周期性变化,温度梯度周期性波动,并且受到热弛豫时间的影响。强烈的热弛豫变化,引起晶体的温度、折射率、热透镜和谐振腔急剧变化,使得整个脉冲过程中,受热透镜影响的谐振腔结构始终随时间变化,上述现象在短脉冲、长周期即低时间占空比的脉冲激光器中表现更加严重。
论文的第三部分,研究了腔内倍频声光调Q Nd:YAG激光器中的若干问题,包括输出激光脉冲的形成过程及影响因素;完全相位匹配时KTP晶体长度和谐振腔参数对激光输出的影响;KTP晶体的热效应对相位匹配的影响;考虑到完全相位匹配较难实现,本文研究了相位失配的程度对激光输出的影响。结果表明:倍频过程加剧了激光脉冲的时域非对称性;基频光功率提高使KTP晶体温度升高、折射率改变及相位失配程度加剧,导致倍频效率下降。
论文的第四部分,基于自适应调整算法,完成了激光二极管端面泵浦峰值功率百千瓦级紧凑型声光调Q Nd:YAG激光器的综合设计软件。该软件具有反向设计功能,在用户窗口输入峰值功率、脉冲宽度、重复频率及光束质量因子等激光器性能参数,运行软件可获得泵浦光功率、腔长、泵浦光半径、输出镜透过率和曲率半径等激光器参数;并可进行晶体热效应分析,绘制激光脉冲波形。该软件还具有正向设计功能,在用户窗口输入上述激光器参数,运行软件亦可给出相应激光器性能参数。
Several key issues of laser-diode-pumped solid-state laser (DPL) are discussed in this paper. A part of pumping energy absorbed by laser crystal is changed into heat and the thermal effects are caused by the heat consumption. The thermal effects of laser crystal are the important factors which affect the output power, spatial and time characteristics, frequency characteristics of DPL. The key issues of this paper are to study the spatial and time varying thermal effects of the laser crystal and the influences of thermal effects on laser performances. The generation and output characteristics of laser pulse output by acousto-optic Q-switched Nd:YAG lasers are also discussed in this paper; the laser design method is studied and a software is developed, it is suitable for the 100-kW-class compact laser-diode (LD) end-pumped acousto-optic Q-switched Nd:YAG laser. The key issues discussed in this paper are divided into four parts:
In the first part of this paper, the spatial non-uniform distribution of heat consumption and heat dissipation conditions of the laser crystal are studied synthetically, the analytical method and finite element method are used to analyze the influences of the pumping beam distribution on temperature and the thermal induced distortion of laser crystal. In the end-pumped solid-state lasers, the spherical aberration of crystal thermal lens is studied, and the influences of the eccentricity pumping on thermal effects and thermal induced distortion are also discussed. In the side-pumped lasers, the spatial distribution of pumping beam in the laser crystal and the thermal induced distortions of crystal are studied. The results show that, the thermal lens caused by the temperature gradient can not be equivalent by an ideal lens, and the focal length of thermal lens is varied with the radial coordinate. If the light rays transmitted parallel to the optical axis, they will not converged to one point after across the thermal lens, the dispersion speckle of output beam will be observed at different axial position. The thermal induced diffractive loss is influenced by the ratio of pumping beam and the oscillating beam radius, the pumping power and the order of super-Gaussian. In the eccentric pumping condition, the thermal induced distortion is shifted, the maximum temperature in the crystal is decreased gradually and the position of highest temperature is shifted when the eccentricity of pumping beam is increased.
The laser crystal cooling technology is studied. Theoretical and experimental researches of heat conduction in heat sinks are made, such as the material, structure and the heat dissipation method. Focuses on the problem of thermal conduction between the laser crystal and the heat sink, many experiments are made, the indium foil, silver foil, aluminum foil and carbon nanotubes is chosen as the filling material between the crystal and the heat sink respectively, due to the thermal conductivity and ductility of the material, the best results are obtained when using the silver foil.
In the second part of this paper, the time varying thermal effects in the pulsed laser-diode-pumped solid-state lasers are studied. The time varying thermal effects in the short-pulse, long-period lasers are mainly researched. The thermal relaxation time of the crystal is introduced and its influencing factors are analyzed. The influences of thermal fluctuation in the laser crystal on the resonator are researched and several Q-switch methods based on the thermal effect are presented. The results show that, the time varying temperature in the crystal is influenced by pumping beam, crystal properties and cooling conditions, the temperatures rising process is mainly affected by the pumping beam and the crystal doping concentration; the temperature decreasing process is mainly affected by the crystal size, thermal properties, and the cooling conditions. In the periodic pulse pumping conditions, the temperature of crystal and the temperature gradient periodically change with time and they are influenced by the thermal relaxation time. The temperature, refractive index, thermal lens and the resonant cavity are all changed rapidly because of the strong thermal relaxation effect, which induce the resonant cavity structure influenced by the thermal lens changed with time and can not reached steady state during the pulse process. The phenomenon is even more significant in the short-pulse, long-period (the low-duty-cycle) pulse laser.
In the third part of this paper, many issues about the intracavity frequency doubled acousto-optic Q-switched Nd:YAG lasers are discussed, including the generation process of laser pulse and its influencing factors. The influence of the KTP length and the cavity parameters on the output power under the completely phase-matched condition; the influences of KTP thermal effects on the phase matching; because of achieving the phase match is difficult in the actual condition, the influences of phase mismatch degree on the laser output performances are discussed in this paper. The results show that, the output laser pulse non-symmetry in time-domain is deterioration in the intracavity frequency doubled acousto-optic Q-switched lasers. The higher the basic frequency laser power, the higher the temperature of KTP, refractive index changed with the temperature so the phase mismatch condition is much more serious, which cause the efficiency of frequency doubling reducing.
In the fourth part of this paper, based on the adaptive method, an LD end-pumped 100-kW-class compact acousto-optic Q-switched Nd:YAG laser design software is completed. The reverse direction design function of this software: input the laser performance parameters such as peak power, pulse width, repetition rate and laser beam quality factor into the user window, the laser parameters such as pumping power, cavity length, pumping light radius, transparent rate of the output mirror and the curvature radius can be displayed in the output window by running the software, the analyses of crystal thermal effects and drawing the laser pulse waveform can also be down by running this software. The positive direction design function: enter the laser parameters above into the user window, the corresponding laser performance parameters can be displayed by running the software.
引文
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